共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 359 毫秒
1.
利用位于青藏高原东侧理塘大气综合观测站2008年观测资料,分析了高寒草甸下垫面上地表通量的时间变化特征,确定了温度、水汽和CO2的归一化标准差在不稳定情况下随稳定度变化的通量方差关系,应用通量方差法对感热、潜热和CO2通量进行了计算,并与涡旋相关系统的观测结果进行了比较。结果表明：地表通量月平均日变化呈较为规则的日循环特征,季节变化特征也很明显,雨季（5-9月）潜热大于感热,干季则以感热为主,CO2通量以6-9月值最大。在不稳定条件下,温度、水汽和CO2的归一化标准差随稳定度的变化均满足-1/3规律,其通量方差相似性常数分别为1.2,1.4和0.9。通量方差法估算出的通量值与涡旋相关观测得到的通量值有较好的一致性,但感热通量的效果优于潜热通量和CO2通量。该方法高估了感热通量尤其是潜热通量,而低估了CO2通量。采用直接观测的感热通量值计算潜热通量和CO2通量可改善计算结果。 相似文献
2.
3.
利用美国NCAR中心的天气研究与预报模式WRF,对金塔绿洲的温度场、环流场、能量场的结构及其日变化特征进行了较为细致的模拟研究。结果表明,WRF模式能较好地模拟出非均匀下垫面上绿洲和戈壁的近地面温度、风场、净辐射、感热和潜热等要素的变化特征及日变化规律,较为完整地呈现出绿洲"冷岛效应",模拟的近地面风向和观测值吻合较好。通过对能量场的时空分析,发现下垫面的植被类型、土壤类型和土壤湿度对绿洲白天感热、潜热、土壤热通量和净辐射等有很大影响,绿洲白天净辐射峰值比戈壁大,潜热通量比感热通量大;白天大气向地面传输热量,绿洲地表获得的热通量大;而夜间地表向上传递热量,绿洲释放的热通量比戈壁大。更加细致地研究这些现象对深入了解绿洲气候的形成和维持机理具有重要的意义。 相似文献
4.
利用“绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测试验”2005年绿洲、 戈壁点的观测资料， 分析了三种坐标旋转方案对摩擦速度、 感热、 潜热以及非定常性检验与湍流积分统计性检验的影响， 对两种非定常检验方法进行了比较， 并对通量资料进行了总体的质量控制和分级。结果表明： 三种坐标旋转方案对摩擦速度、 感热、 潜热通量以及非定常性检验与湍流积分统计性检验的影响存在着一定的差异， 这与坐标旋转方案本身有着密不可分的关系。两种非定常性检验方法存在一定的不一致性， 这种不一致性的产生不仅与两种NS检验方法有关， 也可能与湍流测定成分随时间、 天气条件或测定点相对于气象条件的变化以及与观测仪器本身有关。归一化标准差随稳定度的变化基本满足“1/3次方规律”或“-1/3次方规律”， 但坐标旋转方案不同， 归一化标准差与稳定度的拟合关系不同， 其差异在于三种坐标旋转方案对平均垂直速度的处理方法以及平均水平风的选择上。整体分级后各级资料所占百分比要明显低于任一个单独检验的各级资料所占百分比， 非理想的观测值多出现在夜间以及日出日落前后。 相似文献
5.
高寒草甸湍流特征量的季节变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用青藏高原东北边缘的若尔盖高寒湿地生态系统研究站玛曲高寒草甸观测场提供的2010年近地面层梯度和涡动观测资料,基于Monin-Obukhov相似理论(MOST)分析了该地区风速分量、温度、水汽和CO2的归一化标准差随稳定度参数z/L在均匀平坦地表的变化关系及其季节变化特征。结果表明,风速分量σu/u*、σv/u*和σw/u*与稳定度参数z/L呈1/3次方关系,并随|z/L|增大而增大,在近中性(|z/L|0.05)时趋于常数,且σu/u*σv/u*σw/u*;水平方向风速的归一化标准差随空气动力学粗糙度z0m的增大而减小,σw/u*无明显季节变化,可近似为常数;温度、水汽和CO2的归一化标准差在不稳定条件下与z/L呈-1/3次方关系,归一化值随|z/L|的减小而增大,在中性条件下σq/q*σc/C*σT/T*。σT/T*、σq/q*和σc/C*的季节变化分别与感热、潜热和CO2通量的季节变化相反,且主要决定于特征尺度T*、q*和C*。其中感热通量的季节变化与潜热通量、CO2通量相反,且年变化幅度最小,相应地,σT/T*的季节变化与σc/C*和σq/q*相反,且年变化幅度最小。 相似文献
6.
