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1.
Climate change and implications for agriculture in Niger 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. V. K. Sivakumar 《Climatic change》1992,20(4):297-312
Five-year moving averages of annual rainfall for 21 locations in Niger showed a decline in the annual rainfall after 1960. Correlation coefficients of the moving averages of monthly rainfall with annual rainfall showed significant correlations between the decline in the annual rainfall with decreased rainfall in August. Analysis of daily rainfall data for rainy season parameters of interest to agriculture suggested that from 1965 there was a significant decrease in the amount of rainfall and in the number of rainy days in the months of July and August, resulting in a decreased volume of rainfall for each rainstorm. In comparison to the period 1945–64, major shifts have occurred in the average dates of onset and ending of rains during 1965–88. The length of the growing season was reduced by 5–20 days across different locations in Niger. The standard deviation for the onset and ending of the rains as well as the length of the growing season has increased, implying that cropping has become more risky. Water balance calculations also demonstrated that the probability of rainfall exceeding potential evapotranspiration decreased during the growing season. The implications of these changes for agriculture in Niger are discussed using field data. 相似文献
2.
1971~2013年我国四季开始日期及生长期长度的变化特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用中国气象局国家气象信息中心提供的中国584个气象站点1971～2013年的逐日气温数据,采用线性倾向估计和经验模态分解（EMD）等方法,以地理信息系统为数据处理平台,分析我国43年来四季起始日以及生长期的变化特征。结果表明：新疆、云南和四川地区的四季起始日变化呈现明显的南北差异;全国大部分地区春、夏季起始日提前,春季比夏季提前趋势更明显,江苏、安徽、湖北大部和云南北部春季提前显著,提前率为4.1～7.2 d/10 a;夏季提前的区域更广,新疆东部、甘肃西部、华南大部和云南南部夏季提前显著,提前率为2.9～4.6 d/10 a;全国大部分地区秋、冬季起始日推迟,秋季比冬季推迟的范围更大,新疆南部和四川西部秋季推迟明显,推迟率为4.4～8.6 d/10 a;冬季推迟趋势更显著,新疆东南部和青海大部冬季推迟明显,推迟率为4.7～13.8 d/10 a;全国各地区生长期均有延长,最显著的是云川交界处和新疆东南部地区,延长率为20.1 d/10 a。EMD和线性倾向估计的结果基本一致,但EMD得到的春季起始日推迟地区的范围更大,夏、秋、冬季起始日以及生长期的变化趋势更显著。 相似文献
3.
Variations and trends of onset, cessation and length of climatic growing season over Xinjiang, NW China 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Feng-qing Jiang Ru-ji Hu Yan-wei Zhang Xue-mei Li Li Tong 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,106(3-4):449-458
In this study, we assess spatial patterns of variations and trends of onset, cessation, and length of growing season using mean air temperature data recorded at 51 stations in Xinjiang province, NW China over the period 1959?C2008. Rank-based Mann?CKendall trend test and linear regression method are used to detect the significance and the magnitude of growing season change, respectively. Regionally, the average onset of the growing season has shifts 5.3?days earlier while the average ending date has moved 7.1?days later, increasing the length of the growing season by an average of 12.6?days. This study reveals a quite different result from previous studies. While the lengthening of the growing season in Xinjiang in the past 50?years is similar to that of previous studies, we find that the lengthening can be mainly attributed to delay of cessation in autumn rather than advance of onset in spring. The extended growing season will have strong implications in regional agricultural production of Xinjiang. 相似文献
4.
Phenological data have shown an increase of ca. 10 days in European growing season length in the latter part of the twentieth
century. In general, these changes have been associated with global warming. Here we present a study of thermal growing season
(GS) trends in the Greater Baltic Area, northern Europe. Yearly dates for the start, end and length of the GS were computed
for 49 stations in the studied area, using daily mean temperature measurements. Trends and tendencies of the GS parameters
were analysed within the twentieth century. We also examined GS trends in long records (starting before 1850) from the region.
The results show a general increase of the length of the GS of ca one week since 1951 in the area, where the most considerable
change has occurred in spring (starting ∼6 days earlier). The largest increases were found at stations adjacent to the Baltic
Sea and North Sea, where some Danish stations showed significant increasing trends in the length of the GS of more than 20 days.
The only tendency for a shorter GS was found in Archangelsk, north western Russia. The three longest records displayed large
inter-annual and decadal variability, with tendencies for increased frequencies of longer growing seasons since the 1950s. 相似文献
5.
