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1.
Future changes in precipitation extremes over China using the NEX-GDDP high-resolution daily downscaled data-set 
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下载免费PDF全文 《大气和海洋科学快报》2017,(6)
最近,NASA发布了一套基于CMIP5 21个耦合模式输出的高分辨率降尺度逐日数据集,简称NEX-GDDP。本文评估了NEX-GDDP对中国极端降水的模拟性能。研究发现:(1)相比CMIP5直接输出结果,NEX-GDDP能够更好刻画中国极端降水的空间分布;(2)未来中国极端降水事件明显增多、强度增强,NEX-GDDP在区域尺度上给出了更多的气候变化信息;(3)NEXGDDP预估的中国未来极端降水变化的不确定性范围相比CMIP5直接输出结果明显减少,使得预估结果更加可靠. 相似文献
2.
使用基于动力降尺度和统计降尺度方法得到的RCP4.5情景下的6.25 km高分辨率联合降尺度预估数据集,对长江经济带未来极端气候事件及其造成的风险展开评估和预估。结果表明：降尺度预估数据能较好的再现各极端温度指数和大部分极端降水指数的空间分布,但一些极端降水指数的偏差略大。未来长江经济带极端热事件将增加,冷事件减少;长江中游东部和下游的极端降水事件将增加,上游地区东南部发生干旱事件的可能性大。长江经济带以及上游、中游和下游3个分区的高温事件和强降水事件的国内生产总值（GDP）暴露度都将增加;人口暴露度呈先增后降的变化趋势。高温事件的GDP暴露度的分布因子和非线性因子的贡献同样重要,人口暴露度中分布因子的影响更大;强降水事件的暴露度主要取决于GDP或人口分布因子。 相似文献
3.
中国地区极端事件预估研究 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
高学杰 《气候变化研究进展》2007,3(3):162-166
简要介绍了极端气候事件预估的基本方法，概述了东亚和中国地区关于气候和极端气候事件预估研究的进展。针对极端事件变化预估研究中的重要问题，如高分辨率、长时间尺度的区域气候变化模拟和预估，高时空分辨率的网格化观测资料，除温室效应外的土地利用和气溶胶的作用，使用合理方法进行多模式结果的集合，以及统计降尺度方法的应用等，进行了讨论。 相似文献
4.
董思言 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2024,18(5)
新疆未来暖湿化的预估分析可为区域气候变化减缓和适应提供重要的科学基础。国际耦合模式比较计划第六阶段（CMIP6）全球气候模式在三种共享社会经济路径（SSPs）下的结果显示,新疆地区未来2021~2100年总体呈现气温升高、降水增加的“暖湿化”现象,但这种变化的具体数值和空间分布存在一定差异。其中SSP2-4.5情景下,相对于1995~2014年,预估2021~2040年新疆地区年平均气温将升高1.2℃左右,年平均降水将增加6.8%。对极端事件的预估结果表明,新疆地区未来暖事件将增加,冷事件将减少;极端强降水事件将增多,且高排放情景下的增加更为显著。新疆地区的未来预估分析,将有助于对新疆地区灾害风险时空变化格局的认识,对未来农业方面等风险防范也有重要的指示作用。 相似文献
5.
利用1961—1990年江淮流域逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和HadCM3 SRES A1B情景下模式预估资料,采用典型相关分析统计降尺度方法,评估降尺度模型对当前极端降水指数的模拟能力,并对21世纪中期和末期的极端降水变化进行预估。结果表明：通过降尺度能够有效改善HadCM3对区域气候特征的模拟能力,极端降水指数气候平均态相对误差降低了30%～100%,但降尺度结果仍然在冬季存在湿偏差、夏季存在干偏差;在SRES A1B排放情景下,该区域大部分站点的极端强降水事件将增多,强度增大,极端强降水指数的变化幅度高于平均降水指数,且夏季增幅高于冬季;冬季极端降水贡献率（R95t）在21世纪中期和末期的平均增幅分别为14%和25%,夏季则分别增加24%和32%。 相似文献
6.
