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热带气旋远距离暴雨的研究 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
用中国国家气象信息中心整编的1971-2006年中国693个地面基准站日降水资料、同期美国JTWC最佳路径资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对热带气旋(TC)远距离暴雨进行统计分析和诊断研究.结果表明:36 a中有14.7％的TC产生远距离暴雨.TC远距离暴雨事件遍及中国大陆27个省(市、自治区),其中,环渤海地区和川陕交界处为中国TC远距离暴雨高发区.远距离暴雨集中发生在6-9月.34.6％的TC远距离暴雨具有影响范围广、降水强度大的特点.诊断分析表明,TC远距离暴雨能否产生的关键在于热带气旋东侧环流能否将水汽输送到中纬度槽前,如果有高气压或偏北气流对水汽输送的阻断,就不会形成远距离暴雨. 相似文献
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利用JMA最佳TC路径资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,普查了1961—2010年宁夏的暴雨个例,并对影响宁夏的热带气旋远距离暴雨进行了统计和合成分析。结果表明:宁夏各测站远距离暴雨日数在暴雨总日数中普遍占比达30%~46%,是宁夏暴雨类型里十分重要的一类。远距离暴雨主要集中发生在8月,较宁夏暴雨气候多发期推迟10~20天。台湾岛及其以东洋面和海南岛附近是宁夏产生远距离暴雨的热带气旋高频影响关键区,在两个TC高频影响区域之间还存在一个少台风甚至无台风影响的海域。进一步诊断分析表明,热带气旋、中纬度槽(涡)、副热带高压、水汽通道及高空急流是产生远距离暴雨的主要影响系统。根据诊断特征将远距离暴雨分为两类,揭示其环流差异主要体现在热带气旋和副高位置、水汽输送通道及海平面气压场,并在此基础上归纳了两类远距离暴雨的预报概念模型。 相似文献
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山东省远距离热带气旋暴雨研究 总被引：22，自引：2，他引：20
应用1971-2003年的山东降水资料、常规天气图资料、台风年签和NCEP资料,对在华南沿海登陆和活动的热带气旋在山东造成远距离暴雨的气候特征进行统计分析,对环流形势场进行合成分析.建立了山东省远距离热带气旋暴雨的天气学模型.分别计算分析了山东有和无远距离热带气旋暴雨合成的水汽和温湿能的收支.结果表明:在华南沿海登陆和活动的热带气旋与西风带环流系统和副热带高压相互作用在山东造成的远距离热带气旋暴雨年均2.5次.暴雨的范围广、强度大.出现暴雨的时间比热带气旋登陆时间滞后.在山东造成远距离暴雨的热带气旋在华南沿海登陆时,中心东部有一股东南风或偏南风低空急流指向内陆.中高纬度中低层西风带环流弱,位置偏北.500 hPa西风带中的偏北气流与副高边缘的偏南气流在山东境内汇合.低层850-700 hPa伴有低值系统影响,山东为气旋性环流控制.热带气旋登陆后其中心附近的中低层偏南风急流向北伸展,绕过副高脊线直达山东.在台风中心附近至山东之间建立起水汽和温湿能的输送通道,把高温高湿的暖湿空气源源不断地向山东输送.在台风登陆后12-48小时内,山东暴雨区上空有大量的水汽和温湿能的净流入.暖湿气流与西风带气流相汇合,产生辐合上升,造成暴雨. 相似文献
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通过对0704号热带气旋远距离降水进行数值模拟诊断分析,发现热带气旋(TC)、副热带高压以及中纬度远距离降水系统三者间可通过副高脊线附近两侧(副高与TC之间、副高与远距离降水之间)的散度风次级环流产生相互作用。结合去除台风的敏感性试验的诊断分析,发现除来自TC的水汽通道外,副高脊以北的散度风次级环流对远距离降水也有重要的影响,该次级环流的强弱与远距离降水的强弱呈正比。此外,通过分析还发现TC作为洋面上的对流性热源可以激发向东北方向传播的准静止波动,这种波动会影响位势高度场的分布,进而也会影响散度风的次级环流,并且当副高脊线向波动的正位相区运动时有利于次级环流与远距离暴雨的加强。 相似文献