黑河实验区非均匀地表能量通量的数值模拟 总被引：12，自引：13，他引：12
利用三维非静力RAMS模拟研究了黑河实验区非均匀地表能量通量，模拟结果表明：绿洲地表净辐射通量较沙漠戈壁大；绿洲及沙漠戈壁下垫面上的Bowen比分别为0．4和4．0；夜间绿洲上整晚维持蒸发，并有负感热通量。模拟结果与测站实测结果与卫星反演值的对比研究指出，RAMS对绿洲下垫面潜热通量的模拟和沙漠戈壁下垫面感热通量的模拟与实测值基本一致。卫星遥感反演及数值模拟方法对净辐射的估算与实测较吻合，绿洲地表感热通量的卫星反演值较数值模拟结果更接近于实际，但潜热通量的模拟值则较卫星估算值更接近于实际；沙漠戈壁地表则是感热通量的模拟值较卫星反演值更接近于实际。上述分析为今后结合卫星遥感改进RAMS陆面过程参数化，使使用于模拟研究干旱区非均匀下垫面地气相互作用提供了可靠依据。 相似文献
7.
夏季受西太平洋副热带高压控制的中国大陆地区常发生热对流降水.文中首先利用TRMM卫星观测资料、地面自动站地表温度观测资料和NCEP资料分析了热对流降水的特征及其产生的背景条件;利用区域平均的水汽方程诊断了地表蒸发、水汽平流和水汽通量辐合项的贡献,分析了降水的水汽来源;进一步利用AREM区域数值预报模式,设计了4个敏感性试验,研究了陆气感热、潜热通量对降水的贡献.结果表明,在副热带高压控制的地区,白天强烈的非均匀地表感热加热可导致低层热空气块突破环境下沉气流而上升,周围空气补充形成辐合运动.低层空气的辐合上升既可引起水汽的汇聚,又可把低层的水汽输送到高层.同时非均匀陆面特征造成的非均匀感热和潜热通量的共同作用增强了大气的位势不稳定度,触发了对流,但感热通量对热对流降水的贡献比潜热通量略大.热对流降水的水汽除部分来自地表蒸发外,另一部分来自低层的水平通量辐合.定量计算表明二者对大气可降水量的贡献基本相当,而平流水汽的贡献很小. 相似文献
8.
卫星遥感结合数值模式估算金塔绿洲非均匀地表能量通量 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对遥感在面上计算的特点,将模式模拟的气象要素区域分布替代以往使用的单点观测值作为遥感估算蒸散发模型的初始场,引入到SEBS(Surface Energy Balance System)模型中,利用EOS/MODIS遥感资料对金塔绿洲非均匀下垫面地表能量通量进行了估算。对比估算结果与实测值表明,引入数值模拟结果后,绿洲地表感热通量的估算误差平均减小了5.8%,潜热通量的误差平均减小了5.5%,说明数值模拟结果的引入比较成功。通过分析地表通量的区域分布特征表明,数值模拟结果的引入在一定程度上更加细致地刻画了荒漠绿洲能量平衡的分布特征,在戈壁荒漠地区,潜热通量非常小,而绿洲集中的地区及水库附近出现了潜热通量的极大值。 相似文献
9.