极端降水事件变化的观测研究 总被引：64，自引：4，他引：64
回顾了气候变化背景下的极端降水事件变化观测研究的主要进展，结合全球变化的特点，重点讨论了中国极端降水事件的变化特征。指出：最近50多年，我国降水强度普遍趋于增加，降水日数除西北地区外其他大部分地区显著减少。极端降水与总降水量变化之间的关系很密切，西北西部、长江及长江以南地区极端强降水事件趋于频繁，华北地区虽然极端降水事件频数明显减少，但极端降水量占总降水量的比例仍有所增加。连阴雨产生的年降水量在华北、东北东部和西南东部地区明显减小，在青藏高原东部和一些东南沿海地区则增加。降水日数和微量降水日数减少是近年来我国干旱化趋势发展的一个重要特点。 相似文献
7.
7个IPCC AR4模式对中国地区极端降水指数模拟能力的评估及其未来情景预估 总被引：36，自引：5，他引：31
利用中国区域550个站点1961～2000年日降水量资料, 考察参与政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)第四次评估报告的7个新一代全球模式及多模式集合对现代气候情景下(20C3M)5个极端降水指数的模拟能力, 同时进行中国区域未来不同排放情形下极端降水事件变化的预估, 结果表明: 最新全球模式能较好地模拟出极端降水指数气候场的空间分布及其中国区域的线性趋势, 且模式集合模拟能力优于大部分单个模式, 但在青藏高原东侧、 高原南部存在虚假的极端降水高值区, 模拟的东部季风区的极端降水强度系统性偏低, 区域平均序列年际变率的模拟能力也较低。中国地区21世纪与降水有关的事件都有趋于极端化的趋势, 极端降水强度可能增强, 干旱也将加重, 且变化幅度与排放强度成正比。 相似文献
8.
《高原气象》2020,(3)
极端高温、极端低温、极端降水事件日数对全球平均气温变化都有较强响应。本文利用全国1960-2005年549个站点逐日均一化温度资料以及559个站点逐日降水数据,定量分析了中国夏季极端气温与降水事件日数随气温变化的特征。结果表明:全球平均气温升高1℃,全国平均的极端高温、低温和降水日数的变化量分别为5.69,-5.3和0.69天;区域尺度上,全球平均气温升高1℃,东南沿岸和四川地区极端高温日数可增加8～10天,东北地区极端低温日数减少10天左右,西北地区极端降水日数可增加4～6天。基于以上结果,利用模式对未来全球平均气温的预估表明:2006-2099年我国平均的极端高温、低温、降水日数变化量在RCP8.5情景下最大,分别增加23天、减少22天和增加3天;区域尺度上,RCP8.5情景下2006-2099年我国东南以及西南地区极端高温日数可增加42天左右,我国北方大部分地区极端低温日数减少33天左右,而西北地区极端降水日数可增加16天左右。该研究结果表明一系列应对气候变化的措施势在必行。 相似文献
9.
本文基于一套在5个全球气候模式结果驱动下,RegCM4区域气候模式对东亚25 km水平分辨率的集合预估,分析了中、高温室气体典型排放路径（RCP4.5和RCP8.5）下,21世纪不同时期新疆地区的未来气候变化。对模式当代气候模拟结果的检验表明,区域模式的模拟集合（ensR）总体上能够很好地再现当代新疆平均气温、降水和极端气温、降水分布特征。ensR预估21世纪未来新疆平均气温和降水将不断升高或增加,RCP8.5下的变化大于RCP4.5。在21世纪末期RCP8.5下,区域年平均气温和降水将分别增加4.9°C和28%（102 mm）,夏季（6～8月）的升温幅度略高于冬季（12～2月）,降水则以冬季增加为主。极端温度以及高温日数同样将不断升高,其中年日最低气温最小值的增幅总体高于年日最高气温最大值,未来新疆地区的极端冷事件将减少,高温、热浪事件将增加。由极端降水指标日最大降水量反应的强降水事件将普遍增加,连续无降水日数总体以减少为主。积雪变化存在一定区域差异,具体表现为除塔里木盆地外的普遍减少。对总径流量和表层土壤湿度的预估分析表明,二者在新疆地区均以增加为主,但水文干旱在北疆会加重。ensR各模拟间无论是在当代模拟还是未来预估中都表现出较好的一致性,但在变化的具体数量及个别情况下符号均存在一定差异。最后,综合考虑ensR对各要素的预估发现,总体而言新疆未来更趋向于“暖湿化”,但这不会改变其干旱、半干旱气候的本质,而且水文干旱频率在一些地区会增加,未来新疆的水资源状况仍不容乐观。 相似文献
10.
