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1.
A Lagrangian stochastic (LS) model, which is embedded into a parallelised large-eddy simulation (LES) model, is used for dispersion
and footprint evaluations. For the first time an online coupling between LES and LS models is applied. The new model reproduces
concentration patterns, which were obtained in prior studies, provided that subgrid-scale turbulence is included in the LS
model. Comparisons with prior studies show that the model evaluates footprints successfully. Streamwise dispersion leads to
footprint maxima that are situated less far upstream than previously reported. Negative flux footprints are detected in the
convective boundary layer (CBL). The wide range of applicability of the model is shown by applying it under neutral and stable
stratification. It is pointed out that the turning of the wind direction with height leads to a considerable dependency of
source areas on height. First results of an application to a heterogeneously heated CBL are presented, which emphasize that
footprints are severely affected by the inhomogeneity. 相似文献
2.
3.
湍流微气象观测的印痕分析方法及其应用拓展 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
在地面与大气间湍流相互作用的研究工作中,印痕(footprint)与印痕分析发挥着越来越重要的作用。文中介绍微气象学意义下印痕与印痕分析的理论、方法、历史和最新研究进展。着重介绍了具有理论和实用意义的数学解析印痕模型和拉格朗日数值印痕模型。对印痕分析在实际工作中的应用与问题进行了评述。文中明确指出了印痕概念的三维空间性质,探讨了将印痕分析从微气象学范畴拓展到中尺度范围的可能性, 及其在大气环境问题研究中的意义。 相似文献
4.
The Footprint for Estimation of Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Fluxes by Profile Techniques 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
T. W. Horst 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,90(2):171-188
The flux footprint, that is the contribution per unit emission from each element of the upwind surface area to measurement of the vertical flux of a passive scalar, is calculated for fluxes estimated by micrometeorological profile techniques. It is found that the upwind extent of the footprint for concentration-profile flux estimates is similar to that of the footprint for eddy-covariance flux measurements, when the eddy-covariance measurement is made at a height equal to the arithmetic mean of the highest and lowest profile measurement heights for stable stratification or the geometric mean for unstable stratification. The concentration-profile flux footprint depends on the ratio of the highest to the lowest measurement height, but is insensitive to the number of measurement levels. The concentration-profile flux footprint extends closer to the measurement location than does the 'equivalent eddy-covariance flux footprint, and the difference becomes more pronounced as the ratio of the profile measurement heights increases. The flux footprint for the Bowen-ratio technique is identical to that for a two-level profile measurement only for very limited circumstances. In the more general case, a flux footprint cannot be defined for the Bowen-ratio technique and the uniform upwind fetch required for representative flux measurements depends on the specific spatial distribution of surface fluxes. 相似文献
5.
A Simple Parameterisation for Flux Footprint Predictions 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：9
Flux footprint functions estimate the location and relative importance of passive scalar sources influencing flux measurements
at a given receptor height. These footprint estimates strongly vary in size, depending on receptor height, atmospheric stability,
and surface roughness. Reliable footprint calculations from, e.g., Lagrangian stochastic models or large-eddy simulations
are computationally expensive and cannot readily be computed for long-term observational programs. To facilitate more accessible
footprint estimates, a scaling procedure is introduced for flux footprint functions over a range of stratifications from convective
to stable, and receptor heights ranging from near the surface to the middle of the boundary layer. It is shown that, when
applying this scaling procedure, footprint estimates collapse to an ensemble of similar curves. A simple parameterisation
for the scaled footprint estimates is presented. This parameterisation accounts for the influence of the roughness length
on the footprint and allows for a quick but precise algebraic footprint estimation. 相似文献
6.
本文将基于遥感反演的植被净初级生产力（NPP）的均衡因子和产量因子评估方法引进到三维生态足迹模型中,利用足迹广度和足迹深度两个指标,以“国家公顷”为计量单位,从空间和时间两个角度计算并分析了桂林市2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年和2018年的生态承载力和资源环境的可持续发展能力;同时,利用经济评价指标（GDP）和生态足迹指标,定量评估了桂林市自然资源利用效率。结果表明：2000—2018年桂林市的生态承载力略微增加,生态足迹和生态赤字均呈现出一致的先增加（峰值在2010年）后下降趋势;各土地利用类型对人均生态足迹和人均生态承载力的贡献率有较大的差异,社会经济建设中各类土地的需求和供应水平不对等。足迹广度除2005年稍有下降外,其余年份基本呈现出增长趋势,而足迹深度则呈现出先增长后下降的趋势,自然资源过度消耗是影响桂林市生态环境可持续发展的重要因素。2000—2018年桂林市自然资源利用效率显著提高,2010年以后第三产业逐渐在经济建设中占主要地位,经济发展潜力较大。 相似文献
7.
