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1.
该文分析了过去的爆炸影响云雾试验，并用来验证文献（1）中提出的爆炸影响气流的理论推测：即爆炸（瞬时的）激起扰动气流场（可维持一段时间），再通过扰动场与基本气流场相互作用，对基本流产生明显作用（可维持更长时间），是爆炸影响气流的可能主导途径。用该理论可以逐项解释试验结果，并在该理论指导下的数值模拟全面再现了试验结果，指出了各项结果的内在联系，因而验证了理论的可信性。 相似文献
2.
爆炸防雹中可能动力机制的探讨 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
文中在进一步归纳观测现象和分析爆炸产物能力的基础上 ,提出了爆炸扰动气流和重力波破碎可以对气流产生显著影响的物理假说 ,并应用数值模式模拟了扰动气流对基本流的作用 ,得到的结果与物理假说所预期的相一致 ;也与过去的实验或试验结果相一致。这说明爆炸(瞬时 )产生扰动场 ,扰动场 (维持一段时间 )再与基本场相互作用来影响基本流 (更长维持时间 ) ,看来这可能是爆炸影响基本流的主导途径 相似文献
3.
利用贵州省预报业务常规、地面自动站加密观测资料、NCEP/FNL1°×1°再分析资料、业务数值预报模式,分析2020年6月29日铜仁市东部高空西北气流影响下的特大暴雨环境场特征、地面中小尺度场特征以及3家数值预报模式检验,初步分析产生此次特大暴雨的可能成因是在副高东南退、东北冷涡槽后高空西北气流维持、低层冷平流下传西输、地面辐合维持增强为涡旋、地面东路弱冷空气侵入、能量锋区斜压性增强;短临监测发现雷达回波有列车效应、低层辐合高层辐散的共轭配置、中层气旋式辐合;初步得出了西北气流影响下弱天气尺度环境场的铜仁市东部暴雨的预报着眼点。 相似文献
4.
台风"尤特"(1311)2013年8月13—19日登陆减弱后直达桂东北并停留打转,其后又转向西南移动,"尤特"残涡在广西境内生存活动了112 h,造成了大范围强降雨。使用常规与非常规观测资料,研究了"尤特"登陆后的环境场与其长生命期及复杂移动路径的关系。结果发现:"尤特"登陆北上阶段主要受大尺度环境场的引导气流主导,后因引导气流转向减弱,与变压梯度力近似达到平衡导致停留打转;南下弱冷空气卷入与西南气流辐合形成负变压槽,负变压槽中风向气旋性切变产生正涡度效应向"尤特"残涡输送,与西南气流充沛的水汽输送共同作用使"尤特"残涡得以长时间维持。弱冷空气卷入使中尺度变压场中的正变压加强,在变压梯度力与引导气流共同作用下,"尤特"残涡沿负变压槽向西南移动。 相似文献
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6.
细网络非静力二维高阶闭合模式对山体流场特征的模拟分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
本文采用二阶矩湍流闭合方案，分别就非静力和准静力两种条件建立ＰＢＬ数值模糊，并模拟了二维山脊流场的结构，计算二维山体对气流平均场和湍流场的影响，计算结果表明，无论是平均场还是湍流场，采用准静力假设都会造成模拟结果的较大偏差，且对平均场的影响比对湍流场的影响更为显著，两种模式计算结果的差别还随地形坡度和背景风增大而增大。 相似文献
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8.
采用NCEP资料以及NOAA卫星观测的OLR场资料,分析了2007年6—7月淮河流域暴雨及江南、华南异常高温期间西太平洋副热带高压的异常特征,其表现为强度强且南北位置相对稳定,东西方向进退明显于南北方向的移动。通过分析经圈平面上的垂直环流及风矢量场的特征表明,副高南北两侧都存在一定强度的上升气流,北侧上升气流对西太平洋副高中心区700 hPa以上高度的下沉运动有激发作用,而南侧上升气流对西太平洋副高中心区的下沉运动作用不大。中高纬度阻塞高压双阻型的建立,有利于西太平洋副高的加强和发展。强劲而稳定少动的中纬度西风急流和热带地区异常活跃的对流均有利于西太平洋副高的相对稳定。 相似文献
9.
