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1.
Parth S. Mahapatra Sipra Panda Namrata Das Satyajit Rath Trupti Das 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2014,117(1-2):133-147
Black carbon (BC) mass concentration variation has been studied, over a period of 2 years (June 2010–May 2012) at Bhubaneswar. Daily, monthly and seasonal measurements revealed a clear winter maxima (5.6 μg/m3) of BC followed by post-monsoon (4.05 μg/m3), monsoon (3.02 μg/m3) and pre-monsoon (2.46 μg/m3). Nighttime BC mass concentrations have been found to be distinctly higher during winter followed by post-monsoon and monsoon. Investigations reveal that the winter maxima are due to a stable atmospheric condition and long-range transport over the Indo-Gangetic Plain and Western Asia. Local boundary layer dynamics and anthropogenic activities have been assumed to have a pronounced effect on the diurnal cycle seasonally. Statistical analysis suggests significant variation of BC during the months and non-significant during the days. The study also gives an insight into importance of BC study from health angle and suggests an assessment and management framework. Source apportionment study suggests that BC mass concentration observed at Bhubaneswar is generally dominated by fossil fuel combustion. 相似文献
2.
Climate forcing by carbonaceous and sulfate aerosols 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
An atmospheric general circulation model is coupled to an atmospheric chemistry model to calculate the radiative forcing
by anthropogenic sulfate and carbonaceous aerosols. The latter aerosols result from biomass burning as well as fossil fuel
burning. The black carbon associated with carbonaceous aerosols is absorbant and can decrease the amount of reflected radiation
at the top-of-the-atmosphere. In contrast, sulfate aerosols are reflectant and the amount of reflected radiation depends nonlinearly
on the relative humidity. We examine the importance of treating the range of optical properties associated with sulfate aerosol
at high relative humidities and find that the direct forcing by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols can decrease from −0.81 W m-2 to −0.55 Wm-2 if grid box average relative humidity is not allowed to increase above 90%. The climate forcing associated with fossil fuel
emissions of carbonaceous aerosols is calculated to range from +0.16 to +0.20 Wm-2, depending on how much organic carbon is associated with the black carbon from fossil fuel burning. The direct forcing of
carbonaceous aerosols associated with biomass burning is calculated to range from −0.23 to −0.16 Wm-2. The pattern of forcing by carbonaceous aerosols depends on both the surface albedo and the presence of clouds. Multiple
scattering associated with clouds and high surface albedos can change the forcing from negative to positive.
Received: 29 September 1997 / Accepted: 10 June 1998 相似文献
3.
中国大陆黑碳气溶胶排放清单 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The detailed high-resolution emission inventory of black carbon (BC) from China in the year 2000 was calculated. The latest fuel consumption data including fossil and biomass fuels, and socio-economic statistics used were obtained from government agencies, mostly at the county level, and some new emission factors (Efs) from local measurements were also used. National and regional summaries of emissions were presented at 0.2°×0.2°resolution. Total BC emission was 1499.4 Gg in 2000, mainly due to the burning of coal and biomass. The BC emission estimated here is higher than those in previous studies, mainly because the emissions from coal burning by rural industries and residences were previously underestimated. More BC aerosols were emitted from eastern China than western China. A strong seasonal dependence was observed for BC emissions, with peaks in January and December and low emissions in July and August; and this seasonality is mainly due to patterns in residential heating and the open burning of crop residues. 相似文献
4.
选用2003—2004年初PM2.5连续观测资料，统计分析了北京地区PM2.5的特征、PM2.5与PM10以及PM2.5与地面气象要素的相互关系。结果表明:四季中夏季PM2.5浓度最低，冬、春两季浓度较高。PM2.5与PM10比值平均为0.55，非采暖期两者比值为0.52，采暖期两者比值为0.62；夏季该比值主要分布在0.3~0.6之间，春、秋两季该比值分布在0.3~0.8之间，冬季采暖期该比值分布在0.4~0.9之间。PM2.5与PM10比值日变化与气象条件日变化、人们日常生活习惯密切相关，沙尘天气和交通运输高峰期扬起地面粗颗粒物会导致PM2.5在PM10中的比例下降，而冬季取暖以及夏季光化学反应则会引起PM2.5的比例升高。PM2.5的浓度与地面气象要素中本站气压、相对湿度和风速有很好的的相关性，与气温的相关性较差。SO42-，NO3-和NH4+为北京地区PM2.5中主要离子。PMF源解析方法确定了北京地区5类细粒子污染源，分别是:土壤尘、煤燃烧、交通运输、海洋气溶胶以及钢铁工业。 相似文献
5.