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北半球夏季大气季节内振荡对中国东南沿海热带气旋暴雨的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文采用美国台风联合警报中心整编的1981—2012年的best-track热带气旋资料、中国大陆743站逐日降水数据、亚太经合组织气候中心的北半球夏季季节内振荡(BSISO)指数和美国国家环境预报中心及大气研究中心的再分析资料,分析了中国东南部地区热带气旋暴雨特征及其与BSISO 8个位相的联系。结果表明:7、8月,中国东南沿海地区的热带气旋暴雨发生的频次最多,多个站点热带气旋暴雨占总暴雨频次的比例达40%以上。7、8月热带气旋暴雨主要发生于BSISO1的第1、2、7、8位相,发生的暴雨频次占总频次的78.4%,主要分布于福建省沿海地区和西南部;BSISO2的第5、6、7位相热带气旋暴雨发生的频次也较多,占总频次的73.6%,主要分布于福建省沿海地区及西南部和广东省西南沿海地区。对发生较多热带气旋暴雨的BSISO1和BSISO2位相背景下的环流合成异常的诊断显示,西北太平洋伸向中国东南沿海地区,大尺度引导气流为显著的异常东风带,有利于热带气旋登陆中国大陆;显著异常的纬向东风切变、气旋性相对涡度和整层水汽的异常辐合,有利于热带气旋登陆过程强度的维持,促使热带气旋暴雨发生在中国大陆。 相似文献
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利用2000—2009年6—8月的NCEP 1°×1°FNL数据、TRMM降水数据及JMA提供的《TC最佳路径集》等资料,综合考虑低层水汽通道及TC与中纬度系统相互作用的两个因素,对0°以北150°E以西东亚地区的远距离暴雨进行统计分析,得出这一时期共有48例远距离暴雨产生,并将其分为5种类型。将各类型合成分析后得到远距离暴雨在850 hPa、500 hPa的主要影响系统有:TC、中纬度槽、副热带高压及水汽通道,其中水汽通道多与印度季风相连接对远距离降水的影响最显著,其次是中纬度槽。形成最多的是北槽、涡-南TC型远距离暴雨占总数的68.8%,而且远距离暴雨多发生在TC路径的右侧(占总数的71%)。200 hPa上多数远距离暴雨发生在高空急流的右后方,并在TC的东西部各有一反气旋性涡旋。当TC东部无反气旋性涡旋时TC较弱。当远距离暴雨发生在TC的西北方向,且西北方向有槽存在时TC较强。利用WRF中尺度数值模式对1104号TC Haima进行敏感性试验表明,TC在此次暴雨过程中起主要作用,通过影响降水区的水汽通道导致降水增强。 相似文献
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利用《热带气旋年鉴》、常规地面观测资料和ECMWF 1°×1°再分析资料,统计1992—2020年南通市热带气旋暴雨气候特征,对登陆北上东路路径下,南通市出现和未出现暴雨的热带气旋进行合成对比分析。结果表明：8月和9月南通市受热带气旋影响产生暴雨的次数最多,登陆北上东路类的热带气旋产生暴雨的概率最大,为72.2%;此路径下出现暴雨时,200 hPa南亚高压存在多个中心,中纬度地区有一支≥28 m/s的西风大风速带,500 hPa副高西伸脊点在120°E附近,南通市处在热带气旋东南侧,气旋北部有西风槽东移,850 hPa上在华东沿海存在两支较强的西南风和东南风大风速带,在热带气旋中心和南通市之间建立了水汽和能量的输送通道;暴雨发生期间,南通市上空维持着高能高湿的充沛能量,水汽通量≥18 g/(cm·hPa·s),1 000～700 hPa均为水汽通量的辐合区,整层大气均为上升运动,垂直速度中心位于400 hPa附近,最大上升速度为-400 Pa/s。 相似文献
8.