孙殿光黄本峰薛龚波刘学萍 《高原气象》2016,(3):800-809
利用烟台多普勒天气雷达探测资料和常规观测资料,对2005年12月3-4日、2008年12月4-5日和2010年1月3-4日山东半岛3次冷流暴雪过程的海岸锋气流结构进行了分析。结果表明,海岸锋是西北气流和北东北气流相互作用的结果,但气流强度有明显差异:一是西北气流明显强于北东北气流(类型Ⅰ),降雪回波源地在渤海东部区域,东南方向移动过程中逐渐发展,回波带的右侧进入陆地后减弱,左侧在海岸锋的作用下沿海岸锋发展,形成"列车"效应,产生强降雪;二是西北气流明显弱于北东北气流(类型Ⅱ),降雪回波源地在渤海海峡中部区域,东南方向移动过程中逐渐发展,右侧在海岸锋的作用下沿海岸锋发展,形成带状回波,产生强降雪,而回波带的左侧减弱。东部海区气旋的存在,决定了海岸锋北东北气流和西北气流强度结构的差异性。 相似文献
10.
关于爆炸影响气流的力学效应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文从分析爆炸产物中最强有力的冲击波对介质的作用性质入手,来探求爆炸对介质气流的作用力。发现在序列定点爆炸时,除了随时间变化着的压力波动外,在炸点周围可以形成一个平均等效压力场。这个压力场在大约半径为100m的范围内所具有的气压梯度力,相当于扰动温度为-2℃的负浮力,在爆炸点与云内上升气流配置适当时,可以在这个范围内把3—4m/s的上升气流制动到零。 相似文献
11.
R. M. Worthington 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,103(3):469-491
Mountain waves are observed in the free atmosphere, even when the mountainboundary layer (the source region of these waves) is neutral or convectivelyunstable, and filled with convective rolls, revealed by cloud streets. This paperinvestigates if mountain waves are caused not simply by air flow over mountainridges, but also by flow over boundary-layer convective activity, similar toconvection waves above plains and oceans. Disturbance of stable air flow abovemountains by convective activity, mechanical and convective turbulence and rotors,near the ground, could move the effective mountain-wave launching height to higherthan the mountain peaks. 相似文献
12.
The dependence of the turbulent airflow over water waves on the angle,, between mean wind and wavedirections is investigated. To this end,an existing semi-analytical model is extended. In this model, the main simplification of the problem is obtained by using the well-established divisionof the wave boundary layer into inner and outer regions for modelling turbulence. The effect of waves on turbulence is restricted to the thin inner region. Simulations show that the influence of the wind speed component transverse to the wave direction on the air flow, and hence on the growth rate of the waves, is small. This is confirmed by calculations with a numerical model that solves the full Reynolds equations using a second-order turbulence closure scheme. The growth rate of slowly moving waves (as compared to the wind speed) is then proportional to cos2, whereas, for faster waves, it has a narrower angular distribution. 相似文献
13.
Despite its importance for momentum and mass transfer across the air–sea interface, the dynamics of airflow over breaking
waves is largely unknown. To fill this gap, velocity and vorticity distributions above short-gravity breaking waves have been
measured in a wind-wave tank. A Digital Particle Image velocimetry technique (DPIV) was developed to accomplish these measurements
above single breaking waves, propagating in mechanically-generated wave groups and forced by the wind. By varying the wind
speed and initial characteristics of the groups, the airflow structure was captured over waves at different stages of the
breaking process, and breaking with various intensities. The instantaneous airflow that separates from a sharp breaking crest
is very similar to that occurring over a backward facing step. The separation bubble is however strongly unsteady: the steeper
the wave crest and the larger the Reynolds number based on the crest-height, the higher the separated layer and the farther
downwind the reattachment point. Instantaneous flow topology displays specific features of three-dimensional separation patterns.
