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1.
利用1975—2014年安徽省77个观测站的日最高温度、最低温度和平均气温资料,对近40 a极端温度事件的时空分布特征进行分析。结果表明:安徽省冬季极端低温事件的发生频次分布,总体呈北多南少,地区差异较大,极端低温事件发生次数最多的是宿州萧县。近40 a间冬季的极端低温事件发生减少趋势显著,与冬季平均温度的显著上升相对应。年极端最低温度年际变化趋势不明显,且极端低温的发生频次与强度并不对应。夏季极端高温事件发生频次较多区域为江南。1975—2014年,夏季极端高温事件发生呈整体增多趋势,但趋势不显著。年极端最高温度的时间序列,与极端高温事件发生频次的时间序列是相对应的,呈现明显的正相关。从MK突变上看,年极端低温和高温事件发生均存在突变。分析合成环流场发现,冬季极端冷事件发生时,亚洲中高纬度环流的经向度明显增强;夏季极端暖事件的发生与副高的明显西伸增强维持有关。 相似文献
2.
利用阿勒泰地区7个测站1961～2011年冬季(11月到翌年3月)逐日最低温度资料,采用百分位定义法给出各站发生冬季极端低温事件的阈值。采用气候趋势系数和气候倾向率、Gumbel分布函数及R/S分析等多种统计方法分析阿勒泰地区各站冬季极端低温事件的气候特征。结果表明:阿勒泰地区各站冬季极端低温事件发生阈值为-26～-36℃。阿勒泰地区冬季极端低温事件频次倾向率均呈减少趋势,强度倾向率均呈减弱趋势。50 a一遇冬季极端低温事件极值东部较低,西部较高。阿勒泰地区西部地区冬季极端低温强度<-50℃的概率较小,东部地区冬季极端低温事件强度<-50℃概率较大。根据R/S分析,阿勒泰地区冬季极端低温事件未来发生频次可能会有所增多,冬季极端低温事件未来发生强度可能会有所增强。 相似文献
3.
1961～2016年中国春季极端低温事件的时空特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1961～2016年中国529个台站逐日最低气温资料,研究了中国春季极端低温事件的时空变异特征。旋转经验正交分解结果显示,中国春季极端低温事件的频次在空间上可以分为5个区域,即东北—华北东部地区、江南地区、西北东部—华北西部地区、西南地区和新疆北部地区。小波分析表明,这5个区域春季极端低温事件的频次在年际尺度上呈现出2～4年的振荡周期,其中江南地区、西北东部—华北西部地区和新疆北部地区2～4年的振荡周期在整个研究时段都显著,但东北—华北东部地区和西南地区2～4年的显著周期分别出现在20世纪80年代之前和80年代到90年代中期。在长期变化上,这5个区域春季极端低温事件的频次总体均呈减少趋势,但突变年份具有明显差异。Mann-Kendall和滑动t检验结果表明,东北—华北东部地区春季极端低温事件频次的突变时间为1987/1988年、江南地区为1995/1996年、西北东部—华北西部地区为1990/1991年、西南地区为1987/1988年、新疆北部地区为1997/1998年。伴随着春季极端低温事件频次的降低,5个区域春季极端低温事件的强度在过去半个多世纪也呈现出显著的下降趋势。但近10年来,中国东部地区春季极端低温事件的频次和强度却有所增加,需要引起关注。 相似文献
4.
根据1951-2009年冬季北京观象台逐日最高、最低气温资料,对近59 a冬季北京极端低温事件的发生频次、强度进行了分析.结果表明,近59 a冬季北京极端低温事件呈减少趋势,且在1984年冬季存在气候突变点,1984年后为极端低温事件相对低发期;随着极端低温事件发生频次减少,强度也趋于减弱,20世纪80年代之后极端低温... 相似文献
5.