FRED C. BOSVELD 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1997,84(2):289-327
Measurements of fluxes and profiles of wind andtemperature are performed in the roughness layer ofa moderately homogeneous forest location. Weinvestigate to what extent vertical scalar fluxescan be derived from profile measurements. Theinfluence of inhomogeneities in the upwind terrainis investigated with footprint analysis and with aninhomogeneous surface-layer model. Four methods toestimate displacement height are suggested, amongthem is a method involving the structure parameterof the vertical wind. All methods give a decrease ofdisplacement height with increasing wind speed,while roughness length is found to increase withincreasing wind speed. For near-neutral conditionsdimensionless temperature gradients are found to besubstantially lower than the surface-layer valuesfound in the literature for homogeneous terrain with lowvegetation. Dimensionless shear however iscomparable with the surface-layer value. The heightof the roughness layer is 20 times the roughnesslength. Two schemes with locally derived surfaceparameters are tested to derive friction velocityand sensible heat flux from the profilemeasurements. These site specific schemes performsatisfactorily. A third scheme based on surface parameters chosen a priorifrom the literatureperforms significantly worse especially for low windspeed and unstable cases. 相似文献
8.
Footprint estimation for scalar flux measurements in the atmospheric surface layer 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12
The flux footprint is the contribution, per unit emission, of each element of a surface area source to the vertical scalar flux measured at height z
m
; it is equal to the vertical flux from a unit surface point source. The dependence of the flux footprint on crosswind location is shown to be identical to the crosswind concentration distribution for a unit surface point source; an analytic dispersion model is used to estimate the crosswind-integrated flux footprint. Based on the analytic dispersion model, a normalized crosswind-integrated footprint is proposed that principally depends on the single variable z/z
m
, where z is a measure of vertical dispersion from a surface source. The explicit dependence of the crosswind-integrated flux footprint on downwind distance, thermal stability and surface roughness is contained in the dependence of z on these variables. By also calculating the flux footprint with a Lagrangian stochastic dispersion model, it is shown that the normalized flux footprint is insensitive to the analytic model assumption of a self-similar vertical concentration profile.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is funded by the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
9.
Radiometric measurements of hemispherical surface reflectance and long-wave irradiance are required to quantify the broadband albedo and the outgoing thermal radiation. These observations are typically integrated with eddy covariance measurements of sensible and latent heat fluxes to characterize the surface energy budget. While the aerodynamic footprint has been widely investigated, the geometry of the hemispherical radiometric footprint over plant canopies has been rarely tackled. In the present work, the size and shape of the hemispherical radiometric footprint are formalized for a bare surface and in presence of a vegetation cover. For this purpose, four idealized canopies are analyzed and the dependency of the radiometric footprint on leaf area index and canopy height is explored. Besides, the radiometric footprint is compared with the aerodynamic footprint in conditions of neutral stability. It was observed that almost 100% of the hemispherical radiometric signal originates within a distance of a few radiometer heights, while only about 50–80% of the cumulative aerodynamic signal is generated within a distance of about 20 sensor heights. In order to achieve comparable extensions of the footprint areas, hemispherical radiometric measurements should therefore be taken about 6–15 times higher than turbulent flux ones, depending on the vegetation type. The analysis also highlights that the size of the radiative footprint decreases at increasing leaf area index, whereas the aerodynamic footprint shows an opposite behavior. For the abovementioned reasons, this work may support the interpretation of energy flux measurements and the optimal design of eddy covariance stations located in heterogeneous sites. 相似文献
10.
新疆是我国电力生产的主要地区,同时存在严重的水资源短缺问题。作为综合评价指标,水足迹可以用来量化分析电力生产中的水资源消耗及其水环境影响。文中基于投入产出和生命周期的混合生命周期模型对新疆地区2012年和2017年电力生产水足迹进行了量化研究,并对不同发电技术的水足迹贡献部门进行了分析。结果发现：因电力生产结构的变化和燃煤发电技术革新,新疆电力生产的单位水足迹由2012年的4.26×10-3 m3/(kW∙h)下降到2017年的3.08×10-3 m3/(kW∙h)。对不同发电技术的水足迹贡献部门分析发现,煤电和水电的间接水足迹分别主要来自采矿业和重工业,占比分别为60.3%和52.8%。风电和光伏发电的间接水足迹分别主要来自重工业和轻工业,占比分别为38.1%和56.0%。最后针对碳中和目标下新疆电力结构转型带来的水足迹变化进行分析,2017—2050年高比例的可再生能源发电将使新疆电力生产单位水足迹下降75%。 相似文献
11.
