共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
EVALUATION OF CONVECTIVE-STRATIFORM RAINFALL SEPARATION SCHEMES BY PRECIPITATION AND CLOUD STATISTICS 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In this study,two convective-stratiform rainfall partitioning schemes are evaluated using precipitation and cloud statistics for different rainfall types categorized by applying surface rainfall equation on grid-scale data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation.One scheme is based on surface rainfall intensity whereas the other is based on cloud content information.The model is largely forced by the large-scale vertical velocity derived from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment(TOGA COARE).The results reveal that over 40% of convective rainfall is associated with water vapor divergence,which primarily comes from the rainfall type with local atmospheric drying and water hydrometeor loss/convergence,caused by precipitation and evaporation of rain.More than 40% of stratiform rainfall is related to water vapor convergence,which largely comes from the rainfall type with local atmospheric moistening and hydrometeor loss/convergence attributable to water clouds through precipitation and the evaporation of rain and ice clouds through the conversion from ice hydrometeor to water hydrometeor.This implies that the separation methods based on surface rainfall and cloud content may not clearly separate convective and stratiform rainfall. 相似文献
2.
使用二维云分辨模式研究冰晶增长过程(云水到冰晶的冻结增长和通过水汽凝华冰晶到雪的增长)对热量收支的影响。采用4种冰晶增长参数化方案模拟了热带到中纬度地区的4个降水个例。研究发现:(1)高冰核浓度的ZENG方案和SHEN方案引起对流层中上层辐射加热增多,这与它们模拟的冰晶在对流层中上层增多有关。(2)高冰核浓度的ZENG方案导致模拟区域—平均的局地温度变化在对流层上层出现异常减小值,这与它在热带个例中导致垂直热量通量辐合减少和在中纬度个例中导致潜热加热减少有关。(3)尽管高冰核浓度的ZENG方案引起质量加权平均的辐射加热增多,但是它在热带个例中引起地表感热通量减少和在中纬度个例中引起潜热加热减少,最终导致4种参数化方案计算的模拟区域—质量加权平均的局地温度变化基本一致。 相似文献
3.
In this study,the effects of key ice microphysical processes on the pre-summer heavy rainfall over southern China during 3-8 June 2008 were investigated.A series of two-dimensional sensitivity cloud-resolving model simulations were forced with zonally uniform vertical velocity,zonal wind,horizontal temperature,and water vapor advection data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)/Global Data Assimilation System(GDAS).The effects of key ice microphysical processes on the responses of rainfall to large-scale forcing were analyzed by comparing two sensitivity experiments with a control experiment.In one sensitivity experiment,ice crystal radius,associated with depositional growth of snow from cloud ice,was reduced from 100 μm in the control experiment to 50 μm,and in the other sensitivity experiment the efficiency of the growth of graupel from the accretion of snow was reduced to 50% from 100% in the control experiment.The results show that the domain-mean rainfall responses to these ice microphysical processes are stronger during the decay phase than during the onset and mature phases.During the decay phase,the increased mean rain rate resulting from the decrease in ice crystal radius is associated with the enhanced mean local atmospheric drying,the increased mean local hydrometeor loss,and the suppressed mean water vapor divergence.The increased mean rain rate caused by the reduction in accretion efficiency is related to the reduced mean water vapor divergence and the enhanced mean local hydrometeor loss. 相似文献
4.
运用中尺度WRF模式,分别采用Morrison(MOR)和Milbrandt-Yau(MY)双参数化云微物理方案,对2010年7月20—21日辽宁省的一次强降水过程进行模拟,通过对比分析两个方案所对应的地表累积降水量、降水强度、云中微物理量的模拟结果,评估两个双参数方案对强降水事件的模拟能力及主要微物理过程的差异。结果表明,在对雨带和强降水中心的位置上,MOR方案的模拟能力优于MY方案,但MY方案对强降水中心强度模拟能力则优于MOR方案;两方案对强降水宏观特征的模拟差异在一定程度上体现了它们在微物理具体方案上的差异,相比MY方案而言,MOR方案模拟降水发展期的垂直水汽通量高,使得雪晶的凝华增长、碰连增长增强,从而导致MOR方案的冰晶含量低,雪晶含量高,通过雪晶的凇附作用形成的霰含量也比MY方案高,霰的凇附增长消耗了大量过冷水,使冷云中云滴(过冷水)含量减少; MOR方案模拟得到的600 hPa到地表的雨滴直径均为1 mm,与实际雨滴直径的观测值不符,需要未来进一步开展研究,对原方案进行优化。 相似文献
5.
