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1.
Height, time, and latitude dependences are analyzed of zonal mean vertical component of wind velocity for the period of 1992–2006
from the UKMO atmospheric general circulation model. It is shown that the ascending wind speed can provide vertical transport,
against gravity, of rather large (up to 3–5μm) aerosol particles with density to 1.0–1.5 g/cm3 in the stratosphere and mesosphere. The wind velocity vertical component is supposedly a significant factor of particle motion
up to 30–40–km levels and can affect sedimentation rate and residence time of the aerosol particles in the stratosphere. Structure
of the mean vertical component of wind velocity allows occurrence of dynamically stable aerosol layers in the middle stratosphere. 相似文献
2.
卫星反演海面风场资料能够弥补海上气象测风资料缺乏的不足,对近海风能资源评估具有重要意义。通过ASCAT(Advanced Scatterometer)风速数据与美国及中国近海岸浮标测风资料的对比分析,结果表明,ASCAT风速的均方根误差为1.27 m·s-1。比较利用近海岸浮标逐小时风速及与其相匹配ASCAT瞬时风速计算的各项风能参数,得出ASCAT与浮标的平均风速和风功率密度的残差分别在±0.5 m·s-1和±50 W·m-2以内,该残差占浮标计算结果的比例分别在±8%和±12%以内。使用ASCAT风速资料拟合的Weibull分布函数与浮标的结果较吻合。因此,ASCAT风速资料也能够为海上风能资源评估提供有用的风能参数信息。最后使用ASCAT瞬时风速数据分析了中国近海10 m及70 m高度处的风能资源的空间分布特征,结果表明,台湾海峡平均风速和风功率密度最大。 相似文献
3.
Robert J. Davy Milton J. Woods Christopher J. Russell Peter A. Coppin 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,135(1):161-175
Measurements show that on numerous occasions the low-level wind is highly variable across a large portion of south-eastern Australia. Under such conditions the risk of a large rapid change in total wind power is increased. While variability tends to increase with mean wind speed, a large component of wind variability is not explained by wind speed alone. In this work, reanalysis fields from the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) are statistically downscaled to model wind variability at a coastal location in Victoria, Australia. In order to reduce the dimensionality of the problem, the NCEP fields are each decomposed using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) techniques. The downscaling technique is applied to two periods in the seasonal cycle, namely (i) winter to early spring, and (ii) summer. In each case, data representing 2 years are used to form a model that is then validated using independent data from another year. The EOFs that best predict wind variability are examined. To allow for non-linearity and complex interaction between variables, all empirical models are built using random forests. Quantitatively, the model compares favourably with a simple regression of wind variability against wind speed, as well as multiple linear regression models. 相似文献
4.
Easterly wave regimes and associated convection over West Africa and tropical Atlantic: results from the NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF reanalyses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
NCEP/NCAR and ECMWF daily reanalyses are used to investigate the synoptic variability of easterly waves over West Africa
and tropical Atlantic at 700 hPa in northern summer between 1979–1995 (1979–1993 for ECMWF). Spectral analysis of the meridional
wind component at 700 hPa highlighted two main periodicity bands, between 3 and 5 days, and 6 and 9 days. The 3–5-day easterly
wave regime has already been widely investigated, but only on shorter datasets. These waves grow both north and south of the
African Easterly Jet (AEJ). The two main tracks, noted over West Africa at 5 °N and 15 °N, converge over the Atlantic on latitude
17.5 °N. These waves are more active in August–September than in June–July. Their average wavelength/phase speed varies from
about 3000 km/8 m s-1 north of the jet to 5000 km/12 m s-1 south of the jet. Rainfall, convection and monsoon flux are significantly modulated by these waves, convection in the Inter-Tropical
Convergence Zone (ITCZ) being enhanced in the trough and ahead of it, with a wide meridional extension. Compared to the 3–5-day
waves, the 6–9-day regime is intermittent and the corresponding wind field pattern has both similar and contrasting characteristics.