利用北京地区城郊16个气象观测站1979～2008年逐日平均、最高和最低温度的均一化资料,分析了近30年北京地区城、郊区极端温度事件发生频次(强度)的变化趋势,并对比了城郊差异以及城市热岛强度对城郊差异的影响.研究结果显示:从发生频次来看,近30年城区极端低温事件的减小幅度[5.94 d (10 a)-1]高于郊区的减小幅度[-5.28 d (10 a)-1],而极端高温事件的增加幅度在城区[4.33 d (10 a)-1]和郊区[4.42 d (10 a)-1]之间差别不大,定量化的诊断结果进一步证明了城区和郊区在极端温度事件发生频次上的差别很小.从发生强度来看,近30年城区极端温度事件的年平均发生强度明显高于郊区,但在变化趋势上,城区极端低温事件的减弱幅度略高于极端高温事件的增强幅度,相差0.042℃(10 a)-1,而在郊区极端低温事件的减弱幅度却略低于极端高温事件的增强幅度,相差0.052℃(10 a)-1.城郊差异的定量化分析结果表明,极端温度事件在城区强度一般大于郊区强度,城区与郊区强度差值均为正值(除1982年和1985年极端高温事件强度差值为负).热岛强度与极端温度事件城郊差异的相关性统计发现,极端温度事件发生频次和发生强度在城郊之间的差别与热岛强度均没有明显的相关特征,该结果说明城市热岛效应对北京超大城市市区和郊区影响基本一致,其差异性是有限的. 相似文献
6.
同辐射条件下不同下垫面温度差异分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
从2006年3月1日开始,嵩县气象局自设了水泥面、草面的温度和最高、最低温度观测项目,通过对探测获得的资料与日常地温场观测资料的统计分析,找出了裸地、水泥地、草地3种不同下垫面之间温度的差异:年均温、年均最高最低温度、年极端最高最低温度.草面均低于水泥面和裸地,而冬季草面平均最高温度和极端最高温度高于水泥面和裸地. 相似文献
7.
中国20年一遇气温和降水极值变化的高分辨率模拟 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于25 km高分辨率区域气候模式(RegCM3)嵌套MIROC3.2_hires全球气候模式结果,进行IPCC SRES A1B情景下21世纪气候变化的模拟,分析中国区域未来气温和降水极值重现期的变化。首先检验模式对当代(1981—2000年)极端事件重现期的模拟能力,结果表明,模式能够较好地再现中国地区20年一遇极端事件的基本分布型,但所模拟的数值与观测相比还有一定偏差,特别是在极端降水方面。21世纪中期(2041—2060年)和末期(2081—2100年)20年一遇的高温极值在整个区域内均将升高,东北地区增幅最大;低温极值将增大,中心位于内蒙古、新疆及青藏高原南麓;降水极值也将普遍增大。气温和降水极值在21世纪末期的增加幅度均比中期要大。在未来全球变暖背景下,中国地区极端高温事件将明显增多,面积增大;极端低温事件将大幅度减少,面积减少;强降水事件也将增多,面积不断扩大。 相似文献
8.
利用1986—2005年中国地面气象台站观测的格点化逐日气温资料（CN05.1）评估了高分辨率统计降尺度数据集NASA Earth Exchange/Global Daily Downscaled Projections（NEX-GDDP）中21个全球气候模式对中国极端温度指数的模拟能力。在选用了日最低温度最大值（TNx）、日最高温度最大值（TXx）、暖夜指数（TN90p）和暖昼指数（TX90p）来研究极端温度事件的变化。结果显示:（1）除MRI-CGCM3模拟的日最高温度最大值外,其余模式对4个指数的模拟结果均表现出与观测一致的上升趋势,但模拟结果的平均值相对观测平均低0.26℃/（10 a）（日最低温度最大值）、0.19℃/（10 a）（日最高温度最大值）、2.21%/（10 a）（暖夜指数）、1.04%/（10 a）（暖昼指数）。（2）不同模式对各指数变化趋势空间分布特征的模拟存在较大差别,对日最低温度最大值、日最高温度最大值、暖夜指数和暖昼指数模拟能力最优模式分别为CCSM4、CESM1-BGC、MIROC-ESM-CHEM和bcc-csm1-1。模式模拟的日最低温度最大值和日最高温度最大值气候态平均值与观测值的相关系数在0.97以上。暖夜指数和暖昼指数模拟结果与观测值的标准差比值为0.34—1.58,均方根误差变化为1.6%—3.47%,对这两个指数模拟能力较优的模式分别为MIROC-ESM-CHEM（暖夜指数）和CESM1-BGC（暖昼指数）。（3）综合模式对4个指数在气候态平均值和变化趋势模拟能力的评估结果来看,CanESM2、CESM1-BGC和MIROC-ESM-CHEM显示了相对较高的模拟能力。因此,在利用GDDP-NEX研究未来极端温度事件时,建议将它们作为优选模式。 相似文献
9.