热带气旋远距离暴雨过程的诊断分析 总被引：15，自引：3，他引：15
利用天气实况和NCEP再分析资料，对2004年8月26—28日山东大暴雨过程进行了客观分析。结果表明，0418号热带气旋在福建沿海登陆后，其北伸倒槽与西风带弱冷空气结合造成了本次大暴雨过程，具有明显的中低纬系统相互作用特征。伴随登陆热带气旋生成的低空东南急流为暴雨输送了丰富的热量和水汽，成为联系中低纬度系统的纽带。西风带弱冷空气侵入台风北伸倒槽后，在黄淮之间有明显的暖锋锋生特征，是触发倒槽区域中尺度对流发展和暴雨产生的重要动力机制。暴雨与高能舌区具有很好的对应关系，总能量分布对热带气旋远距离暴雨的落区具有很好的指示作用。 相似文献
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利用NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料和GMS红外黑体亮度温度 (TBB) 资料等, 对1991年6月9—11日的一次黄河气旋暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:黄河气旋的发生发展是大气斜压性强烈发展的结果, 强的高空辐散与正涡度平流共同作用形成了黄河气旋, 对流层低层的暖平流促进了黄河气旋的进一步发展, 并对其移动方向有引导作用; 暴雨出现在黄河气旋的初生、发展阶段, 产生于气旋前部暖区的盾状云系中; 暴雨的水汽有西南和东南两个来源, 其中西南水汽通量大于东南; 暴雨区上空大气具有很强的对流不稳定性, 中尺度对流云团的发生发展, 造成了气旋降水分布的不均匀性和强降水中心; 降水造成的凝结潜热释放对气旋的发展有正反馈作用。 相似文献
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Understanding the response of the global hydrological cycle to recent and future anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols is a major challenge for the climate modelling community. Recent climate scenarios produced for the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are analysed here to explore the geographical origin of, and the possible reasons for, uncertainties in the hydrological model response to global warming. Using the twentieth century simulations and the SRES-A2 scenarios from eight different coupled ocean–atmosphere models, it is shown that the main uncertainties originate from the tropics, where even the sign of the zonal mean precipitation change remains uncertain over land. Given the large interannual fluctuations of tropical precipitation, it is then suggested that the El Niño Southern Ocillation (ENSO) variability can be used as a surrogate of climate change to better constrain the model reponse. While the simulated sensitivity of global land precipitation to global mean surface temperature indeed shows a remarkable similarity between the interannual and climate change timescales respectively, the model ability to capture the ENSO-precipitation relationship is not a major constraint on the global hydrological projections. Only the model that exhibits the highest precipitation sensitivity clearly appears as an outlier. Besides deficiencies in the simulation of the ENSO-tropical rainfall teleconnections, the study indicates that uncertainties in the twenty-first century evolution of these teleconnections represent an important contribution to the model spread, thus emphasizing the need for improving the simulation of the tropical Pacific variability to provide more reliable scenarios of the global hydrological cycle. It also suggests that validating the mean present-day climate is not sufficient to assess the reliability of climate projections, and that interannual variability is another suitable and possibly more useful candidate for constraining the model response. Finally, it is shown that uncertainties in precipitation change are, like precipitation itself, very unevenly distributed over the globe, the most vulnerable countries sometimes being those where the anticipated precipitation changes are the most uncertain. 相似文献
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通过同化系统将观测资料与海洋数值模式融合得到的海洋再分析产品为海洋科学研究提供了重要的资料基础.本文采用WOA,SODA,AVISO和GLORS四种数据资料与我国自主研发的中国全球海洋预报系统(CGOFS)的气候态结果进行了对比,结果表明:CGOFS和SODA的全球海表面温度与WOA的均方根误差分别为0.51和0.43℃.CGOFS和SODA的海表面盐度与WOA的均方根误差分别为0.48和0.40 PSU;海流方面,CGOFS能较好的刻画主要大洋环流分布及赤道潜流的垂向结构;CGOFS的全球海表面高度异常与AVISO的均方根误差为0.018m;多年月平均海冰外缘线覆盖面积介于SODA和GLORS之间,海冰体积的生消规律与SODA和GLORS一致.总体来看,CGOFS全球高分辨率海洋再分析产品的气候态结果与国际同类产品基本一致,可为提升我国海洋综合科技实力提供可靠的资料保障. 相似文献
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The global distribution of area-averaged precipitation is extremely difficult to determine with precision. In this paper we will explain why satellite measurements are necessary for the production of global analyses of precipitation, summarize some of the various methods which have been used to estimate rainfall from satellite observations over the past two decades, and describe an attempt to use a mix of remotely sensed estimates and surface observations of rainfall to produce analyses of the large-scale rainfall for the globe. We will discuss the relationship between two types of satellite-derived precipitation estimates over the oceans from 40°N to 40°S, and then will conclude with a discussion of some possible physical mechanisms which might be responsible for the observed correlation between area-averaged rainfall and cloudiness. 相似文献
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本文用地面气温距平值的经向和纬向时空剖面图分析温度长期变化的过程.在不同的气候带温度变化的过程是不同的.在北半球的西风带,温度变化先发生在大陆的西部,由距平中心自西向东的移动可看出逐渐传递到大陆的东部.热带的温度变化先出现在东太平洋,印度洋和大西洋的变化落后于东太平洋,东太平洋的温度变化由距平中心逐渐扩大而向西影响到西太平洋.副热带地区温度变化主要是受到南北两侧传入的影响.在太平洋上温度变化的南北方向传递主要发生在西太平洋,东太平洋不明显. 相似文献
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Bas van Ruijven Jean-Francois Lamarque Detlef P. van Vuuren Tom Kram Hans Eerens 《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(3):983-994