The only main track is located north of the AEJ along 17.5 °N both over West Africa and the Atlantic. The mean wavelength
is higher, about 5000 km long, and the average phase speed is about 7 m s-1. Then the wind field perturbation is mostly evident at the AEJ latitude and north of it. The perturbation structure is similar
to that of 3–5-days in the north except that the more developed circulation centers, moving more to the north, lead to a large
modulation of the jet zonal wind component. South of the AEJ, the wind field perturbation is weaker and quite different. The
zonal wind core of the jet appears to be an almost symmetric axis in the 6–9-day wind field pattern, a clockwise circulation
north of the AEJ being associated with a counter-clockwise circulation south of the jet, and vice versa. These 6–9-day easterly
waves also affect significantly rainfall, convection and monsoon flux but in a different way, inducing large zonal convective
bands in the ITCZ, mostly in the trough and behind it. As opposed to the 3–5-day wave regime, these rainfall anomalies are
associated with anomalies of opposite sign over the Guinea coast and the Sahelian regions. Over the continent, these waves
are more active in June–July, and in August–September over the ocean. GATE phase I gave an example of such an active 6–9-day
wave pattern. Considered as a sequence of weak easterly wave activity, this phase was also a sequence of high 6–9-day easterly
wave activity. We suggest that the 6–9-day regime results from an interaction between the 3–5-day easterly wave regime (maintained
by the barotropic/baroclinic instability of the AEJ), and the development of strong anticyclonic circulations, north of the
jet over West Africa, and both north and south of the jet over the Atlantic, significantly affecting the jet zonal wind component.
The permanent subtropical anticyclones (Azores, Libya, St Helena) could help initiation and maintenance of such regime over
West Africa and tropical Atlantic. Based on an a priori period-band criterion, our synoptic classification has enabled us
to point out two statistical and meteorological easterly wave regimes over West Africa and tropical Atlantic. NCEP/NCAR and
ECMWF reanalyses are in good agreement, the main difference being a more developed easterly wave activity in the NCEP/NCAR
reanalyses, especially for the 3–5-day regime over the Atlantic.
Received: 28 May 1998 / Accepted: 2 May 1999 相似文献
5.
Kyung-Hwan Kwak Jong-Jin Baik Sang-Hyun Lee Young-Hee Ryu 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2011,141(1):77-92
Urban surface and radiation processes are incorporated into a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to investigate the
diurnal variation of flow in a street canyon with an aspect ratio of 1. The developed CFD model predicts surface and substrate
temperatures of the roof, walls, and road. One-day simulations are performed with various ambient wind speeds of 2, 3, 4,
5, and 6 ms−1, with the ambient wind perpendicular to the north–south oriented canyon. During the day, the largest maximum surface temperature
for all surfaces is found at the road surface for an ambient wind speed of 3 ms−1 (56.0°C). Two flow regimes are identified by the vortex configuration in the street canyon. Flow regime I is characterized
by a primary vortex. Flow regime II is characterized by two counter-rotating vortices, which appears in the presence of strong
downwind building-wall heating. Air temperature is relatively low near the downwind building wall in flow regime I and inside
the upper vortex in flow regime II. In flow regime II, the upper vortex expands with increasing ambient wind speed, thus enlarging
the extent of cool air within the canyon. The canyon wind speed in flow regime II is proportional to the ambient wind speed,
but that in flow regime I is not. For weak ambient winds, the dependency of surface sensible heat flux on the ambient wind
speed is found to play an essential role in determining the relationship between canyon wind speed and ambient wind speed. 相似文献
6.
Impact of Sea-Spray on the Atmospheric Surface Layer 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The feedback effects of sea-spray on the heat and momentum fluxes under equilibrium conditions associated with winds of tropical
cyclones are investigated using a one-dimensional coupled sea-spray and atmospheric surface-layer (ASL) model. This model
is capable of simulating the microphysical aspects of the evaporation of saline water droplets of various sizes and their
dynamic and thermal interaction with the turbulence mixing that is simulated by the Mellor–Yamada 1.5-order closure scheme.
Sea-spray droplet generation is described by a state-of-the-art parametrization that predicts the size spectrum of sea-spray
droplets for a given surface forcing. The results from a series of simulations indicate the way in which evaporating droplets
of various sizes modify the turbulence mixing near the surface, which in turn affects further droplet evaporation. All these
results are direct consequences of the effects of sea-spray on the balance of turbulent kinetic energy in the spray-filled
surface layer. In particular, the overall impact of sea-spray droplets on the mean wind depends on the wind speed at the level
of sea-spray generation. When the wind speed is below 40 m s−1, the droplets are small in size and tend to evaporate substantially and thus cool the spray-filled layer, while for wind
speeds above 50 m s−1, the size of the droplets is so large that they do not have enough time to evaporate much before falling back into the sea.