秦秀丽 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2014,8(2):59-64
利用山西省61个气象站点逐日最高温度、最低温度资料,采用百分位值定义法、Mann原Kendall突变检验法和Morlet小波变换等方法,分析了山西省近50 a极端温度事件年均发生频率的时空特征,结果表明：1961年以来,山西省极端高温事件年均发生频率呈显著增加趋势,趋势为6.1 d/10 a,与此同时,极端低温事件年均发生频率呈显著减少趋势,且极端气温事件的变化存在明显的区域差异;极端高温和极端低温年均发生频率均发生了突变现象,变化趋势均在20世纪90年代以来更加显著;极端高温和极端低温事件年均发生频率均呈显著波动变化,在整个研究期间极端高温存在5～6a、4～8a显著周期,极端低温存在4～5a显著周期。 相似文献
10.
利用1961—2005年观测、NCEP再分析资料和北京气候中心发展的气候系统模式1.1版本(BCC-CSM1.1)模拟的逐日最低气温资料,首先采用优选格点回归方法将网格资料降尺度到台站上,然后再应用区域性极端事件客观识别法对3套资料识别得到中国区域性低温事件。分析表明,NCEP再分析资料很好地再现了最低气温的实况;BCC-CSM1.1模式对日最低气温的模拟尽管总体上不如NCEP再分析资料,但模拟效果也较好。NCEP再分析资料在中国区域性低温事件的长期趋势、年际变化以及累积强度和发生频次的空间分布上都较好地再现了实况。BCC-CSM1.1模式对中国区域性低温事件的模拟结果显示,该模式较好地模拟出1961—2005年中国区域性低温事件在频次、极端强度、最大影响面积、持续时间、累积面积和综合强度等各项指标所表现出的一致的减小趋势;对事件累积强度和发生频次空间分布的模拟,总体上较好地反映了观测的主要特征,但对中心位置的模拟存在一定偏差。 相似文献
11.
Anders Moberg Hans Bergström Josefin Ruiz Krigsman Ola Svanered 《Climatic change》2002,53(1-3):171-212
Daily meteorological observations have been made at the old astronomical observatory in Stockholm since 1754. Complete daily mean series of air temperature and sea level pressure are reconstructed from the observational data for 1756–1998. The temperature and pressure series arereconstructed and homogenized with the aid of metadata, statistical tests and comparisons with data from other stations. Comparisons with independently reconstructed daily series for nearby Uppsala (1722–1998) show that the quality of thedaily Stockholm data is good, although the reliability is lower before the mid-19th century. The daily temperature data show that the colder winter mean temperatures of the late 18th to early 19th centuries were connected with a particularly high frequency of very cold winter days. The warmer summers of the same period are more connected with a general shift of the temperature distribution towards higher temperatures than in the late 20th century. 相似文献
12.
Kwang-Yul Kim Ji-Won Kim Maeng-Ki Kim Chun-Ho Cho 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2013,49(5):675-685
Daily winter temperatures in Korea have been analyzed via CSEOF analysis. Then, each PC time series was detrended and was fitted to an AR (autoregressive) model. Based on the identified AR model, an artificial time series of arbitrary length can be generated by using an arbitrary white-noise time series. In this way, one hundred new sets of PC time series were generated over the period of 1973–2058. Then, the trend for each PC time series was added back to the artificial PC time series extending the trend until 2058. Ultimately, artificial daily winter temperatures in Korea have been constructed by using the artificial PC time series and the original loading vectors derived from the observational data. The 100 new data sets have been investigated in order to understand the winter temperature variability 50 years into the future. Regression analysis in CSEOF space shows that temperature increase in Korea is associated with increased 850-hPa air temperature over most of the Asian domain (97°-153°E × 22°-73°N) and increased 850-hPa geopotential height in the southern part of the domain. As a result, southerly and southeasterly wind anomalies develop carrying positive temperature anomalies northward and northwestward. Both the 200-hPa air temperature and geopotential height changes indicate that there will be fairly significant northward shift of the jet stream in future. The standard deviation of the 200-hPa potential vorticity increases implying that shortwave trough and henceforth baroclinic instability will increase in future. Finally, GEV (Generalized Extreme Value) distribution and GPD (Generalized Pareto distribution) distribution have been compared between the observational records and the future records of the same length. The extreme value distributions based on the synthetic datasets show that warm extreme events will be more extreme in future and cold extreme events, on the other hand, will be less extreme. This study provides an estimate of future temperatures based on the observational data and serves as an independent baseline solution for comparisons with numerical model solutions. 相似文献
13.