北京冬季二氧化硫污染和气象条件的关系 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
利用2000年1月25日～2月3日北京地区冬季二氧化硫体积分数的梯度监测资料,结合北京325m气象塔的同期气象资料,分析了观测期间北京地区二氧化硫的体积分数变化趋势及垂直分布情况,讨论了大气二氧化硫体积分数变化和气象条件的关系及二氧化硫的来源问题.研究表明:二氧化硫的体积分数变化及垂直输送与风速、风向、大气稳定度密切相关.风速越小,大气越稳定,近地层大气的二氧化硫污染就越严重;当北京冬季吹SSW、SW、WSW和W风时有较高的二氧化硫. 相似文献
6.
The authors investigated variations of aerosol scattering and absorptive properties in a semi-arid climate Observatory in the Inner Mongolia of China and factors affecting the variation. They use integrated nephelometer and aethalometer observations collected in 2005 and 2006 at the Silinhot Observatory. The results are as follows. 1) in autumn and winter, the diurnal cycle of scattering coefficient exhibited a clear bi-modal variation, and the scattering coefficient was indicative of the type of sandy weather. 2) The concentration of black carbon (BC) aerosols was much higher in winter than in the other seasons with an evident bimodal diurnal variation. 3) When the wind speed was lower than 3.5 m s?1, the dilution effect of air evidently influenced the scattering coefficient and BC mass concentration; for the wind speed above 3.5 m s?1, there appeared to be little correlation between wind speed and scattering coefficient or BC mass concentration. 4) Atmospheric visibility calculated from the aerosol scattering and absorptive coefficients was in good agreement with the direct observation of visibility. 5) Absorption by aerosols accounted for 25% of the total extinction in December. 相似文献
7.
The simulation model accounts for four major compartments in the global carbon cycle: atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial biosphere and fossil carbon reservoir. The ocean is further compartmentalized into a high and a low latitude surface layer, and into 10 deep sea strata. The oceanic carbon fluxes are caused by massflow of descending and upwelling water, by precipitation of organic material and by diffusion exchange.The biosphere is horizontally subdivided into six ecosystems and vertically into leaves, branches, stemwood, roots, litter, young humus and stable soil carbon. Deforestation, slash and burn agriculture, rangeland burning and shifts in land use have been included. The atmosphere is treated as one well mixed reservoir. Fossil fuel consumption is simulated with historic data, and with IIASA scenario's for the future. Using the low IIASA scenario an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 431 ppmv is simulated for 2030 AD. A sensitivity analysis shows the importance of different parameters and of human behaviour. Notwithstanding the large size of the biosphere fluxes, the atmospheric CO2 concentration in the next century will be predominantly determined by the growth rate of fossil fuel consumption. 相似文献
8.
城市大气气溶胶细粒子的化学成分及其来源 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
大气气溶胶细颗粒物（PM10、PM2．5）是近年来大气气溶胶研究的热点。细粒子中含有多种化学元素与化合物。细粒子中的化学成分随时空变化而变化。细粒子主要来自车辆尾气、化石、油料及生物质燃料燃烧等人为排放源和二次污染。 相似文献
9.
Seasonal variation of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with PM10 in Guangzhou, China 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
Ji-Hua Tan Xin-Hui Bi Jing-Cun Duan Kenneth A. Rahn Guo-Ying Sheng Jia-Mo Fu 《Atmospheric Research》2006,80(4):250-262
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in the urban atmosphere. An investigation on seasonal variation of PAHs in the urban atmosphere of Guangzhou, China was conducted in this study. 112 PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm) samples were collected at two sites between June 2002 and June 2003. PAHs were analyzed with GC–MS (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry). The result showed that PAHs exhibit distinct seasonal variation. The seasonal concentration for the ∑PAHs ranged from 8.11 to 106.26 ng m− 3. The average ∑PAHs measured were highest in winter and lowest in summer. The PAHs distribution patterns were similar within each season at two sites. 5–6 ring PAHs were the abundant compounds, which accounted for 65–90% of ∑PAHs and benzo [b + k] fluoranthene dominated in four seasons. The PAHs concentration and distribution pattern fluctuated greatly in winter for the cold air current. Based on the different temperature in winter, the samples were split into two groups. PM10 and the abundance of the PAHs in winter-1 (temperature, 12–22 °C) were much greater than in winter-2 (temperature, 8–12 °C). In winter-1 benzo [b + k] fluoranthene and Indeno [1, 2, 3] pyrene dominated while chrysene and benzo [b + k] fluoranthene dominated in winter-2. Meteorological conditions such as wind speed and temperature had a strong influence on the seasonal variation. Potential sources of PAHs were identified using the molecular diagnostic ratios between PAHs. Results showed fossil fuel combustion may be the major source of PAHs at the two sites. 相似文献
10.