应用近50年我国234个测站的日平均温度资料，研究了最高(低)日平均温度、各种界限温度日数、生长季节长度及有效积温的变化趋势。结果表明:近50年，夏季最高日平均温度以上升为主，新疆南部和黄淮的部分地区为下降趋势；最低日平均温度北方大部地区有较明显的升温趋势，新疆南部及长江流域则有下降趋势；在冬季，无论是最高日平均温度还是最低日平均温度的变化趋势均以上升为主，北方尤为明显；日平均温度高于30℃的炎热日数近50年来基本上没有什么变化，但日平均温度为20~30℃的温暖日数却有增加。低于5℃的冷日日数基本上也是减少的。日平均温度低于-10℃的严寒日数，在40o~45 o N的新疆、内蒙古西部、东北中南部地区减少得更为明显。除西南东部等少数地方外，我国大部分地区近50年来生长季节延长，有效积温增加。 相似文献
6.
The timing, length, and thermal intensity of the climatic growing season in China show statistically significant changes over the period of 1955 to 2000. Nationally, the average start of the growing season has shifted 4.6–5.5 days earlier while the average end has moved 1.8–3.7 days later, increasing the length of the growing season by 6.9–8.7 days depending on the base temperature chosen. The thermal intensity of the growing season has increased by 74.9–196.8 growing degree-days, depending on the base temperature selected. The spatial characteristics of the change in the timing and length of the growing season differ from the geographical pattern of change in temperatures over this period; but the spatial characteristics of change in growing degree-days does resemble the pattern for temperatures, with higher rates in northern regions. Nationally, two distinct regimes are evident over time: an initial period where growing season indicators fluctuate near a base period average, and a second period of rapidly increasing growing season length and thermal intensity. Growing degree-days are highly correlated with March-to-November mean air temperatures in all climatic regions of China; the length of the growing season is likewise highly correlated with March-to-November mean air temperatures except in east, southeast and southwest China at base temperature of 0°C and southeast China at base temperature of 5°C. The growing season start date appears to have the greater influence on the length of the growing season. In China, warmer growing seasons are also likely to be longer growing seasons. 相似文献
7.
Fluctuations in the length of the growing season in Minnesota 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Fluctuations in growing season length and in the dates of the last spring freeze and first fall freeze between 1899 and 1982 were studied for five rural Minnesota stations with long, high quality records. A general increase in growing season length was found, but there was substantial variation in the pattern of fluctuations among the stations. The increase in growing season length is not clearly and uniformly related to changes in the dates of first and last freezes. The interannual variability of growing season duration is on the order of the increase in duration so that the change would not be readily apparent to a casual observer. Our results do not correspond well with certain other studies of growing season length nor with fluctuations in hemispheric mean temperature. We conclude that extreme care must be used in extrapolating results of growing season length studies in space and in relating them to mean temperature fluctuations. 相似文献
8.
Abundant evidence indicates the growing season has been changed in the Alaskan terrestrial ecosystems in the last century as climate warms. Reasonable simulations of growing season length, onset, and ending are critical to a better understanding of carbon dynamics in these ecosystems. Recent ecosystem modeling studies have been slow to consider the interactive effects of soil thermal and hydrological dynamics on growing season changes in northern high latitudes. Here, we develop a coupled framework to model these dynamics and their effects on plant growing season at a daily time step. In this framework, we (1) incorporate a daily time step snow model into our existing hydrological and soil thermal models and (2) explicitly model the moisture effects on soil thermal conductivity and heat capacity and the effects of active layer depth and soil temperature on hydrological dynamics. The new framework is able to well simulate snow depth and soil temperature profiles for both boreal forest and tundra ecosystems at the site level. The framework is then applied to Alaskan boreal forest and tundra ecosystems for the period 1923–2099. Regional simulations show that (1) for the historical period, the growing season length, onset, and ending, estimated based on the mean soil temperature of the top 20 cm soils, and the annual cycle of snow dynamics, agree well with estimates based on satellite data and other approaches and (2) for the projected period, the plant growing season length shows an increasing trend in both tundra and boreal forest ecosystems. In response to the projected warming, by year 2099, (1) the snow-free days will be increased by 41.0 and 27.5 days, respectively, in boreal forest and tundra ecosystems and (2) the growing season lengths will be more than 28 and 13 days longer in boreal forest and tundra ecosystems, respectively, compared to 2010. Comparing two sets of simulations with and without considering feedbacks between soil thermal and hydrological dynamics, our analyses suggest coupling hydrological and soil thermal dynamics in Alaskan terrestrial ecosystems is important to model ecosystem dynamics, including growing season changes. 相似文献
9.
