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广义湿位涡理论及其应用研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
押重点介绍了诊断暴雨落区与强度的广义湿位涡理论研究方面的两个内容,一是由于暴雨系统中强降水引起的质量亏空导致的暴雨系统中质量强迫下的湿位涡异常理论,二是非均匀饱和大气中的广义湿位涡理论;对暴雨系统中质量强迫的物理意义和非均匀饱和大气中的广义位温引入的思路与意义作了详细说明,并对位涡理论作了细致推导。在此基础上,针对暴雨个例,利用质量强迫的湿位涡异常和非均匀饱和广义湿位涡异常诊断了暴雨落区,从理论和诊断上论证了利用这两种湿位涡异常判断暴雨落区的可行性。 相似文献
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呼和浩特市一次大暴雨天气的湿位涡诊断分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对1998年7月12日发生在呼和浩特地区的大暴雨天气过程进行了湿位涡初步诊断分析。结果表明:湿位涡在暴雨预报中具有较好的指示性,当对流层低层MPVl<0,同时MPV2>0时,暴雨易发生。从500hPa到对流层中高层,在切变线的附近有一个大的湿位涡正值中心,各层中心的位置基本相对应,从中层到高层略向北倾,越到高层中心值越大。强降水位于低层湿位涡高值区东北侧正位涡较小的地区,并与位涡斜压部分的负值中心相对应,随着斜压负值中心强度的增强,暴雨加强。 相似文献
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Diagnostic Analyses of the Modified Convective Vorticity Vector in Non-uniformly Saturated Moist Flow 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2 
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下载免费PDF全文 Because the real atmosphere is non-uniformly saturated, the generalized potential temperature is introduced. The convective vorticity vector, which can depict the occurrence and development of mesoscale deep convective systems, is modified and re-derived in a nonuniformly saturated moist atmosphere （C^＊）. Then, a case study is performed for a frontal rainfall event which occurred near the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. The diagnostic results of C^＊ show that, in the lower troposphere, the vertical component of C^＊ （ Cz^＊ ） can diagnose developments and movements of precipitation and convection better than those of Cm （Cmz, in saturated moist flow） and C （Cz, in dry flow）. Cz^＊ is a good predictor for precipitation analyses as well. 相似文献
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A moist thermodynamic advection parameter, defined as an absolute value of the dot product of hori- zontal gradients of three-dimensional potential temperature advection and general potential temperature, is introduced to diagnose frontal heavy rainfall events in the north of China. It is shown that the parameter is closely related to observed 6-h accumulative surface rainfall and simulated cloud hydrometeors. Since the parameter is capable of describing the typical vertical structural characteristics of dynamic, thermodynamic and water vapor fields above a strong precipitation region near the front surface, it may serve as a physical tracker to detect precipitable weather systems near to a front. A tendency equation of the parameter was derived in Cartesian coordinates and calculated with the simulation output data of a heavy rainfall event. Results revealed that the advection of the parameter by the three-dimensional velocity vector, the covariance of potential temperature advection by local change of the velocity vector and general potential temperature, and the interaction between potential temperature advection and the source or sink of general potential temperature, accounted for local change in the parameter. This indicated that the parameter was determined by a combination of dynamic processes and cloud microphysical processes. 相似文献
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中尺度对流系统中的湿中性层结结构特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于CloudSat卫星获得的高分辨率中尺度对流系统垂直剖面结构,结合大气参量相对湿度和相当位温的诊断分析,在低纬度、中高纬度地区、陆地或海洋以及不同天气形势下,发现了多个非常典型的中尺度对流系统(MCS)内部具有湿中性层结特征的个例.进一步利用静止卫星普查到的东亚地区MCS分布情况,结合NCEP再分析资料诊断MCS重心位置处大气状态廓线,利用大量的例子从统计的角度揭示了湿中性层结结构特征在MCS中存在的普遍性,并且从动力学和热力学的角度探讨了湿中性层结结构在MCS发生和发展中所起到的作用. 相似文献