With temperatures increasing as a result of global warming,extreme high temperatures are becoming more intense and more frequent on larger scale during summer in China.In recent years,a variety of researches have examined the high temperature distribution in China.However,it hardly considers the variation of temperature data and systems when defining the threshold of extreme high temperature.In order to discern the spatio-temporal distribution of extreme heat in China,we examined the daily maximum temperature data of 83 observation stations in China from 1950 to 2008.The objective of this study was to understand the distribution characteristics of extreme high temperature events defined by Detrended Fluctuation Analysis(DFA).The statistical methods of Permutation Entropy(PE)were also used in this study to analyze the temporal distribution.The results showed that the frequency of extreme high temperature events in China presented 3 periods of 7,10—13 and 16—20 years,respectively.The abrupt changes generally happened in the 1960s,the end of 1970s and early 1980s.It was also found that the maximum frequency occurred in the early 1950s,and the frequency decreased sharply until the late 1980s when an evidently increasing trend emerged.Furthermore,the annual averaged frequency of extreme high temperature events reveals a decreasing-increasing-decreasing trend from southwest to northeast China,but an increasing-decreasing trend from southeast to northwest China.And the frequency was higher in southern region than that in northern region.Besides,the maximum and minimum of frequencies were relatively concentrated spatially.Our results also shed light on the reasons for the periods and abrupt changes of the frequency of extreme high temperature events in China. 相似文献
14.
选取1960～2010年福建春播期平均气温资料、日照资料、NCAR/NCEP逐日高度场、风场及逐月海温资料,使用统计方法分析近51a来福建省北部和南部低温阴雨日数的时空分布及异常偏多成因。结果表明:福建省低温阴雨日数的空间分布与福建省的地形及纬度密切相关。近51a来福建低温阴雨日数呈弱减少趋势,福建北部和南部地区年际变化特征相似。未来一段时间福建北部地区低温阴雨日数偏多可能性较大,南部地区低温阴雨日数可能继续偏少。福建低温阴雨日数与乌拉尔山脊强弱、亚洲高纬地区经向环流强弱关系密切。亚洲高纬地区的环流经向度偏强,冷空气不断南下和较强的西南风配合,湿度条件较好,是造成福建低温阴雨日数明显偏多的直接原因。福建北部地区低温阴雨异常偏多年前冬北太平洋(55°N～60°N,155°W～180°W)区域海温明显偏暖;福建南部地区低温阴雨异常偏多年前冬太平洋中东部海域海温明显偏暖。 相似文献
15.
Effects of Urbanization on Extreme Warmest Night Temperatures During Summer near Bohai 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Many previous studies have focused on the impacts of urbanization on regional mean temperatures. Relatively few have analyzed changes in extreme temperatures. Here, we examine the impact of urbanization on extreme warmest night temperatures from 33 stations in the Bohai area between 1958 and 2009. We compute the Generalized Extreme Value（GEV） distribution of extreme warmest night temperatures and analyze long-term variations in its characteristic parameters. A new classification method based on the factor analysis of changes in extreme night temperatures is developed to detect the efects of urbanization in diferent cities. Of the three parameters that characterize the GEV distribution, the position parameter is the most representative of long-term changes in extreme warmest night temperatures. During the period of rapid urbanization（i.e., after 1978）, all three parameters of the GEV distribution are larger for the urban station group than for the reference station group, so are the magnitudes of their variations, and the urban areas have been experiencing higher extreme warmest night temperatures with larger variability. Diferent types of cities in the Bohai area have all experienced an urban heat island efect, with an average urbanization efect of approximately 0.3 per decade. 相似文献
16.