利用美国NCEP/NCAR风场再分析资料和云南高空、地面、高山风塔实测风资料,对云南地区的大气风场特征进行了分析。结果表明,云南对流层中低层大气风场常年盛行偏西气流,风向稳定,尤以西南风最多,冬-春-夏-秋四季风场变化特征明显。腾冲、思茅高空盛行风向以西风为主。云南除滇东北、滇东南和局地地形影响外,大部分地区近地面全年以盛行西南风为主。山区全年盛行风向以西南风为主。云南近地面年平均风速1.9m/s,北部大于南部,东部大于西部,冬春季风大,夏秋季风小,风速日变化特征显著。昆明地区大气边界层存在逆温现象,冬季突出,夏季微弱,秋冬春季频率高,夏季频率低。云南空气污染具有干湿季分布特点,1-5月为主要污染时段,冬春季节存在西南和东北两条污染传输通道。 相似文献
11.
在结构风工程中, 风湍流统计参数计算的正确与否直接影响到风荷载的计算精度。在实际风参数计算与分析中, 多选用风速较大的样本资料, 但过分强调大风可能产生不合理的计算结果。利用超声风速仪瞬时风速观测资料, 分别划分成相对强风和持续强风样本, 计算并比较其湍流统计特性参数, 发现湍流统计参数特性值 (湍流度、阵风因子、摩擦速度等) 与风速大小并不能很好匹配, 有时风速不大但其湍流特性值却很大, 反之也然。研究表明:选取的湍流风资料样本或统计方法不同, 都会影响风特性参数的计算结果, 进而影响到风荷载计算的精度。这一结果对于提高结构风工程中风参数计算与设计的科学性和合理性具有现实意义。 相似文献
12.
Aerosol samples (205) were collected from January 2005 to November 2006 at a coastal site at Keelung City (Taiwan), on the
southern East China Sea. The atmospheric concentrations of major ions indicated that the area was dominated by different air
masses at different times of the year: continental Asia from January to May and November to December; air masses from Indonesia
and surrounding islands (south-eastern region) dominated during early-summer (July 2005 and June 2006), and air masses directly
from the adjacent ocean dominated during late-summer (July to August 2006) and early-autumn (September to October 2005). The
atmospheric concentrations of water soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) corresponded to the different sources and weather conditions.
The results of a factor analysis of combined major ions, water soluble inorganic nitrogen (WSIN) and WSON indicated that a
fossil fuel combustion source and biomass burning were the two major controlling factors during the sampling period. We discuss
the correlations between WSON, WSIN and major anthropogenic ions in relation to the different formation mechanisms for the
various sources. We propose a mechanism whereby biomass burning is the major input of aerosols derived from mainland China.
Fossil fuel combustion was found to be important during periods when aerosols were derived from the south-eastern area. Our
data indicate that WSON was predominantly associated with aerosols derived from biomass burning when the origin of the air
mass was mainland China. 相似文献
13.