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利用欧洲中期数值预报中心(ECMWF)高分辨率预报场(0.25°×0.25°)资料以及四川省加密自动站降水量资料对2011年汛期7—9月和2012年5—7月共计20例强降水个例进行湿螺旋度指标的统计分析,分别归纳总结出6和24 h内强降水发生发展及落区分布的判据指标。利用这些判据指标对2012年8月30日至9月1日及9月8日发生在四川盆地的两例强降水过程及2013年汛期6—8月暴雨个例进行检验并在汛期投入了业务预报工作。检验结果表明:低层700或850 hPa湿螺旋度正值区的分布对强降水落区分布指示较好;当强降水发生时,24 h时效预报的24~48 h 3 h间隔预报场湿螺旋度数量值超过了指标值并持续了2个时次以上,达到了强降水发生的要求;零场预报的0~24 h及12 h时效预报的12~36 h间隔3 h预报场任一时刻湿螺旋度数量值达到了6 h指标判据值,对其后6 h的暴雨落区有较好的指示作用,可作为短时临近预报的业务参考;湿螺旋度订正预报暴雨发生的TS评分远高于ECMWF模式,预报效果好。 相似文献
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Sensitivity of Cyclone Tracks to the Initial Moisture Distribution:A Moist Potential Vorticity Perspective 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Zuohao CAQ* Da-Lin ZHANG Meteorological Service of Canada Ontario Canada Department of Meteorology University of Maryland College Park Maryland USA 《大气科学进展》2005,22(6)
1. IntroductionExtratropical cyclones are an important class ofsynoptic-scale weather systems. These systems playimportant roles not only in the long-term balances ofenergy, momentum, and water vapor in the climatesystem, but also in the regional weather … 相似文献
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沙澧河流域两场大暴雨过程的对比分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用常规观测资料、自动站资料和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料对2007年7月5日和14日沙澧河流域两场大暴雨过程进行了诊断对比分析.结果表明:不同影响系统下产生的大暴雨过程其动力机制有所差异.垂直螺旋度计算结果显示:两次过程700hPa等压面上正垂直螺旋度中心的移向和强度变化与降水落区及趋势变化有很好的对应关系,暴雨区出现在正垂直螺旋度中心移动的前方,对流域大暴雨的落区有一定的指示意义.5日呈现中低层正、高层负的垂直螺旋度配置,动力条件更有利于大暴雨的发生.湿位涡演变分析发现,5日中低层既存在对流不稳定,又存在对称不稳定,有利于垂直对流和倾斜对流发生,造成流域大暴雨.14日中低层大气处于对流稳定状态,但边界层和中层存在对流不稳定,同时中层还存在较强的对称不稳定,垂直涡度得到较大增长,导致上升运动的加强和水汽的垂直输送,有利于降水增幅. 相似文献
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一次爆发性气旋的发展与湿位涡关系的研究 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：13
通过对一次陆地爆发性气旋的数值模拟与湿位涡的诊断分析发现，气旋的爆发与湿位涡的平流关系密切，气旋的发展并不是在湿位涡中心位于气旋上空时才开始，而是当湿位涡中心位于气旋的后部，并在200hPa对下有明显的倒圆锥形下伸区时，才有利于气旋的发展。当湿位涡中心位于气旋上空时，气旋发展开始减慢。湿位涡局地变化的大小与水平方向位涡梯度的大小有关。湿斜压位涡负值区的上下贯通与气旋发展也有明显的关系。 相似文献
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The singular vector (SV) initial perturbation method can capture the fastest-growing initial perturbation in a tangent linear model (TLM). Based on the global tangent linear and adjoint model of GRAPES-GEPS (Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System—Global Ensemble Prediction System), some experiments were carried out to analyze the structure of the moist SVs from the perspectives of the energy norm, energy spectrum, and vertical structure. The conclusions are as follows: The evolution of the SVs is synchronous with that of the atmospheric circulation, which is flow-dependent. The moist and dry SVs are located in unstable regions at mid-to-high latitudes, but the moist SVs are wider, can contain more small- and medium-scale information, and have more energy than the dry SVs. From the energy spectrum analysis, the energy growth caused by the moist SVs is reflected in the relatively small-scale weather system. In addition, moist SVs can generate perturbations associated with large-scale condensation and precipitation, which is not true for dry SVs. For the ensemble forecasts, the average anomaly correlation coefficient of large-scale circulation is better for the forecast based on moist SVs in the Northern Hemisphere, and the low-level variables forecasted by the moist SVs are also improved, especially in the first 72 h. In addition, the moist SVs respond better to short-term precipitation according to statistical precipitation scores based on 10 cases. The inclusion of the large-scale condensation process in the calculation of SVs can improve the short-term weather prediction effectively. 相似文献