利用中国区域1961-1999年39 a间98个常规气象观测数据,建立6个模型分别以天文辐射、干洁大气总辐射和湿洁大气总辐射为起始数据,进行太阳辐射日总量的模拟,对比分析了6个水平面太阳总辐射量计算模型的性能.结果表明:在三种起始数据中,干洁大气总辐射和湿洁大气总辐射均能较好地体现宏观地势对太阳辐射空间分布的影响,以湿洁大气总辐射为起始数据的计算模型拟合精度相对较高.对6个水平面太阳总辐射量计算模型的对比分析发现:2个以日照百分率为主导因子,气温日较差为修正项的综合模型拟合误差最小,精度最高;经典的日照百分率模型次之,但其模型系数最稳定可靠;3个气温日较差模型拟合效果最差.最终选用经验系数稳定、拟合精度较高的日照百分率模型,制作了2001年中国水平面太阳辐射日总量空间分布图. 相似文献
17.
Simon J. Mason 《Climatic change》2004,62(1-3):155-187
The climatologies of daily precipitation and of maximum and minimum temperatures over western North America are simulated using stochastic weather generators. Two types of generator, differentiated only by their method of modeling precipitation occurrence, are investigated. A second-order Markov model, in which the probability of the occurrence of precipitation is modeled as contingent upon its occurrence on the previous two days, is compared with a spell-length model, in which mass functions of wet- and dry-spell lengths are modeled. Both models are able to reproduce the observed annual and monthly climatology in the region to a high degree of accuracy. However, there is considerable over-dispersion in annual precipitation, resulting primarily from an underestimation in the interannual variability of precipitation intensity. The interannual variability of temperatures is similarly underestimated, and is most severe for minimum temperatures. There is a severe problem in estimating minimum temperature extremes, which can be attributed to the negatively skewed distribution of daily minimum temperatures. Non-normality in the distribution of daily temperatures is shown to be a problem in simulating extreme temperature maxima as well as of minima. It is suggested that the normal distribution used in the generation of daily temperatures in the widely used Richardson (1981) generator, and its derivations, be supplanted by a more appropriate distribution that permits skewness in either direction. 相似文献
18.
We analyze the occurrence and the values of record-breaking temperatures in daily and monthly temperature observations. Our aim is to better understand and quantify the statistics of temperature records in the context of global warming. Similar to earlier work we employ a simple mathematical model of independent and identically distributed random variables with a linearly growing expectation value. This model proved to be useful in predicting the increase (decrease) in upper (lower) temperature records in a warming climate. Using both station and re-analysis data from Europe and the United States we further investigate the statistics of temperature records and the validity of this model. The most important new contribution in this article is an analysis of the statistics of record values for our simple model and European reanalysis data. We estimate how much the mean values and the distributions of record temperatures are affected by the large scale warming trend. In this context we consider both the values of records that occur at a certain time and the values of records that have a certain record number in the series of record events. We compare the observational data both to simple analytical computations and numerical simulations. We find that it is more difficult to describe the values of record breaking temperatures within the framework of our linear drift model. Observations from the summer months fit well into the model with Gaussian random variables under the observed linear warming, in the sense that record breaking temperatures are more extreme in the summer. In winter however a significant asymmetry of the daily temperature distribution hides the effect of the slow warming trends. Therefore very extreme cold records are still possible in winter. This effect is even more pronounced if one considers only data from subpolar regions. 相似文献
19.
利用1960~2009年我国南方地区277个测站逐日气温资料,通过旋转经验正交函数(REOF)将南方冬季(12月、1月、2月)地区划分成4个区域,采用气候趋势系数、气候倾向率和Mann-kendall(MK)法对日平均气温,日最高气温和日最低气温的时空分布特征进行研究。结果发现:三类气温整体皆自东南往西北方向递减;昼夜温差为减小趋势,减小显著区域为青藏高原、川西高原、川东、江淮地区及沿海局部区域;南方地区冬季整体呈升温趋势,上升趋势最大的为日最低气温0.411℃/10a,其次是日平均气温0.316℃/10a,最小的是日最高气温0.228℃/10a,而上升幅度最大为地形复杂海拔较高的青藏高原、云南和川西地区,其次是沿海地区、长江和黄河中下游地区,升温幅度最小的为川东、贵州、重庆、广西等地,而青海省河南站近50年为降温;日最低气温突变比日平均气温突变发生早,在1990年左右,而突变发生最晚的是日最高气温,在1997~1999年。 相似文献