Emissions of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by savanna fires 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Pierre Masclet Hélène Cachier Catherine Liousse Henri Wortham 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1995,22(1-2):41-54
Although Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are known as anthropogenic compounds arising from the combustion or the pyrolysis of fossil fuels, they may be also emitted by the combustion of vegetation. A field study was carried out in January 1991 at Lamto (Ivory Coast) as part of the FOS DECAFE experiment (Fire Of Savanna). Some ground samplings were devoted to the qualitative and quantitative characterization of atmospheric emissions by savanna fires during prescribed burns and under background conditions. Specific collections for gaseous and particulate PAHs have shown that the African practice of burning the savanna biomass during the winter months is an important source of PAHs. These compounds are emitted mainly in gaseous form but a significant fraction, essentially heavy PAHs, is associated with fine carbonaceous particles and can therefore represent a hazard for human health, since some of these compounds are mutagenic and carcinogenic. Twelve compounds were identified during the fire episodes and in the atmospheric background. The total concentration in the fires is of the order of 10 ng m–3 for the gas phase and from 0.1 to 1 ng m–3 in the aerosols. In the atmospheric background the mean concentrations are regular, 0.15 ng m–3 and 2 pg m–3, respectively. These concentrations are comparable with what is observed in European rural zones. The particulate emissions of PAHs by the savanna fires are distinguished by the abundance of some compounds which can be considered as tracers, although they are also slightly emitted by fossil fuel sources. These compounds are essentially pyrene, chrysene and coronene. In the gas phase, although no individual PAH may be considered as specific of the biomass combustion emissions, the relative abundances of the main PAHs are characteristic of the biomass burning. The concentrations of pyrene and fluorene are always predominant; these compounds could be considered as characteristic emission products of smoldering and flaming episodes, respectively. In the background the PAH composition shows that in a tropical region the air consists of a mixture coming from the various sources, but the biomass combustion is by far the most important source.The fluxes of total PAH emitted by savanna biomass burning in Africa were estimated to be of the order of 17 and 600 ton yr–1, respectively, for the particulate PAHs and the gaseous PAHs, respectively. 相似文献
14.
低海拔地区冬季由于凝冻常常会使风向风速传感器冻结,造成风要素资料失真或监测数据缺测,影响数据可用性,造成气象数据历史延续空白,导致无法弥补的历史数据损失。该文利用三穗县国家基准气候站2008—2020年冬季逐日、逐时、逐分钟风向风速、气温、相对湿度以及降水等地面气象监测资料,详细分析冬季冰冻期间风向风速缺测时段的气温、相对湿度、降水等相关信息,找出风向风速冻结与气温、相对湿度、风速大小的对应关系,从而判定风向、风速易冻结的气象要素阈值,采用USB碳纤维发热片,科学搭建低压加热方式,确保风向、风速传感器设备加热时不被灼伤受损,ZQZ-TF风向、风速监测资料连续可靠。 相似文献
15.
本文设计了一冠层(CL)和大气边界层(ABL)之间物质和动量交换的耦合模式,并对CL内风速、物质随高度分布和日变化作了数值模拟.结果表明,由大尺度扩散引起冠层低层的第二个风速极大和多极值的浓度分布,CL内湍流通量和物质浓度随高度减小而迅速降低,以及CL动量减小对浓度分布的重要影响,模式都能很好地描述,模拟结果与观测事实有好的一致性.利用浓度和温度廓线相似假设,导出了质量汇的经验关系. 相似文献
16.
广州地区旱季一次典型灰霾过程的特征及成因分析 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：17
通过研究2009年11月广州市气溶胶颗粒物质量浓度(PM10、PM2.5、PM1)、黑碳浓度、散射系数(Scatter)等大气成分要素,以及微波辐射计、激光雷达及风廓线雷达所探测的风、温、湿等边界层结构,统计分析广州旱季一次典型灰霾过程(2009年11月23—29日)中气溶胶颗粒物及其光学特性的时空变化特征,并配合天气形势背景、边界层结构对其形成原因进行详细分析。在典型灰霾过程中,黑碳浓度高达58.7μg/m3,散射系数高达1 902.7 Mm-1,PM10浓度高达423.5μg/m3,PM2.5浓度高达355.7μg/m3,PM1浓度高达286.5μg/m3。通过对同期的气象条件分析表明在广州地区旱季,区域性污染过程,特别是灰霾天气的形成具有以下三种气象条件:大气边界层高度较低;高压变性出海的天气形势与之密切相关;在偏东和偏南气流带来的高湿度环境下,气溶胶吸湿增长效应显著,导致出现严重灰霾天气。 相似文献
17.