不同云微物理方案对“7.21”特大暴雨模拟的对比试验 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用中尺度数值模式WRF v3.5.1中的17种不同云微物理过程参数化方案,对2012年7月21—22日北京特大暴雨过程进行了对比试验。模拟结果表明:不同云微物理方案对不同量级降水的模拟效果各有优势。NSSL 1-momlfo方案对中雨和大暴雨两个等级降水的模拟效果最好,降水中心值最接近实况;Eta(Ferrier)和Kessler方案分别对大雨和暴雨等级降水的模拟效果最好。总体上,能够较好地模拟出本次特大暴雨过程的方案依次为:NSSL 1-mom、NSSL 1-momlfo和Milbrandt 2-mom方案,而WDM6方案的模拟效果最差。云中水成物演变特征表明,模拟较好的方案中液态水、云冰和霰的含量较多,且随时间演变与地面降水强度的变化相一致。另外,模拟较好的方案中冰相粒子多,过冷水的范围大、含量高,有利于各相态粒子相互转化,促进冰相过程发展,致使降水量增多。 相似文献
6.
The understanding of the cloud processes of snowfall is essential to the artificial enhancement of snow and the numerical simulation of snowfall. The mesoscale model MM5 is used to simulate a moderate snowfall event in North China that occurred during 20–21 December 2002. Thirteen experiments are performed to test the sensitivity of the simulation to the cloud physics with different cumulus parameterization schemes and different options for the Goddard cloud microphysics parameterization schemes. It is shown that the cumulus parameterization scheme has little to do with the simulation result. The results also show that there are only four classes of water substances, namely the cloud water, cloud ice, snow, and vapor, in the simulation of the moderate snowfall event. The analysis of the cloud microphysics budgets in the explicit experiment shows that the condensation of supersaturated vapor, the depositional growth of cloud ice, the initiation of cloud ice, the accretion of cloud ice by snow, the accretion of cloud water by snow, the deposition growth of snow, and the Bergeron process of cloud ice are the dominant cloud microphysical processes in the simulation. The accretion of cloud water by snow and the deposition growth of the snow are equally important in the development of the snow. 相似文献
7.
Tropical convective responses to microphysical and radiative processes: a sensitivity study with a 2-D cloud resolving model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Summary Prognostic cloud schemes are increasingly used in weather and climate models in order to better treat cloud-radiation processes.
Simplifications are often made in such schemes for computational efficiency, like the scheme being used in the National Centers
for Environment Prediction models that excludes some microphysical processes and precipitation-radiation interaction. In this
study, sensitivity tests with a 2-D cloud resolving model are carried out to examine effects of the excluded microphysical
processes and precipitation-radiation interaction on tropical thermodynamics and cloud properties. The model is integrated
for 10 days with the imposed vertical velocity derived from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere
Response Experiment. The experiment excluding the depositional growth of snow from cloud ice shows anomalous growth of cloud
ice and more than 20% increase of fractional cloud cover, indicating that the lack of the depositional snow growth causes
unrealistically large mixing ratio of cloud ice. The experiment excluding the precipitation-radiation interaction displays
a significant cooling and drying bias. The analysis of heat and moisture budgets shows that the simulation without the interaction
produces more stable upper troposphere and more unstable mid and lower troposphere than does the simulation with the interaction.
Thus, the suppressed growth of ice clouds in upper troposphere and stronger radiative cooling in mid and lower troposphere
are responsible for the cooling bias, and less evaporation of rain associated with the large-scale subsidence induces the
drying in mid and lower troposphere. 相似文献
8.