利用区域气候模式PRECIS输出资料,基于时间序列分析及空间分析方法对2011-2050年B2气候情景辽宁省农业气候资源时空演变特征进行分析。结果表明：辐射资源增多趋势不显著,但在2031-2040年达到峰值;生长季降水呈减少趋势,与辐射资源变化呈相反位相,减幅从西向东依次增大,辽东大部地区减幅达20 mm/10a以上。不同年代降水多寡将对洪涝和干旱事件的发生具有指示意义。大于等于10 ℃积温呈极显著增多趋势,大部地区增幅在100 (℃·d)/10a。辽西东部和辽北西部地区初霜日显著延后1-3 d,辽宁北部和辽东部分地区终霜日显著提前1-2 d。初霜日的延后和终霜日的提前使得无霜期延长,说明辽宁地区未来40 a热量资源明显增多,这将为应对气候变化调整农业种植结构提供参考。 相似文献
10.
The evolution of seasonal cycle and interannual rainfall, the number of rainy days and daily rainfall types, dry spells frequency of occurrence, onset/cessation/length of rainy season, sowing dates, and the duration of the cropping period, are investigated at local (individual sites) and sub-regional scales (four different rainfall zones) using daily records of station data (83 sites) over Senegal. In the limits of a case study, these analyses complement and update previous studies conducted in the extreme Western Sahel (11?C16° N and 20° W?C10° E). The results unveil noticeable evolution of some of these rain-based factors in the recent periods as compared to the previous dry years. In the regions recording less than 800?mm/year (Sudan and Sahel sub-regions), the positive and statistically significant trends of rainfall amount are associated with new features of increasing frequency of short dry spell category, increasing number of some classes of extreme daily rainfall amounts and shifts in the peak number of rainy days. At sub-regional scales, the starting years (or change points) the magnitude and the signs of the new trends are unevenly distributed in the period post-1990. Earlier and higher amplitude changes are found at local scales and not less than one third of the sites in each sub-regional network are significantly affected. The extreme Southern sub-region exhibits no significant changes. Statistically significant trends are not observed on daily rain records ??10?mm, onset/cessation dates, successful sowing dates, rainy season length, cropping period, medium and extreme dry spell categories. Rather, some of these factors such as the successful sowing date and the cropping season length exhibit significant variability. The onset (cessation) dates of the rainy season are followed (preceded) by extreme dry spell episodes. In the perspectives of climate impact assessments on the local agriculture a sub-regional periodic synopsis of the major rain-based factors of interest to agricultural applications are provided at the end the paper. They document some important internal variability patterns to reckon with in a multi-decadal work over the 1950?C2008 period for this region. 相似文献
11.
M. Bannayan A. Lakzian N. Gorbanzadeh A. Roshani 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,105(3-4):485-494
Accurate use of precipitation can be considered as one of the best options to decrease the amount of underground water extraction for agriculture in arid and semi-arid areas such as northeast of Iran. For this reason, characteristics of the growing season such as onset, cessation, and length of the growing period should be analyzed. In this paper, we have calculated growing season characteristics of five locations in northeast of Iran using 45?years historical daily weather data and employed four approaches with different calculation methods. As temperature is one of the limiting factors in irrigation-based agriculture, the first approach has been based on this factor. The three remaining approaches were based on joint rainfall and temperature approach, rainfall, evapotranspiration, and temperature approach, and the final approach was based on availability of adequate water in 0.25?m of soil profile. The calculated onset dates using second and third approaches have been based on soil water balance model and relative evapotranspiration rate, and both were evaluated also to find whether the onset is a false start occurrence or not. The results showed that, when temperature was the only limiting factor, Bojnourd station with 197?days showed the longest growing season, however, when precipitation was used along with temperature, longest growing season (124?days) was obtained for Sabzevar station. The third approach which benefits from a water balance model and is similar to rainfed conditions showed the longest growing season with 147?days for Mashhad station. When adequate soil water approach was used, Bojnourd station with 255?days showed the longest growing season. Evaluation of false start of the growing season indicated the lowest probability of false start occurrence for Mashhad compared with other locations. 相似文献
12.