Hydrogen is named as possible energy carrier for future energy systems. However, the impact of large-scale hydrogen use on the atmosphere is uncertain. Application of hydrogen in clean fuel cells reduces emissions of air pollutants, but emissions from hydrogen production and leakages of molecular hydrogen could influence atmospheric chemistry. This paper combines a global energy system model and a global atmospheric model to explore the range of impacts of hydrogen on atmospheric chemistry. We found that emissions of molecular hydrogen may range from 0.2 up to 10% (or 25-167 Tg hydrogen/yr) for a global hydrogen energy system. The lower end of this range would in fact be equal to current emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Hydrogen energy use leads to a clear decrease in emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide, but large-scale hydrogen production from coal may lead to net increase in emissions of nitrous oxide and volatile organic compound. Compared to a reference scenario, this would lead to positive impacts on surface concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and ozone. However, if hydrogen leakage would not be minimised it leads to an increase in methane lifetimes and a decrease in stratospheric ozone concentrations. 相似文献
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H. E. Landsberg 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1983,27(4):413-413
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In 1997, the global value of ecosystem services was estimated to average $33 trillion/yr in 1995 $US ($46 trillion/yr in 2007 $US). In this paper, we provide an updated estimate based on updated unit ecosystem service values and land use change estimates between 1997 and 2011. We also address some of the critiques of the 1997 paper. Using the same methods as in the 1997 paper but with updated data, the estimate for the total global ecosystem services in 2011 is $125 trillion/yr (assuming updated unit values and changes to biome areas) and $145 trillion/yr (assuming only unit values changed), both in 2007 $US. From this we estimated the loss of eco-services from 1997 to 2011 due to land use change at $4.3–20.2 trillion/yr, depending on which unit values are used. Global estimates expressed in monetary accounting units, such as this, are useful to highlight the magnitude of eco-services, but have no specific decision-making context. However, the underlying data and models can be applied at multiple scales to assess changes resulting from various scenarios and policies. We emphasize that valuation of eco-services (in whatever units) is not the same as commodification or privatization. Many eco-services are best considered public goods or common pool resources, so conventional markets are often not the best institutional frameworks to manage them. However, these services must be (and are being) valued, and we need new, common asset institutions to better take these values into account. 相似文献
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Kevin HAMILTON 《大气科学进展》2006,23(6):842-856
An informal review is presented of recent developments in numerical simulation of the global atmospheric circulation with very fine numerical resolution models. The focus is on results obtained recently with versions of the GFDL SKYHI model and the Atmospheric Model for the Earth Simulator (AFES) global atmospheric models. These models have been run with effective horizontal grid resolution of 10–40 km and fine vertical resolution. The results presented demonstrate the utility of such models for the study of a diverse range of phenomena. Specifically the models are shown to simulate the development of tropical cyclones with peak winds and minimum central pressures comparable to those of the most intense hurricanes actually observed. More fundamentally, the spectrum of energy content in the mesoscale in the flow can be reproduced by these models down to near the smallest explicitly-resolved horizontal scales. In the middle atmosphere it is shown that increasing horizontal resolution can lead to significantly improved overall simulation of the global-scale circulation. The application of the models to two specific problems requiring very fine resolution global will be discussed. The spatial and temporal variability of the vertical eddy flux of zonal momentum associated with gravity waves near the tropopause is evaluated in the very fine resolution AFES model. This is a subject of great importance for understanding and modelling the flow in the middle atmosphere. Then the simulation of the small scale variations of the semidiurnal surface pressure oscillation is analyzed, and the signature of significant topographic modulation of the semidiurnal atmospheric tide is identified. 相似文献