In southern China,cold air is a common weather process during the winter season;it can cause strong wind,sharp temperature decreases,and even the snow or freezing rain events.However,the features of the atmospheric boundary layer during cold air passage are not clearly understood due to the lack of comprehensive observation data,especially regarding turbulence.In this study,four-layer gradient meteorological observation data and one-layer,10-Hz ultrasonic anemometer-thermometer monitoring data from the northern side of Poyang Lake were employed to study the main features of the surface boundary layer during a strong cold-air passage over southern China.The results show that,with the passage of a cold air front,the wind speed exhibits low-frequency variations and that the wind systematically descends.During the strong wind period,the wind speed increases with height in the surface layer.Regular gust packets are superimposed on the basic strong wind flow.Before the passage of cold air,the wind gusts exhibit a coherent structure.The wind and turbulent momentum fluxes are small,although the gusty wind momentum flux is slightly larger than the turbulent momentum flux.However,during the invasion of cold air,both the gusty wind and turbulent momentum fluxes increase rapidly with wind speed,and the turbulent momentum flux is larger than the gusty wind momentum flux during the strong wind period.After the cold air invasion,this structure almost disappears. 相似文献
18.
B. P. Singh S. Tiwari Philip K. Hopke R. S. Singh D. S. Bisht A. K. Srivastava R. K. Singh U. C. Dumka A. K. Singh B. N. Rai Manoj K. Srivastava 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2015,29(6):935-949
Black carbon (BC) particles play a unique and important role in earth’s climate system. BC was measured (in-situ) in the central part of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) at Varanasi, which is a highly populated and polluted region due to its topography and extensive emission sources. The annual mean BC mass concentration was 8.92 ± 7.0 µg m -3, with 34% of samples exceeding the average value. Seasonally, BC was highest during the post-monsoon and winter periods (approximately 18 µg m -3) and lower in the premonsoon/ monsoon seasons (approximately 6 µg m -3). The highest frequency (approximately 46%) observed for BC mass was in the interval from 5 to 10 µg m -3. However, during the post-monsoon season, the most common values (approximately 23%) were between 20 and 25 µg m -3. The nighttime concentrations of BC were approximately twice as much as the daytime values because of lower boundary layer heights at nighttime. The Ångström exponent was significantly positively correlated (0.55) with ground-level BC concentrations, indicating the impact of BC on the columnar aerosol properties. The estimated mean absorption Ångström exponent was 1.02 ± 0.08 µg m -3, indicating that the major source of BC was from fossil fuel combustion. Significant negative correlations between BC mass and meteorological parameters indicate a pronounced effect of atmospheric dynamics on the BC mass in this region. The highest mean BC mass concentration (18.1 ± 6.9 µg m -3) as a function of wind speed was under calm wind conditions (38% of the time). 相似文献
19.
使用1994年7月至1996年12月大气CH4和地面风现场连续观测资料，分析了瓦里关全球大气本底基准站（36°17′N, 100°54′E，海拔3816 m）地面风变化对大气CH4本底浓度的影响。结果表明，水平风向、风速和垂直风向、风速的变化对大气CH4观测值的影响在春、夏、秋、冬季有明显不同，水平风向NE—ENE—E为CH4测量最主要的局地影响非本底扇区，静风及水平风速大于10 m/s、垂直风速大于±1 m/s对观测结果都有较大影响；由的统计平均还给出了此段期间瓦里关大气CH4在不同季节的浓度分布范围和日变化类型，并分析了可能成因；将地面风数据作为大气CH4本底资料的过滤因子之一，提出了适用于不同使用目的和要求的我国内陆高原大气CH4本底数据筛选方法，本底数据留存率约为原始资料量的50%。 相似文献
20.
A modeling system for investigating meteorological controls on glacier mass balance is described and applied to the Southern Patagonian Icefield. Output from a mesoscale atmospheric model is used to drive a glacier mass balance model using model precipitation and turbulent fluxes adjusted to account for the unrealistically low surface elevations of the icefield in the atmospheric model. Simulations of January and July conditionsproduce glacier equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) that are higher than the observed, but the ELA gradient is realistically simulated. The high ELAs are primarily due to underestimates of vertical temperature gradients in the atmospheric model and uncertainties in the ablation season length. The model shows that both winter and summerprecipitation, as well as summer temperatures, are important determinants of the mass balance of the Southern Patagonia glaciers. The position of the icefield on the continent is also relevant. On the western side of the icefield, precipitation rates are high and dominate the mass balance calculation. In the east, ablation is much more important for determining the mass balance, and this introduces an enhanced sensitivity to atmospheric temperature, wind speed, and atmosphericmoisture levels. 相似文献