基于对汛期的理解和认识, 利用Samel等人设计的半客观统计分析方法、Mann-Kendall突变分析、滑动t检验等方法, 通过分析和研究1957—2006年华北台站的日降水资料, 确定了华北汛期起讫的日期。结果表明:华北汛期始于6月30日, 止于8月18日, 持续期为50d。华北汛期的起讫日期、持续天数以及空汛发生的频次, 具有鲜明的地域特征:冀北山地汛期开始最早, 结束较迟, 持续天数较长, 空汛发生频次最少; 黄土高原汛期开始较迟, 其北部汛期结束最迟, 持续期也最长, 发生空汛的频次也比较多; 黄河下游地区汛期开始比较早, 结束最早, 汛期最短, 发生无大汛的频次较大; 河北平原地区, 汛期开始最迟, 结束较迟, 汛期较长, 发生无大汛的频次最多。与华北汛期开始和结束日相对应的东亚大气环流特征是:当西太平洋西部上空500hPa存在正的位势高度距平, 华北上空存在负的位势高度距平, 同时地面为“东高西低”的异常海平面气压场配置时, 异常偏南风到达30°N, 华北汛期开始; 当华北上空500hPa为较小的位势高度正距平, 日本海为位势高度正距平, 而地面上, 我国大陆和西太平洋之间为“西高东低”的异常海平面气压场配置时, 异常偏北风控制我国东部地区, 华北汛期结束。 相似文献
13.
Summary This study investigates the onset and cessation dates of the main summer rainy season over Zambia, their interannual variability,
and potential relationships with ENSO and regional circulation anomalies. Focus is placed on onset and cessation dates because
these rainy season characteristics are often of more relevance than seasonal rainfall totals to user groups such as farmers,
water resource managers, health and tourism officials.
It is found that there is substantial interannual variability in these parameters with some indications of a relationship
between anomalies in onset date and those in Ni?o3.4 SST, particularly over the northern part of the country. A strong gradient
exists between the south and the north in terms of rainfall amount, mean onset date and mean cessation date and all areas
of the country experience significant variability.
Analysis of circulation anomalies for early (late) onset seasons over northern Zambia shows that they are characterised by
anomalous ridging (troughing) over and south of South Africa, a weaker (stronger) Angola heat low and enhanced (reduced) low
level moisture flux into eastern Zambia from the Indian Ocean. The connection with ENSO during the onset season of austral
spring appears to arise both through changes in the amount of subsidence over southern Africa as well as via the so-called
Pacific South America pattern that extends across the South Pacific and South Atlantic towards southern Africa.
Authors’ address: S. Hachigonta, C. J. C. Reason, M. Tadross, Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Private
Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa. 相似文献
14.
利用中国642个站点1961~2000年的逐日平均气温记录, 分析研究了中国1961~2000年气候生长期的变化趋势。结果表明, 在近40年中, 气候生长期在全国范围平均增加了6.6天, 北方地区平均增加10.2天, 南方地区平均增加4.2天, 青藏高原增加最多, 达到18.2天。20世纪90年代是气候生长期增加最大, 增长最明显的时期, 1998年是近40年气候生长期最长的年份。对气候生长期变化趋势空间分布特点的进一步分析表明, 华北和青藏高原北部是气候生长期增加最大, 增长最明显的地区, 尤其以河北省和青海西北部最为显著。南方各省份除了四川西北、云贵高原、安徽、江苏外, 其它地区的气候生长期变化趋势不明显。 相似文献
15.
A study of long term temperature data for fourteen Canadian cities showed that the length of the annual frost free season has increased by average of 7 days since 1940. Change in individual stations ranged from 26 to -17 days resulting in significant shifts in the mean probable dates for the first and the last frost of the season at most stations. No similar trend was shown in three non-urban control stations. Three urban factors: heat island effect, enhanced cloud cover and the rate of population growth - together accounted for 80% of the explained variance in the phenomenon. A multiple regression model was developed to describe the relationship between the change in the season and the urban factors. It is shown that for any appreciable gains to be made in the length of the season at reasonably predictable changes in temperature, such changes in temperature should be accompanied by a modest increase in cloud cover. 相似文献
16.