模式评估是模式发展中的重要一环。本文利用来自FLUXNET2015数据集的30个站点的涡动相关系统观测数据,重点关注能量通量,对通用陆面模式（Common Land Model version 2014,CoLM2014）在不同典型下垫面的模拟能力进行评估。结果表明,模式总体上能抓住感热、潜热和净辐射通量在日、季节和年平均等不同时间尺度上的变化特征,对感热、潜热和净辐射通量都有较好的模拟能力,净辐射的模拟效果最好,潜热通量次之。季节变化模拟中,感热、潜热通量在夏季不同植被型下站点的空间离散程度大于冬季,不同站点间模拟效果相差较大,净辐射多站点标准差变化幅度要小于感热、潜热,不同站点间模拟效果偏差较小。CoLM在常绿针叶林、稀树林地、草地、农田模拟感热、潜热通量的效果相对较好,在永久湿地、落叶阔叶林下模拟感热通量较差。本研究对CoLM2014在未来的改进和发展中提供了有用的参考。 相似文献
10.
利用中国科学院2005年珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察期间 (4月2日至6月7日) 收集的大气观测资料，分析了珠峰绒布河谷近地层水平风速、温度、湍流强度、湍流通量日变化及地表能量平衡特征。通过分析得出近地层三维风速方差与稳定度的关系基本满足1/3次方规律；珠峰绒布河谷近地层大气水平风速、温度、动量通量、感热通量和潜热通量均存在明显的日变化；地表获得的能量很大一部分以感热形式散失掉了，潜热所占比重很小。另外，还发现绒布河谷地区地表能量通量各分量并不满足能量平衡方程Rn=Hs+Le+G。通过对地面加热场的分析发现珠峰地表白天是强热源，晚上转变为弱冷源。 相似文献
11.
Estimation of Turbulent Fluxes Using the Flux-Variance Method over an Alpine Meadow Surface in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The flux-variance similarity relation and the vertical transfer of scalars exhibit dissimilarity over different types of surfaces,resulting in different parameterization approaches of relative transport efficiency among scalars to estimate turbulent fluxes using the flux-variance method.We investigated these issues using eddycovariance measurements over an open,homogeneous and flat grassland in the eastern Tibetan Plateau in summer under intermediate hydrological conditions during rainy season.In unstable conditions,the temperature,water vapor,and CO2 followed the flux-variance similarity relation,but did not show in precisely the same way due to different roles(active or passive) of these scalars.Similarity constants of temperature,water vapor and CO2 were found to be 1.12,1.19 and 1.17,respectively.Heat transportation was more efficient than water vapor and CO2.Based on the estimated sensible heat flux,five parameterization methods of relative transport efficiency of heat to water vapor and CO2 were examined to estimate latent heat and CO2 fluxes.The strategy of local determination of flux-variance similarity relation is recommended for the estimation of latent heat and CO2 fluxes.This approach is better for representing the averaged relative transport efficiency,and technically easier to apply,compared to other more complex ones. 相似文献
12.
In mountainous lake areas, lake–land and mountain–valley breezes interact with each other, leading to an "extended lake breeze". These extended lake breezes can regulate and control energy and carbon cycles at different scales. Based on meteorological and turbulent fluxes data from an eddy covariance observation site at Erhai Lake in the Dali Basin,southwest China, characteristics of daytime and nighttime extended lake breezes and their impacts on energy and carbon dioxide exchange in 2015 are investigated. Lake breezes dominate during the daytime while, due to different prevailing circulations at night, there are two types of nighttime breezes. The mountain breeze from the Cangshan Mountain range leads to N1 type nighttime breeze events. When a cyclonic circulation forms and maintains in the southern part of Erhai Lake at night, its northern branch contributes to the formation of N2 type nighttime breeze events. The prevailing wind directions for daytime, N1, and N2 breeze events are southeast, west, and southeast, respectively. Daytime breeze events are more intense than N1 events and weaker than N2 events. During daytime breeze events, the lake breeze decreases the sensible heat flux(Hs) and carbon dioxide flux(FCO_2) and increases the latent heat flux(LE). During N1 breeze events, the mountain breeze decreases Hs and LE and increases FCO_2. For N2 breeze events, the southeast wind from the lake surface increases Hs and LE and decreases suppress carbon dioxide exchange. 相似文献
13.