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利用2005年7月6～9日川东地区暴雨过程的观测资料，从大尺度环流、水汽输送和温度平流，并利用湿位涡的垂直和水平分量(Pm1和Pm2）以及相当位温，分析诊断了此次暴雨发生的大尺度环流背景特征以及西南涡发展的物理过程, 其结果表明如下:(1)在此次暴雨发生期间，四川盆地北部由于受中高纬长波东移调整的影响, 不断有低压槽分裂出来并影响此地区, 在盆地的西南方向的孟加拉湾季风槽比较活跃, 南海季风向北输送由于受到西风输送的作用在四川盆地东南部也出现弱的横槽, 并且西太平洋副高西伸到四川盆地东部以及存在于高原中部的高压共同作用, 从而形成明显“鞍”型大尺度环流配置; (2)在此“鞍”型场大尺度环流背景下, 强西南气流绕流高原东侧直接进入四川盆地, 而弱西南气流则绕流云贵高原输送进入四川盆地东部, 受地形的阻挡和西伸的西太平洋副高的作用在四川盆地东部形成向北的急流辐合带, 同时, 由于两支气流输送着大量的水汽, 暖湿空气在川东地区形成高温高湿的辐合区; (3)在此“鞍”型场作用下, 盆地上空的低层不断聚集季风气流输送的大量暖湿空气, 而在高层有冷干空气侵入, 从而导致盆地内低涡系统强烈发展; (4) 由湿位涡的垂直分量和水平分量的诊断表明了在暴雨发生期间, 在四川盆地北部上空的高层不断有干空气入侵, 引起了垂直对流不稳定, 即Pm1<0, 并向盆地东北部发展, 从而使此区域气旋性涡度不断加强, 即低涡强烈发展; 并且, 在盆地上空低层暖湿空气相当位温的水平梯度对于西南低涡的发展和暴雨的发生同样起了重要作用, 正的Pm2中心与暴雨发生区域有很好的一致性, 这表明暴雨往往发生在高温高湿的强垂直不稳定区域。 相似文献
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In this study, a three-dimensional mesoscale model was used to numerically simulate the well-known "98.7" heavy rainfall event that affected the Yangtze Valley in July 1998. Two experiments were conducted to analyze the impact of moist processes on the development of meso-β scale vortices(MβV) and their triggering by mesoscale wind perturbation(MWP). In the experiment in which the latent heat feedback(LHF) scheme was switched off, a stable low-level col field(i.e., saddle field—a region between two lows and two highs in the isobaric surface) formed, and the MWP triggered a weak MβV. However, when the LHF scheme was switched on as the MWP was introduced into the model, the MβV developed quickly and intense rainfall and a mesoscale low-level jet(mLLJ) were generated. The thickness of the air column and average temperature between 400 and 700 hPa decreased without the feedback of latent heat, whereas they increased quickly when the LHF scheme was switched on, with the air pressure falling at low levels but rising at upper levels. A schematic representation of the positive feedbacks among the mesoscale vortex, rainfall, and mLLJ shows that in the initial stage of the MβV, the MWP triggers light rainfall and the latent heat occurs at low levels, which leads to weak convergence and ageostrophic winds. In the mature stage of the MβV, convection extends to the middle-to-upper levels, resulting in an increase in the average temperature and a stretching of the air column. A low-level cyclonic circulation forms under the effect of Coriolis torque, and the m LLJ forms to the southeast of the MβV. 相似文献
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MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY DIAGNOSIS OF A MEIYU FRONTAL HEAVY RAIN PROCESS SIMULATION DURING SUMMER, 1991 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In this paper,the heavy rain process from June 30 to July 2,1991,has been simulated by MM4.and three-dimensional moist potential vorticity distribution of the simulation results has been calculated.It is shown that moist potential vorticity is an important physical variable to reveal heavy rain structure and dynamic mechanisms.Negative moist potential vorticity corresponds to the Meiyu front-wind shear line system and the negative center corresponds to the heavy rain center.Negative moist potential vorticity mainly attributes to the effects of meridional baroclinic term and convective unstable term.The former is favourable to the maintenance of zonal precipitation and the latter is the mechanism of the heavy rain center propagating along the rain belt.The heavy rain is contributed by the cooperative effects of conditional convective instability,baroclinic instability and upper air inertial instability. 相似文献