Flux Footprint Simulation Downwind of a Forest Edge 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Surface fluxes, originating from forest patches, are commonly calculated from atmospheric flux measurements at some height above that patch using a correction for flux arising from upwind surfaces. Footprint models have been developed to calculate such a correction. These models commonly assume homogeneous turbulence, resulting in a simulated atmospheric flux equal to the average surface flux in the footprint area. However, atmospheric scalar fluxes downwind of a forest edge have been observed to exceed surface fluxes in the footprint area. Variations in atmospheric turbulence downwind of the forest edge, as simulated with an E – model, can explain enhanced atmospheric scalar fluxes. This E – model is used to calculate the footprint of atmospheric measurements downwind of a forest edge. Atmospheric fluxes appear mainly enhanced as a result of a stronger sensitivity to fluxes from the upwind surface. A sensitivity analysis shows that the fetch over forest, necessary to reach equilibrium between atmospheric fluxes and surface fluxes, tends to be longer for scalar fluxes as compared to momentum fluxes. With increasing forest density, atmospheric fluxes deviate even more strongly from surface fluxes, but over shorter fetches. It is concluded that scalar fluxes over forests are commonly affected by inhomogeneous turbulence over large fetches downwind of an edge. It is recommended to take horizontal variations in turbulence into account when the footprint is calculated for atmospheric flux measurements downwind of a forest edge. The spatially integrated footprint is recommended to describe the ratio between the atmospheric flux and the average surface flux in the footprint. 相似文献
12.
We evaluate the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas obtained by high-volume hydraulic fracturing from shale formations,
focusing on methane emissions. Natural gas is composed largely of methane, and 3.6% to 7.9% of the methane from shale-gas
production escapes to the atmosphere in venting and leaks over the life-time of a well. These methane emissions are at least
30% more than and perhaps more than twice as great as those from conventional gas. The higher emissions from shale gas occur
at the time wells are hydraulically fractured—as methane escapes from flow-back return fluids—and during drill out following
the fracturing. Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential that is far greater than that of carbon
dioxide, particularly over the time horizon of the first few decades following emission. Methane contributes substantially
to the greenhouse gas footprint of shale gas on shorter time scales, dominating it on a 20-year time horizon. The footprint
for shale gas is greater than that for conventional gas or oil when viewed on any time horizon, but particularly so over 20 years.
Compared to coal, the footprint of shale gas is at least 20% greater and perhaps more than twice as great on the 20-year horizon
and is comparable when compared over 100 years. 相似文献
13.
河南省冬小麦生产水足迹时空特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了清晰地描述冬小麦生产中耗水特征,基于水足迹理论和量化方法,分析了河南省小麦生产水足迹特征,并对造成水足迹区域差异的因素进行归因分析。结果表明:小麦生产水足迹的空间分布差异显著,其中豫西、豫中、豫南和豫北的小麦水足迹较高,而豫东地区的生产水足迹较低。豫南绿水足迹比例最高为34.5%,豫北绿水足迹最低为13.6%,绿水足迹所占比例呈现出从南向北递减的空间分布格局。归因分析结果显示,化肥、农机动力、降水量和平均气温是影响小麦水足迹空间差异的主要因素,且农业生产因子对水足迹的影响大于气象因子的。因此,提高农业生产效率和农业水资源利用效率,对河南省水资源的合理配置和高效利用有重要意义。 相似文献
14.
A Three-Dimensional Backward Lagrangian Footprint Model For A Wide Range Of Boundary-Layer Stratifications 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5
We present a three-dimensional Lagrangian footprint model with the ability to predict the area of influence (footprint) of a measurement within a wide range of boundary-layer stratifications and receptor heights. The model approach uses stochastic backward trajectories of particles and satisfies the well-mixed condition in inhomogeneous turbulence for continuous transitions from stable to convective stratification. We introduce a spin-up procedure of the model and a statistical treatment of particle touchdowns which leads to a significant reduction of CPU time compared to conventional footprint modelling approaches. A comparison with other footprint models (of the analytical and Lagrangian type) suggests that the present backward Lagrangian model provides valid footprint predictions under any stratification and, moreover, for applications that reach across different similarity scaling domains (e.g., surface layer to mixed layer, for use in connection with aircraft measurements or with observations on high towers). 相似文献
15.
《Global Environmental Change》2003,13(2):83-100
This paper employs ecological footprint analysis as a potential non-monetary metric of human consumption and ecological productivity in a simulation-modeling framework, applied to North America. The ecological footprint provides an indirect basis for considering the long-term ecological risk and sustainability of human settlements, regions or, in this case, a continent. We examine several scenarios for human consumption, ecological productivity and material efficiency, to explore which variables have influence on the ecological budget of North America over the coming century. Only one scenario, which assumes considerable reductions in human consumption, is likely to yield an ecological surplus. Unlike monetary measures of societal well-being, ecological footprint analysis shows that increased economic activity and consumption creates deficits in terms of the balance of ecological productivity and consumption in a region, and may reduce long-term ecological sustainability. Several advantages and disadvantages of this metric are discussed. 相似文献
16.