1986年以来，长江流域的极端强降水出现了显著增加的趋势，突出表现在中下游地区。长江中下游地区极端降水量的增加，既是极端降水强度增强，也是极端降水事件显著增加的结果。长江流域极端降水变化主要发生在东南部和西南部。趋势分析表明，自20世纪80年代中期以来，长江流域上游极端降水事件峰值提前到6月份出现，与长江中下游极端降水峰值出现的时间几乎同步，这必将加大遭遇性洪水发生的机率。20世纪90年代以来长江洪水的频繁发生，与长江流域极端降水时空分布的变化密切相关。 相似文献
11.
Twenty-year temperature and precipitation extremes and their projected future changes are evaluated in an ensemble of climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), updating a similar study based on the CMIP3 ensemble. The projected changes are documented for three radiative forcing scenarios. The performance of the CMIP5 models in simulating 20-year temperature and precipitation extremes is comparable to that of the CMIP3 ensemble. The models simulate late 20th century warm extremes reasonably well, compared to estimates from reanalyses. The model discrepancies in simulating cold extremes are generally larger than those for warm extremes. Simulated late 20th century precipitation extremes are plausible in the extratropics but uncertainty in extreme precipitation in the tropics and subtropics remains very large, both in the models and the observationally-constrained datasets. Consistent with CMIP3 results, CMIP5 cold extremes generally warm faster than warm extremes, mainly in regions where snow and sea-ice retreat with global warming. There are tropical and subtropical regions where warming rates of warm extremes exceed those of cold extremes. Relative changes in the intensity of precipitation extremes generally exceed relative changes in annual mean precipitation. The corresponding waiting times for late 20th century extreme precipitation events are reduced almost everywhere, except for a few subtropical regions. The CMIP5 planetary sensitivity in extreme precipitation is about 6 %/°C, with generally lower values over extratropical land. 相似文献
12.
Jouni Räisänen 《Climate Dynamics》2005,24(2-3):309-323
The impact of increasing atmospheric CO2 on high and low extremes of monthly-to-annual precipitation is studied using 20 model experiments participating in the second phase of the coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP2). In marked contrast with previous research on daily precipitation extremes, the simulated changes in extremes on these longer time scales are well correlated with the changes in the long-term mean precipitation: wet extremes become more severe especially where the mean precipitation increases, and dry extremes where the mean precipitation decreases. Changes in relative variability play a smaller but discernible role. In an ensemble-mean sense, the variability increases slightly in most areas, so that the contrast between the high and low precipitation extremes grows larger with increasing CO2. The changes in the frequency of extremes (fraction of cases with precipitation above a high or below a low predefined threshold) are much larger than the changes in their magnitude. Most of the ensemble-averaged changes in the frequency of extremes can be reconstructed by using the changes in time mean precipitation alone, provided that the variation in time mean precipitation change between different models is taken into account. The nonlinear relationship between the mean precipitation and the frequency of extremes complicates the interpretation of the frequency changes, especially when averaging frequencies over different models. 相似文献
13.
利用华南地区1966—2005年5—10月台站小时降水和日降水以及气温观测资料,分析了极端降水与气温的对应关系。结果表明,气温低于25℃时,日极端降水强度与小时极端降水强度均随气温升高而升高,且越极端的降水出现向两倍Clausius-Clapeyron (CC)变率转换的气温越低;气温高于25℃时,日极端降水强度和小时极端降水强度出现不同程度的下降,其中前者下降更为显著。考察降水持续时长发现,气温高于25℃时,华南地区小时极端降水随气温的下降主要由短持续性降水所贡献;气温高于28℃时几乎无长持续性降水发生。 相似文献
14.