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MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY DIAGNOSIS OF A MEIYU FRONTAL HEAVY RAIN PROCESS SIMULATION DURING SUMMER,1991 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In this paper,the heavy rain process from June 30 to July 2,1991,has been simulated by MM4.and three-dimensional moist potential vorticity distribution of the simulation results has beencalculated.It is shown that moist potential vorticity is an important physical variable to reveal heavyrain structure and dynamic mechanisms.Negative moist potential vorticity corresponds to the Meiyufront-wind shear line system and the negative center corresponds to the heavy rain center.Negativemoist potential vorticity mainly attributes to the effects of meridional baroclinic term and convectiveunstable term.The former is favourable to the maintenance of zonal precipitation and the latter is themechanism of the heavy rain center propagating along the rain belt.The heavy rain is contributed bythe cooperative effects of conditional convective instability,baroclinic instability and upper air inertialinstability. 相似文献
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The impact of moist physics on the sensitive areas identified by conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation(CNOP)is examined based on four typical heavy rainfall cases in northern China through performing numerical experiments with and without moist physics.Results show that the CNOP with moist physics identifies sensitive areas corresponding to both the lower-(850?700 hPa)and upper-level(300?100 hPa)weather systems,while the CNOP without moist physics fails to capture the sensitive areas at lower levels.The reasons for the CNOP peaking at different levels can be explained in both algorithm and physics aspects.Firstly,the gradient of the cost function with respect to initial perturbations peaks at the upper level without moist physics which results in the upper-level peak of the CNOP,while it peaks at both the upper and lower levels with moist physics which results in both the upper-and lower-level peaks of the CNOP.Secondly,the upper-level sensitive area is associated with high baroclinicity,and these dynamic features can be captured by both CNOPs with and without moist physics.The lower-level sensitive area is associated with moist processes,and this thermodynamic feature can be captured only by the CNOP with moist physics.This result demonstrates the important contribution of the initial error of lower-level systems that are related to water vapor transportation to the forecast error of heavy rainfall associated weather systems,which could be an important reference for heavy rainfall observation targeting. 相似文献
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梅雨锋降水运动诊断分析与（大）暴雨形成——江淮梅雨锋暴雨的天气学成因个例分析 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
对T213 L31再分析模式大气,在等熵坐标系上对天气学大尺度凝结函数降水、水汽通量散度降水做了诊断计算;同时,对整层对流不稳定性降水和气块（团）湿不稳定降水做了理想设计与诊断计算.对2003年7月江淮梅雨锋暴雨的计算与分析表明：两种天气尺度波动的大尺度稳定性降水运动的降水量级较小,都不足以直接形成暴雨;而对流不稳定降水运动可以形成暴雨,却不足以形成大暴雨;只有气块不稳定降水运动,才是梅雨锋上大暴雨的自组织、正反馈的唯一降水机制.研究表明,该江淮梅雨锋暴雨虽然存在着明显的梅雨锋天气尺度降水系统,但充沛的水汽通量和异常高温高湿气团的维持,使得在梅雨锋上发生着的非等熵湿绝热运动及其对流不稳定降水和气块不稳定降水,是（大）暴雨发生的天气学成因. 相似文献