Temperature and humidity flux-variance relations determined by one-dimensional eddy correlation 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
Harold L. Weaver 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1990,53(1-2):77-91
It may be possible to estimate surface fluxes of scalar quantities from measurement of their variance and mean wind speed. The flux-variance relation for temperature and humidity was investigated over prairie and desert-shrub plant communities. Fluxes were measured by one-dimensional eddy correlation, humidity by fast-response wet-bulb psychrometers and Krypton open-path hygrometers, temperature by fine-wire thermocouples, and mean windspeed by a cup anemometer. The quality of the flux-variance relation proved to be good enough for application to flux measurement. Regressions of flux estimated by the variance technique versus measured flux usually had r
2 values greater than 0.97 for sensible heat flux and greater than 0.88 for water vapor flux. More uniform surfaces tended to yield the same flux-variance relations except when fluxes were small. This exception supported the hypothesis that sparse sources of flux may increase variance downwind. Nonuniform surfaces yielded flux-variance relations that were less predictable, although reasonably accurate once determined. The flux-variance relation for humidity was quite variable over dry surfaces with senescent vegetation. 相似文献
14.
Using land-use types derived from satellite remote sensing data collected by the EOS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (EOS/MODIS), the mesoscale and turbulent fluxes generated by inhomogeneities of the underlying surface over the Jinta Oasis, northwestern China, were simulated using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS4.4). The results indicate that mesoscale circulation generated by land-surface inhomogeneities over the Jinta Oasis is more important than turbulence. Vertical heat fluxes and water vapor are transported to higher levels by mesoscale circulation. Mesoscale circulation also produces mesoscale synoptic systems and prevents water vapor over the oasis from running off. Mesoscale circulation transports moisture to higher atmospheric levels as the land-surface moisture over the oasis increases, favoring the formation of clouds, which sometimes leads to rainfall. Large-scale wind speed has a significant impact on mesoscale heat fluxes. During the active phase of mesoscale circulation, the stronger large-scale winds are associated with small mesoscale fluxes; however, background wind seems to intensify the turbulent sensible heat flux and turbulent latent heat flux. If the area of oasis is enlarged properly, mesoscale circulation will be able to transport moisture to higher levels, favoring the formation of rainfall in the oasis and protecting its "cold island" effect. The impact of irrigation on rainfall is important, and increasing irrigation across the oasis is necessary to protect the oasis. 相似文献
15.
Estimation of surface heat and momentum fluxes using the flux-variance method above uniform and non-uniform terrain 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Gabriel Katul Stewart M. Goltz Cheng-I Hsieh Yung Cheng Fred Mowry John Sigmon 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1995,74(3):237-260
Eddy-correlation measurements above an uneven-aged forest, a uniform-irrigated bare soil field, and within a grass-covered forest clearing were used to investigate the usefulness of the fluxvariance method above uniform and non-uniform terrain. For this purpose, the Monin and Obukhov (1954) variance similarity functions were compared with direct measurements. Such comparisons were in close agreement for momentum and heat but not for water vapor. Deviations between measured and predicted similarity functions for water vapor were attributed to three factors: 1) the active role of temperature in surface-layer turbulence, 2) dissimilarity between sources and sinks of heat and water vapor at the ground surface, and 3) the non-uniformity in water vapor sources and sinks. It was demonstrated that the latter non-uniformity contributed to horizontal gradients that do not scale with the vertical flux. These three factors resulted in a turbulence regime that appeared more efficient in transporting heat than water vapor for the dynamic convective sublayer but not for the dynamic sublayer. The agreement between eddy-correlation measured and flux-variance predicted sensible heat flux was better than that for latent heat flux at all three sites. The flux-variance method systematically overestimated the latent heat flux when compared to eddy-correlation measurements. It was demonstrated that the non-uniformity in water vapor sources reduced the surface flux when compared to an equivalent uniform terrain subjected to identical shear stress, sensible heat flux, and atmospheric water vapor variance. Finally, the correlation between the temperature and water vapor fluctuations was related to the relative efficiency of surface-layer turbulence in removing heat and water vapor. These relations were used to assess critical assumptions in the derivation of the flux-variance formulation. 相似文献
16.