Changing climate extremes in the Northeast United States: observations and projections from CMIP5 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Climate extremes indices are evaluated for the northeast United States and adjacent Canada (Northeast) using gridded observations and twenty-three CMIP5 coupled models. Previous results have demonstrated observed increases in warm and wet extremes and decreases in cold extremes, consistent with changes expected in a warming world. Here, a significant shift is found in the distribution of observed total annual precipitation over 1981-2010. In addition, significant positive trends are seen in all observed wet precipitation indices over 1951-2010. For the Northeast region, CMIP5 models project significant shifts in the distributions of most temperature and precipitation indices by 2041-2070. By the late century, the coldest (driest) future extremes are projected to be warmer (wetter) than the warmest (wettest) extremes at present. The multimodel interquartile range compares well with observations, providing a measure of confidence in the projections in this region. Spatial analysis suggests that the largest increases in heavy precipitation extremes are projected for northern, coastal, and mountainous areas. Results suggest that the projected increase in total annual precipitation is strongly influenced by increases in winter wet extremes. The largest decreases in cold extremes are projected for northern and interior portions of the Northeast, while the largest increases in summer warm extremes are projected for densely populated southern, central, and coastal areas. This study provides a regional analysis and verification of the latest generation of CMIP global models specifically for the Northeast, useful to stakeholders focused on understanding and adapting to climate change and its impacts in the region. 相似文献
15.
SIMULATING THE RESPONSE OF NON-UNIFORMITY OF PRECIPITATION EXTREMES OVER CHINA TO CO2 INCREASING BY MIROC_HIRES MODEL 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The response of non-uniformity of precipitation extremes over China to doubled CO2has been analyzed using the daily precipitation simulated by a coupled general circulation model,MIROC_Hires.The major conclusions are as follows:under the CO2increasing scenario(SRES A1B),the climatological precipitation extremes are concentrated over the southern China,while they are uniformly distributed over the northern China.For interannual variability,the concentration of precipitation extremes is small over the southern China,but it is opposite over the northern China.The warming effects on the horizontal and vertical scales are different over the northern and southern part of China.Furthermore,the atmospheric stability is also different between the two parts of China.The heterogeneous warming is one of the possible reasons for the changes in non-uniformity of precipitation extremes over China. 相似文献
16.
Based on the daily observational precipitation data of 147 stations in the Yangtze River basin for 1960-2005, and the projected daily data of 79 grids from ECHAM5/MPI-OM in the 20th century, time series of precipitation extremes which contain annual maximum (AM) and Munger index (MI) were constructed. The distribution feature of precipitation extremes was analyzed based on the two index series. Research results show that (1) the intensity and probability of extreme heavy precipitation are higher in the middle Mintuo River sub-catchment, the Dongting Lake area, the mid-lower main stream section of the Yangtze River, and the southeastern Poyang Lake sub-catchment; whereas, the intensity and probability of drought events are higher in the mid-lower Jinsha River sub-catchment and the Jialing River sub-catchment; (2) compared with observational data, the averaged value of AM is higher but the deviation coefficient is lower in projected data, and the center of precipitation extremes moves northwards; (3) in spite of certain differences in the spatial distributions of observed and projected precipitation extremes, by applying General Extreme Value (GEV) and Wakeby (WAK) models with the method of L-Moment Estimator (LME) to the precipitation extremes, it is proved that WAK can simulate the probability distribution of precipitation extremes calculated from both observed and projected data quite well. The WAK could be an important function for estimating the precipitation extreme events in the Yangtze River basin under future climatic scenarios. 相似文献
17.
The atmospheric water holding capacity will increase with temperature according to Clausius-Clapeyron scaling and affects precipitation.The rates of change in future precipitation extremes are quantified with changes in surface air temperature.Precipitation extremes in China are determined for the 21st century in six simulations using a regional climate model,RegCM4,and 17 global climate models that participated in CMIP5.First,we assess the performance of the CMIP5 models and RCM runs in their simulation of extreme precipitation for the current period(RF:1982-2001).The CMIP5 models and RCM results can capture the spatial variations of precipitation extremes,as well as those based on observations:OBS and XPP.Precipitation extremes over four subregions in China are predicted to increase in the mid-future(MF:2039-58)and far-future(FF:2079-98)relative to those for the RF period based on both the CMIP5 ensemble mean and RCM ensemble mean.The secular trends in the extremes of the CMIP5 models are predicted to increase from 2008 to 2058,and the RCM results show higher interannual variability relative to that of the CMIP5 models.Then,we quantify the increasing rates of change in precipitation extremes in the MF and FF periods in the subregions of China with the changes in surface air temperature.Finally,based on the water vapor equation,changes in precipitation extremes in China for the MF and FF periods are found to correlate positively with changes in the atmospheric vertical wind multiplied by changes in surface specific humidity(significant at the p<0.1 level). 相似文献
18.