利用WRF模式中三种云微物理参数化方案(Lin、Eta和WSM6)对青藏高原一次强降水过程进行模拟试验,将模拟降水结果与实测资料进行对比,以评估不同云微物理参数化方案对该区域降水过程的模拟性能。结果表明:三种方案均能够模拟出此次降水天气过程的发生,但在主要降水区域和降水强度两方面仍与实测资料存在偏差;在水凝物方面,三种方案对冰粒子的模拟较接近,Lin和WSM6方案模拟的雪粒子差异较大,但霰粒子无明显差异。进一步对比分析了Lin和WSM6方案模拟的云微物理转化过程,结果表明:这两种方案都表现出了霰向雨水转化的特点。在Lin方案中,通过水汽向霰粒子凝华、霰碰并水汽凝华生成的雪粒子以及霰碰并云水这三种过程生成的霰粒子最终融化为雨水。而在WSM6方案中,一方面水汽凝结成云水,云水被雪和霰粒子碰并收集转化为霰,之后霰融化为雨水;另一方面水汽凝华为冰粒子,一部分冰转化为雪,雪直接融化为雨水或转化为霰融化为雨水,另一部分冰转化为霰,霰融化为雨水。 相似文献
9.
应用MM5中尺度模式,选用4种不同云微物理方案(Dudhia简单冰相方案、Reisner混合相方案、Reisner2霰方案和Schultz微物理方案),对2002年7月12-13日祁连山区降水过程进行了数值模拟试验。模拟结果的对比分析表明,不同云微物理方案在祁连山区降水的模拟中对降水落区的模拟均偏南;除Reisner2霰方案外,其他3种方案对降水中心落点的模拟影响不大,降水中心强度对云微物理方案不敏感;显式降水和参数化降水对云微物理方案有不同程度的依赖性;云微物理过程通过影响动力条件发生发展的时间和强度,来影响强降水发生的时间和强度。通过各云微物理参数的分析发现,各物理过程中微物理参数参与降水的过程不同:对Dudhia简单冰相方案来说,雨水和云水是形成降水的主要过程;Reisner混合相方案中降水的形成主要是由于雨水、云水、雪和霰的碰并过程,冰晶的碰并相对较弱;在Reisner2霰方案中,雨水、云水、冰晶、雪和霰均参与碰并碰冻过程;Schultz微物理方案中冰晶、雪和霰的碰并过程更为重要。 相似文献
10.
A heavy rainfall event in south China was simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model
with three microphysics schemes, including the Morrison scheme, Thompson scheme, and Milbrandt and Yau scheme
(MY), which aim to evaluate the capability to reproduce the precipitation and radar echo reflectivity features, and to
evaluate evaluate their differences in microphysics and the associated thermodynamical and dynamical feedback. Results
show that all simulations reproduce the main features crucial for rainfall formation. Compared with the observation, the
MY scheme performed better than the other two schemes in terms of intensity and spatial distribution of rainfall. Due to
abundant water vapor, the accretion of cloud droplets by raindrops was the dominant process in the growth of raindrops
while the contribution of melting was a secondary effect. Riming processes, in which frozen hydrometeors collect cloud
droplets mainly, contributed more to the growth of frozen hydrometeors than the Bergeron process. Extremely abundant
snow and ice were produced in the Thompson and MY schemes respectively by a deposition process. The MY scheme
has the highest condensation and evaporation, but the lowest deposition. As a result, in the MY scheme, the enhanced
vertical gradient of condensation heating and evaporation cooling at low levels produces strong positive and weak
negative potential vorticity in Guangdong, and may favor the formation of the enhanced rainfall center over there. 相似文献
11.
Cloud microphysical and rainfall responses to radiative processes are examined through analysis of cloud-resolving model sensitivity experiments of Typhoon Fitow(2013) during landfall.The budget analysis shows that the increase in the mean rainfall caused by the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds corresponds to the decrease in accretion of raindrops by cloud ice in the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds,but the rainfall is insensitive to radiative effects of water clouds in the absence of radiative effects of ice clouds.The increases in the mean rainfall resulting from the removal of radiative effects of ice clouds correspond to the enhanced net condensation.The increases(decreases) in maximum rainfall caused by the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds in the presence(absence) of radiative effects of ice clouds,or the removal of radiative effects of ice clouds in the presence(absence) of radiative effects of water clouds,correspond mainly to the enhancements(reductions) in net condensation.The mean rain rate is a product of rain intensity and fractional rainfall coverage.The radiation-induced difference in the mean rain rate is related to the difference in rain intensity.The radiation-induced difference in the maximum rain rate is associated with the difference in the fractional coverage of maximum rainfall. 相似文献
12.