The tangential stress above the wave profile does not exhibit spikes at reattachment but grows progressively downwind from
zero at reattachment to a value at the next crest approximately that found at the upwind breaking crest. Static pressure measurements
revealed that large pressure falls are generated by vortices in the separated layer, as found in separated flows over solids.
This study may provide useful data for theoretical and numerical modelling of the flow and associated phenomena. 相似文献
14.
Observations from the summer Arctic Ocean Experiment 2001 (AOE-2001) are analysed with a focus on the interactions between
mesoscale and boundary-layer dynamics. Wavelet analyses of surface-pressure variations show daylong periods with different
characteristics, some featuring episodes of pronounced high-frequency surface-pressure variability, here hypothesized to be
caused by trapped gravity waves. These episodes are accompanied by enhanced boundary-layer turbulence and an enhanced spectral
gap, but with only minor influence on the surface stress. During these episodes, mesoscale phenomena were often encountered
and usually identified as front-like features in the boundary layer, with a peak in drizzle followed by changing temperature.
These phenomena resemble synoptic fronts, though they are generally shallow, shorter-lasting, have no signs of frontal clouds,
and do not imply a change in air mass. Based on this analysis, we hypothesize that the root cause of the episodes with high-frequency
surface-pressure variance are shallow, mesoscale fronts moving across the pack ice. They may be formed due to local-to-regional
horizontal contrasts, for example, between air with different lifetimes over the Arctic or with perturbations in the cloud
field causing differential cooling of the boundary layer. Thermal contrasts sharpen as the air is transported with the mean
flow. The propagating mesoscale fronts excite gravity waves, which affect the boundary-layer turbulence and also seem to favour
entrainment of free tropospheric air into the boundary layer. 相似文献
15.
夏季青藏高原低涡的切向流场及波动特征分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
从大气动力学原理出发,将高原低涡视为受热源强迫的边界层内涡旋,建立了柱坐标下满足梯度风平衡的低涡控制方程组,分析高原低涡切向流场的基本特征.在此基础上,通过求解线性化涡旋模式,得出高原低涡中各类波动的频散关系及其特征,同时定性讨论了热力作用对混合波动的影响以及混合波动与高原低涡流场特征的联系.使用中尺度数值模式WRF分... 相似文献
16.
重力惯性波及其不稳定——急流附近飞机颠簸产生的可能机制 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于不可压缩流体运动方程组研究了急流附近重力惯性波及其不稳定,结合飞机风速变化方程,分析指出重力波失稳破碎为湍流是飞机颠簸产生的可能机制。斜压大气在急流轴北侧气旋切变区是惯性稳定的,当满足条件σ=f[f-/y] N2m2/n2<0时,由于天气尺度对流不稳定发展而引起重力惯性波不稳定破碎为湍流,可能是急流北侧气旋切变区对流性天气引起飞机颠簸产生的一种机制。但是在急流轴南侧反气旋切变区是惯性不稳定的,当满足条件σ=f[f-/y] N2m2/n2<0时,可能由于惯性不稳定的作用,急流重力波不稳定发展破碎为湍流,可能是急流南侧反气旋气流中晴空湍流和飞机颠簸产生和发展的一种机制。揭示了急流附近晴空湍流和飞机颠簸产生的物理本质,有利于增强航空飞行颠簸的预测能力。 相似文献
17.