Simulation of extreme precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin using Wakeby distribution 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Based on the daily observational precipitation data at 147 stations in the Yangtze River Basin during 1960–2005 and projected daily data of 79 grid cells from the ECHAM5/ MPI-OM model in the 20th and 21st century, time series of precipitation extremes which contain AM (Annual Maximum) and MI (Munger Index) are constructed. The distribution feature of precipitation extremes is analyzed based on the two index series. Three principal results were obtained, as stated in the sequel. (i) In the past half century, the intensity of extreme heavy precipitation and drought events was higher in the mid-lower Yangtze than in the upper Yangtze reaches. Although the ECHAM5 model still can’t capture the precipitation extremes over the Yangtze River Basin satisfactorily, spatial pattern of the observed and the simulated precipitation extremes are much similar to each other. (ii) For quantifying the characteristics of extremely high and extremely low precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin, four probability distributions are used, namely: General Extreme Value (GEV), General Pareto (GPA), General Logistic (GLO), and Wakeby (WAK). It was found that WAK can adequately describe the probability distribution of precipitation extremes calculated from both observational and projected data. (iii) Return period of precipitation extremes show spatially different changes under three greenhouse gas emission scenarios. The 50-year heavy precipitation and drought events from simulated data during 1951–2000 will become more frequent, with return period below 25 years, for the most mid-lower Yangtze region in 2001–2050. The changing character of return periods of precipitation extremes should be taken into account for the hydrological design and future water resources management. 相似文献
19.
Patrick Willems 《Climatic change》2013,120(4):931-944
Many studies have observed changes in the frequency and intensity of precipitation extremes and floods during the last decade(s). Natural variability by climate oscillations partly determines the observed evolution of precipitation extremes. Based on a technique for the identification and analysis of changes in extremes, this paper shows that precipitation extremes have oscillatory behaviour at multidecadal time scales. The analysis is based on a unique dataset of 108 years of 10-minute precipitation intensities at Uccle (Brussels), not affected by instrumental changes. We also checked the consistency of the findings with long precipitation records at 724 stations across Europe and the Middle East. The past 100 years show for northwestern Europe, both in winter and summer, larger and more precipitation extremes around the 1910s, 1950–1960s, and more recently during the 1990s–2000s. The oscillations for southwestern Europe are anti-correlated with these of northwestern Europe, thus with oscillation highs in the 1930–1940s and 1970s. The precipitation oscillation peaks are explained by persistence in atmospheric circulation patterns over the North Atlantic during periods of 10 to 15 years. 相似文献
20.
1960-2005年长江流域降水极值概率分布特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Based on the daily observational precipitation data of 147 stations in the Yangtze River basin for 1960-2005,and the projected daily data of 79 grids from ECHAM5/MPI-OM in the 20th century,time series of precipitation extremes which contain annual maximum(AM)and Munger index(MI)were constructed.The distribution feature of precipitation extremes was analyzed based on the two index series.Research results show that(1)the intensity and probability of extreme heavy precipitation are higher in the middle Mintuo River sub-catchment,the Dongting Lake area,the mid-lower main stream section of the Yangtze River,and the southeastern Poyang Lake sub-catchment;whereas,the intensity and probability of drought events are higher in the mid-lower Jinsha River sub-catchment and the Jialing River sub-catchment;(2)compared with observational data,the averaged value of AM is higher but the deviation coefficient is lower in projected data,and the center of precipitation extremes moves northwards;(3)in spite of certain differences in the spatial distributions of observed and projected precipitation extremes,by applying General Extreme Value(GEV)and Wakeby(WAK)models with the method of L-Moment Estimator(LME)to the precipitation extremes,it is proved that WAK can simulate the probability distribution of precipitation extremes calculated from both observed and projected data quite well.The WAK could be an important function for estimating the precipitation extreme events in the Yangtze River basin under future climatic scenarios. 相似文献