使用NCEP (National Centerfor Environmental Prediction) FNL (Final Operational Global Analysis)资料作为初始场和边界条件,用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model)模式对西太平洋超强台风“彩云”(0914)进行数值模拟,结合CloudSat卫星数据产品评估Lin、WSM6、Thompson和WDM6四种云微物理参数化方案对热带气旋模拟的适用性。结果表明:不同参数化方案模拟的环流形式区别不大,但对于热带气旋中心的最低气压模拟有差别。WSM6与WDM6模拟的热带气旋云量最多,Lin方案最少。但不同参数化方案模拟的热带气旋云系位置比较一致。不管从模拟的云冰剖面图还是剖面平均的云冰含量看,Thompson方案对云冰的模拟效果都是最优。雷达反射率强回波区域与云冰含量的高值区相对应,但高值区的强度、中心高度均大于CloudSat观测。水成物分布特征表明,Lin方案模拟的冰晶粒子与雪粒子较其他方案分布高度更高且含量偏小,雪粒子大部分由冰晶粒子碰并过程形成; Thompson方案中冰晶粒子快速向雪粒子转换导致冰晶含量非常小; WSM6方案与WDM6方案模拟的水成物分布接近,但WSM6的垂直速度明显大于WDM6方案,由雪粒子、霰粒子融化形成的雨水含量更高。 相似文献
13.
在MM5非静力稳定中尺度气象模式中引进了建立在δ-4流近似和相关-k分布基础上的对云水、雨水、冰晶和霰的辐射特性进行详细描述的辐射传输方案。新建立的辐射传输方案和MM5中原有的辐射传输方案在华南暴雨中的模拟结果相互比较，并与天气实况的对比表明:辐射在中尺度暴雨中起着重要的作用；辐射传输方案对云辐射特性描述的准确程度对于地面降水影响是明显的；不同的辐射传输方案对地面降水的影响存在较大的差异，并且这些差异在白天比在夜间明显；辐射传输过程对地面降水影响的差异主要表现在降水中心上，而对降水的地理分布改变很小；相对而言，不同的辐射传输方案之间对短波描述的差异对地面降水的影响明显，而对长波描述差异的影响不大；新辐射传输方案能够在一定程度上改进MM5对中尺度降水的模拟能力。 相似文献
14.
15.
在HLAFS业务数值预报模式的动力框架下,利用文章(I)所述的显式云降水方案,对一次暴雨过程和伴随着的云物蓝砸淮伪?雨过程和伴随着的云物泪果表明,显式方案对降水落区和强降水中心位置的预报较原HLAFS的大尺度饱和凝结方案有明显改进.模式能合理地揭示出暴雨发生、发展过程中的云系演变规律和云物理过程.冰相过程对降水、中尺度热力和动力场有明显影响,特别是冰相过程有利于降水的早期的形成速率.与卫星TBB资料的对比分析表明,引进显式方案后,模式能较合理地模拟出云系的轮廓、位置、范围、强度、生消和移向,模式模拟出的云顶温度与卫星测量出的云顶温度较为一致. 相似文献
16.
A new scheme that separates convective-stratiform rainfall is developed using threshold values of liquid water path (LWP) and ice water path (IWP). These cloud contents can be predicted with radiances at the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) channels (23.8, 31.4, 89, and 150 GHz) through linear regression models. The scheme is demonstrated by an analysis of a two-dimensional cloud resolving model simulation that is imposed by a forcing derived from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The rainfall is considered convective if associated LWP is larger than 1.91 mm or IWP is larger than 1.70 mm. Otherwise, the rainfall is stratiform. The analysis of surface rainfall budget demonstrates that this new scheme is physically meaningful. 相似文献
17.
一次梅雨锋暴雨云物理特征的数值模拟研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用中尺度数值模式MM5(V3.6),选用模式中不同的显式云物理方案,对2003年7月4-5日发生在江淮流域的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,并根据模拟结果对造成此次暴雨过程的对流云团的微物理特征进行了分析.研究结果表明:(1) 具有详细云物理过程的中尺度模式MM5对短时强降水过程具有较好的模拟能力,提高MM5模式的分辨率,可以更好地模拟短时梅雨锋暴雨过程,模式中的Goddard云物理方案的模拟结果要优于Reisner方案和Schultz方案.(2) 梅雨锋对流云团是一种复杂的固、液、气三相混合体结构,在云体区域内的平均质量密度分布中,水汽的质量密度最大,其次是霰,而冰晶、雪、云水和雨水的质量密度较小且数值大小彼此接近,各种相态粒子质量密度峰值出现的高度随时间无明显变化.雨水、云冰和霰的质量密度随时间演变规律与地面降水强度的变化特征相一致,近地面层水汽密度随时间的演变规律比地面降水强度提前1-2个小时,水汽通量的辐合对暴雨时段内水汽的补充和维持起到了重要的作用.(3) 除了最基本的云水向雨水转化的云微物理过程之外,此次降水过程还显示,在中层500-700 hPa范围内雪、冰晶等冰相粒子首先转化为霰粒子,而霰和云水的结合进一步加速(剧)云水向雨水的转换,成为短时特大暴雨形成不可或缺的动力机制,云物理过程中的相变潜热与对流运动的正反馈机制是促进暴雨维持和发展的最重要热力因子. 相似文献
18.