利用中国1961—2014年逐日降水观测等资料,分析了西南地区的干湿季变化特征。结果表明：西南地区东部和西北部最早进入湿季;干季由四川盆地、贵州南部开始。西南中东部以及南部等地的湿季长度较长,干季则与之相反。干湿季开始日期以及干湿季长度均具有明显的年代际变化特征,在1970年代中期到1980年代发生了气候突变,呈现湿季长度变短,干季变长的趋势。湿季降水呈现东南多、西北少的特征,并表现出中东部减少,西部增加的趋势;干季降水则表现为东多西少的特点,在东部呈增加,在四川等地呈减少趋势。进一步分析表明：湿季异常偏湿(干)年,开始日期易偏早(晚),结束易偏晚(早),长度偏长(短);干季开始异常偏早(晚）年,干季长度长(短),干季略偏湿(干);太平洋、印度洋海温异常影响东亚大气环流的异常是造成西南地区干湿季出现异常的主要原因。 相似文献
17.
Growing season length as an indicator of climatic variations? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
W. A. R. Brinkmann 《Climatic change》1979,2(2):127-138
The growing season is considered by some to be a simple and yet significant indicator of the impact of hemispheric temperature variations at the local level. Yet, the effect of the use of different definitions of the growing season has never been determined.In the present paper, time series of the length of differently defined growing seasons at four Wisconsin stations are compared. The results show that their lengths have fluctuated in a variety of patterns over the past 80 years. Two growing seasons which showed a significant trend did not agree on its direction. The reason for this disparity is that trends in maximum and minimum temperatures are not necessarily of the same sign at different times of the year. These findings suggest that the length of the growing season is not the simple climatic indicator it has been assumed to be. 相似文献
18.
华南前汛期起止日期的确定及降水年际变化特征分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
利用国家气候中心提供的华南地区74测站1957—2001年的逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对华南前汛期雨季开始期与结束期的定义标准作了改进;研究了华南前汛期降水雨量、雨日的年际变化特征以及变化趋势的空间分布特征;用小波分析法分析华南前汛期降水的周期分布特征。分析结果发现：45年来前汛期开始期总体上呈现偏早趋势,而结束期具有偏晚的趋势,两者的年际变化十分显著;45年来华南全区总雨量、雨日呈正趋势变化,且两者的空间分布特征非常相似。华南前汛期内雨量、雨日总体上呈现增长趋势并且具有明显的年际变化特征,存在准2年、3～5年、6～8年的振荡周期。 相似文献
19.
1961—2017年云南季节变化特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
参照《中华人民共和国气象行业标准-气候季节划分》（QX/T 152-2012）中关于气候季节的定义标准,利用1961-2017年云南122个气象站的气温资料,分析了云南的气候季节区域的空间分布和季节开始日期及长度的变化趋势。云南共有4种气候季节区域,分别是四季分明区、无夏区、无冬区和常春区。无夏区范围最广,无冬区其次。不同年代四种季节气候区域空间分布范围不尽相同,无夏区和无冬区空间范围变化最显著。2011年以后云南出现四季分明区范围明显增大的现象,这与近年来气候变暖背景下云南气温年较差增大的观测事实相一致。云南四季分明区春季和秋季较长,夏季和冬季较短。无夏区秋季最长、春季次之、冬季最短。无冬区夏季最长、春季和秋季长度接近。不同气候季节区域间春季和夏季开始日期的变化均呈提早趋势,秋季和冬季开始日期有推迟的趋势;在季节长度变化上,夏季增长,冬季变短,但春秋季长度的变化不尽相同。 相似文献
20.
Response of the starting dates and the lengths of seasons in Mainland China to global warming 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The climatic seasons in China, defined by station-specific daily temperature measures, have changed substantially during the past decades. In the majority of the country, the length of summer has extended and the length of winter has shortened since the 1950s. These changes in the lengths of seasons are linked to the changes in the starting dates of seasons. Namely, the starting date of summer has advanced and the starting date of winter has shifted back. Averaged across the whole country, the starting date of summer has been brought forward by 5.8 days and the season has extended 9 days. On the other hand, the starting date of winter has been delayed by 5.6 days and the season has shortened by 11 days. The changes for spring and fall are relatively smaller. Particularly, spring has started earlier by 5.7 days but shortened by 0.3 day, and fall has started later by 3.2 days but lengthened by 2.3 days. The changes in seasons exhibit apparent regional differences. They are more significant in the north than in the south where the trend of some local changes in seasons is opposite to that of the rest of the country. 相似文献