复杂山区上空垂直速度场和热力对流活动的理想数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
利用英国气象局高分辨率的边界层数值模式BLASIUS,针对中国西北一个复杂山区进行了一系列的理想数值模拟,分析了在不同天气条件下山区上空的垂直速度场分布和对流特征以及地形对热力对流活动的影响,同时讨论了与地形有关的对流触发机制。模式结果表明,复杂山区的垂直运动在稳定层结和风速较大的情况下较易预测,而在中性层结下,山区上空的垂直运动分布随机性强。在Froude数小于0.5的条件下,气流往往被山峰阻塞而在迎风坡造成地形强迫和辐合性抬升,从而易在迎风坡触发深对流活动;在背风坡则由于迎风坡的绕流重新辐合而造成垂直运动。绕流的辐合是触发深对流活动的另一重要因子。在大风或Froude数较大的条件下,地形重力波容易在山地下游被激发。地形重力波与对流活动的相互影响在模式中清楚可见。在适当的条件下,重力波除了可以与对流活动相耦合从而使气团上升到更高的高度外,重力波的走向很可能会影响到深对流系统的传播路径。研究还发现稳定度对相邻两条对流线之间的距离长短也有影响。稳定度较小时,相邻两条对流线之间的平均宽度趋向变大而单个对流线的强度也相应变大。定量化的结论和理论升华值得进一步的数值模拟研究。 相似文献
18.
Aerodynamic roughness of the sea surface at high winds 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The role of the surface roughness in the formation of the aerodynamic friction of the water surface at high wind speeds is
investigated. The study is based on a wind-over-waves coupling theory. In this theory waves provide the surface friction velocity
through the form drag, while the energy input from the wind to waves depends on the friction velocity and the wind speed.
The wind-over-waves coupling model is extended to high wind speeds taking into account the effect of sheltering of the short
wind waves by the air-flow separation from breaking crests of longer waves. It is suggested that the momentum and energy flux
from the wind to short waves locally vanishes if they are trapped into the separation bubble of breaking longer waves. At
short fetches, typical for laboratory conditions, and strong winds the steep dominant wind waves break frequently and provide
the major part of the total form drag through the air-flow separation from breaking crests, and the effect of short waves
on the sea drag is suppressed. In this case the dependence of the drag coefficient on the wind speed is much weaker than would
be expected from the standard parameterization of the roughness parameter through the Charnock relation. At long fetches,
typical for the field, waves in the spectral peak break rarely and their contribution to the air-flow separation is weak.
In this case the surface form drag is determined predominantly by the air-flow separation from breaking of the equilibrium
range waves. As found at high wind speeds up to 60 m s−1 the modelled aerodynamic roughness is consistent with the Charnock relation, i.e. there is no saturation of the sea drag.
Unlike the aerodynamic roughness, the geometrical surface roughness (height of short waves) could be saturated or even suppressed
when the wind speed exceeds 30 m s−1. 相似文献
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20.
A warm on-ice air flow from the open water over the Arctic sea ice in the Fram Straitwas, for the first time, systematically measured on 12 March 1998 by aircraft in thelowest 3 km over a 300-km long distance. The air mass modification and the processesinvolved are discussed.Over the water, air temperature was lower than water temperature so that a convectiveboundary layer (CBL) was present as initial condition. As soon as the CBL passed theice edge, a shallow stable internal boundary layer (IBL) was formed. In the residual CBL, turbulence and pre-existing convective clouds dissolved within about 20 km. Within about the same distance, due to the transition from unstable to stable stratification, the influence of surface friction increased in the IBL and decreased above the IBL with consequent generation of a low-level jet at IBL top. The IBL was strongly stratified with respect to both temperature and wind. The wind shear was around 0.1 s-1 so that the Richardson number in the IBL was subcritical and turbulence was generated. The IBL top grew to about 145 m over 230 km distance. The growth of the IBL was not monotonic and was influenced by (a) inhomogeneous ice surface temperatures causedby both different ice thickness and changes in the cloud conditions, and (b) leads in theice deck. At the front side of the on-ice flow, the air mass boundary between the warmair and the cold Arctic air was sharp (12 K over 10 km) at low levels and tilted withheight. Observations suggest that the stratified IBL was lifted as a slab on top of thecold air. 相似文献