Heat island is a very well documented climatic phenomenon that has an important energy and environmental impact in the urban
environment. The main energy problems are related to the important increase of the energy consumption for cooling purposes
as well as to the important increase of the peak electricity load. Heat island in Athens, Greece, is measured during the last
decade and its energy impact is calculated in details. The aim of the present paper is to estimate the direct and indirect
environmental impact of the heat island effect in Athens. This is achieved through the estimation of the additional ecological
footprint caused by the urban heat island phenomenon over the city. The ecological footprint estimation is performed at a
first step by calculating the increase of the cooling demand caused by the heat island over the whole city and then by translating
the energy to environmental cost. Two years annual experimental data from many urban stations have been used. The results
show that the ecological footprint because of the heat island ranges 1.5–2 times the city’s political area that have to be
reserved every year to compensate the additional CO2 emissions caused by the presence of the heat island effect while the maximum potential ecological footprint, provided that
all buildings are air conditioned, is almost 110,000 hectares. 相似文献
17.
18.
Footprint Analysis For Measurements Over A Heterogeneous Forest 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
Ü Rannik M. Aubinet O. Kurbanmuradov K. K. Sabelfeld T. Markkanen T. Vesala 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2000,97(1):137-166
The air flow and vertical distribution of sources/sinks inside aforest canopy have been taken into accountin the analysis of the contribution of sources/sinks to measured fluxes and concentrations above a forest. Thestochastic estimators for concentrations and fluxes are described and their evaluation is performed by simulationof an ensemble of fluid parcel trajectories. The influence of the forest canopy on the footprint is important forobservation levels up to a few times the forest height. The influence of along-wind turbulent diffusion, whichanalytical atmospheric surface layer (ASL) footprint models do not account for, is significant even at higherlevels. The footprint analysis has been performed to deduce the Douglas fir canopy carbon dioxide uptake from eddycovariance flux measurements above a mixed Douglas fir–beech forest during the pre-leaf periods of the beech.The scatter in the results indicates that such an analysis is limited, presumably due to horizontal inhomogenetiesin flow statistics, which were not included in trajectory simulation. The analysis, however, is useful for theestimation of the qualitative effect of the forest canopy on the footprint function. 相似文献
19.
L. M. Reithmaier M. Göckede T. Markkanen A. Knohl G. Churkina C. Rebmann N. Buchmann T. Foken 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2006,84(4):219-233
Summary Long-term flux measurement sites are often characterized by a heterogeneous terrain, which disagrees with the fundamental
theoretical assumptions for eddy-covariance measurements. An evaluation procedure to assess the influence of terrain heterogeneity
on the data quality has been developed by G?ckede et al. (2004), which combines existing quality assessment tools for flux
measurements with analytic footprint modeling. In addition to micrometeorological input data, this approach requires information
defining the land use structure and the roughness of the surrounding terrain.
The aim of this study was to improve the footprint based site evaluation approach by using high-resolution land use maps derived
by Landsat ETM+ and ASTER satellite data. The influence of the grid resolution of the maps on the results was examined, and
four different roughness length classification schemes were tested. Due to numerical instabilities of the analytic footprint
routine, as an additional footprint model a Lagrangian stochastic footprint routine (Rannik et al., 2003) was employed. Application
of the approach on two German FLUXNET sites revealed only weak influence of the characteristics of the land use data when
the land use structure was homogeneous. For a more heterogeneous site, use of the more detailed land use maps derived by remote
sensing methods resulted in distinct differences indicating the potential of remote sensing for improving the flux measurement
site evaluation. 相似文献
20.
Footprint Analysis: A Closed Analytical Solution Based On Height-Dependent Profiles Of Wind Speed And Eddy Viscosity 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Based on the theoretical background of existing models for the crosswind-integrated footprint, a new model is presented, which, in contrast to the existing models, describes the normalized footprint by a closed analytical formula. This was made possible by using well-known power profiles for wind speed and eddy viscosity instead of Monin–Obukhov based profiles at a certain stage of model development. However, the major difference between the new model and the existing models is that the so-called shape parameter of vertical plume dispersion, a function of upwind distance in the existing models, is set constant in the new model in order to circumvent a formal inconsistency found in the derivation of the existing models. Due to this inconsistency, the existing models do not generally satisfy the fundamental condition that the cumulative normalized footprint must approach unity for the upwind distance tending towards infinity. 相似文献