为检验RAMS模式在金塔地区的模拟性能， 首先选2005年7月2~3日金塔地区的一次晴好天气过程, 然后利用RAMS及MM5模式对该过程进行了48 h三重嵌套的数值模拟, 最后对金塔绿洲、 戈壁及沙漠点近地面各变量的模拟值及实测值进行了对比分析。结果表明： RAMS模式对绿洲、 戈壁和沙漠不同下垫面近地面温度的模拟表现良好， 基本模拟出了近地面相对湿度的日变化趋势， 较好地模拟出了绿洲\_沙漠环流引起的绿洲“冷岛效应”和临近绿洲的戈壁与沙漠上空的“逆湿”现象； RAMS模式对绿洲下垫面潜热通量的模拟比感热通量更接近实况， 而对戈壁和沙漠下垫面感热通量的模拟好于潜热通量， 三种下垫面上净辐射的模拟都与观测值较接近； 同MM5模式的模拟结果比较， RAMS模式对非均匀下垫面净辐射、 感热通量的数值模拟更优于MM5模式。这表明RAMS模式在金塔地区应用的可行性。 相似文献
17.
Numerical simulation of the critical scale of oasis maintenance and development in the arid regions of Northwest China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Oasis is a special geographic landscape among the vast desert/Gobi in Northwest China (NWC). The surface sensitive heat flux and latent heat flux at Zhangye Oasis during 1 to 11 August 1991 are simulated using the NCAR nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 Version 3. The horizontal grid resolution is set as 1km. By comparing the simulation results with HEIFE observations, it is proved that the model can be used to simulate the surface energy and water mass exchange of arid and semiarid regions in NWC.Based on the above results, the influence of different oasis scales on the local atmospheric field near the ground surface, and the critical scale of oasis maintenance, in NWC are studied dynamically. The following conclusion is obtained: the local thermal circulation between the oasis and the desert/Gobi is formed in the oasis downstream if the oasis scale is larger than 4 km. This local thermal circulation between the oasis and the desert adjacent to the oasis helps to conserve water vapor over the oasis. At the sametime, it transfers the abundant water vapor from the oasis into the desert/Gobi near to the oasis to supply relatively plentiful water vapor for desert crops to grow on the fringe of the oasis. So, it is advantageous for oasis extension. However, if the scale of the oasis is smaller than 4 km, it is not easy for the local thermal circulation between the oasis and the desert/Gobi to take shape. This study provides a new standpoint for oasis maintenance and development. 相似文献
18.
中国西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季的热力输送 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
以敦煌戈壁站2004年6月和2008年8月的常规观测和超声观测为例,分析了西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季热力输送的一般过程及特征。首先评价了湍流通量的观测质量以及仪器观测的地表能量通量闭合问题,结果表明敦煌戈壁站的观测在白天总体较好。夏季地表能量通量的平均日变化显示,潜热通量整天都很小,可以忽略,白天到达地表的短波辐射以及地表向上的长波辐射非常强,地表净辐射主要转化为感热输送（敦煌戈壁站在中午时平均分别达380W·m-2以上和250W·m-2以上）;夜间土壤释放热量以平衡地表的辐射冷却,感热通量略低于0。白天时地表大气经常触发自由对流活动,影响动量通量的观测质量,并有效输送地表热力至上层大气中,有助于形成超厚大气边界层。分析了戈壁下垫面的动量粗糙度特征和热力粗糙度特征（敦煌戈壁站动量粗糙度约为0．6mm）,热力粗糙度基本小于动量粗糙度一个量级,这符合目前对干旱区戈壁下垫面热力输送特征的初步认识。 相似文献