A Simulation Study on the Characteristics of Cloud Microphysics of
Heavy Rainfall in the Meiyu Front 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 A heavy rainfall in the Meiyu front during 4--5 July 2003 is simulated by use of the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 (V3--6) with different explicit cloud microphysical parameterization schemes. The characteristics of microphysical process of convective cloud are studied by the model outputs. The
simulation study reveals that: (1) The mesoscale model MM5 with explicit cloud microphysical process is capable of simulating the instant heavy rainfall in the Meiyu front, the rainfall simulation
could be improved significantly as the model resolution is increased, and the Goddard scheme is better than the Reisner or Schultz scheme. (2) The convective cloud in the Meiyu front has a
comprehensive structure composed of solid, liquid and vapor phases of water, the mass density of water vapor is the largest one in the cloud; the next one is graupel, while those of ice, snow, rain
water and the cloud water are almost same. The height at which mass density peaks for different hydrometeors is almost unchangeable during the heavy rainfall period. The mass density variation of rain water, ice, and graupel are consistent with that of ground precipitation, while that of water vapor in the low levels is 1--2 h earlier than the precipitation. (3) The main contribution to the water vapor budget in the atmosphere is the convergence of vapor flux through advection and convection, which provides the main vapor source of the rainfall. Besides the basic process of the auto-conversion of cloud water to rain water, there is an additional cloud microphysical process that is essential to the formation of instant heavy rainfall, the ice-phase crystals are transformed into graupels first and then the increased graupels mix with cloud water and accelerates the conversion of cloud water to rain water. The positive feedback mechanism between latent heat release and convection is the main cause to maintain and develop the heavy precipitation. 相似文献
19.
山东降水云系微物理结构数值模拟和播云条件分析 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
利用MM5V3.5中尺度数值模式和现有基本气象业务资料,对主要影响山东的2003年4月17日春季暴雨和2002年10月24~25日秋季冷锋降水过程进行数值预报,在预报效果较为理想的基础上,利用模式输出资料,特别是利用Reisner霰方案计算的云水、雨水、冰晶、雪和霰比含量数值,分析了中尺度对流云系不同发展阶段、冷锋层状云系不同部位的云降水微物理结构特征和差异,展示了背景场动力、热力和水汽输送等条件在云降水过程中的主导作用,并分析了降水云层可进行人工催化的条件。 相似文献
20.
冰晶核化对雷暴云微物理过程和起电影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文在已有的二维对流云模式中采用了一种与气溶胶有关的冰晶核化方案替代原有的冰晶核化经验公式, 并选取个例, 分别就两种方案进行了模拟对比试验。模拟结果表明:(1)新方案所得冰晶比含水量主要分布在-0.1~-7.6℃温区之间, 高于原方案所得的-50.1~-24.2℃温区;在整个雷暴云的发展过程中新方案冰晶的分布高度、温度区间以及最大浓度值均大于原方案。(2)在新方案中, 温度相对较高的过冷区产生大量冰晶, 其争食云中水汽抑制了云滴、雨滴的增长。此外, 与原方案相比, 霰增长受雨滴大幅减小的影响进一步得到限制, 导致生成的霰小于原方案, 且空间分布具有较大区别。(3)两方案在雷暴云初期形成的电荷结构不同;在发展旺盛与消散阶段新方案中电荷空间分布区域和电荷量均大于原方案, 此外, 在不同时刻主正电荷区和主负电荷区的中心高度存在差异。本文对云微物理过程及起电的分析为后继探讨气溶胶与雷暴云起放电过程、电荷结构之间的相互关系提供了有利条件。 相似文献