The sensible heat carried by the droplets is released to the ambient air, increasing the buoyancy of the surface layer and
enhancing the turbulent mixing. The suspension of sea-spray droplets reduces the buoyancy and makes the surface layer more
stable, decreasing the friction velocity and the downward turbulent mixing of momentum. The results from the numerical experiments
also suggest that, in order not to violate the constant flux assumption critical to the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory, a
displacement equal to the mean wave height should be included in the logarithmic profiles of the wind and thermal fields. 相似文献
7.
A multi-model ensemble approach for assessment of climate change impact on surface winds in France 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Statistical downscaling of 14 coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCM) is presented to assess potential
changes of the 10 m wind speeds in France. First, a statistical downscaling method is introduced to estimate daily mean 10 m
wind speed at specific sites using general circulation model output. Daily 850 hPa wind field has been selected as the large
scale circulation predictor. The method is based on a classification of the daily wind fields into a few synoptic weather
types and multiple linear regressions. Years are divided into an extended winter season from October to March and an extended
summer season from April to September, and the procedure is conducted separately for each season. ERA40 reanalysis and observed
station data have been used to build and validate the downscaling algorithm over France for the period 1974–2002. The method
is then applied to 14 AOGCMs of the coupled model intercomparison project phase 3 (CMIP3) multi-model dataset. Three time
periods are focused on: a historical period (1971–2000) from the climate of the twentieth century experiment and two climate
projection periods (2046–2065 and 2081–2100) from the IPCC SRES A1B experiment. Evolution of the 10 m wind speed in France
and associated uncertainties are discussed. Significant changes are depicted, in particular a decrease of the wind speed in
the Mediterranean area. Sources of those changes are investigated by quantifying the effects of changes in the weather type
occurrences, and modifications of the distribution of the days within the weather types. 相似文献
8.
The severe bora case that lasted from 13 to 15 November 2004 has been selected for the analysis of the bora of Pag’s ribs,
which occurs in the northern part of the eastern Adriatic coast over the Pag island area (Croatia). According to the measurements
from automatic stations, the MM5 numerical model is successful in the 10-min mean wind speed prediction at 10-m height. The
vertical analysis of the wind speed and potential temperature also gave satisfactory results. At the commencement of the bora
the modelled wind had a magnitude of 20ms−1 at 10-m height in the Pag island area, which sharply attenuated in the cross direction and to the open sea. In this way the
model has proved successful in predicting the characteristics of the bora of Pag’s ribs. Potential vorticity (PV) at 600m
has lower values within PV banners than during the developed bora. The consequence is a strong jet emanating from the nearest
gap. The vertical cross-sections through the centre of the gap point out a permanent hydraulic-like flow. At the time of the
bora of Pag’s ribs the highest modelled turbulent kinetic energy is found in the jump-like region above the inversion and
within the boundary layer along the lower boundary, ranging from 6–8m2 s−2. It is concluded that the dissipation in the hydraulic jumps and the wave breaking regions are the reasons for PV generation. 相似文献
9.
Three-hour and daily mean measurements of the module of an average speed and wind gusts were analyzed over 2001–2006 in the
Chernobyl NPP region using wavelet analysis and the method of the Herst normalized range. Diurnal and seasonal fluctuations
are revealed, the periodicity of 8, 16, and 60 days is not well-pronounced. The derived Herst high-value coefficients (∼0.7–0.8)
against the background of well-pronounced seasonal and other fluctuations of an average wind speed are indicative of the fact
that its temporal variability is far from being random. The analysis is performed to predict the concentration of radioactive
aerosols released from the Ukrytie object (the damaged unit 4 of the ChNPP), whose changes correlate with the wind speed. 相似文献
10.
The meteorology at the Cabauw tower site in the Netherlands has been modelled for 2005 using a local scale prognostic meteorological
and air pollution model called TAPM. A number of performance measures have been used to assess model accuracy, including comparison
statistics such as root-mean-square error (RMSE) and index of agreement (IOA). Results show that the model performs very well
for prediction of wind and temperature at the six tower levels that range from 10 to 200 m above the ground, as well as performing
well for radiation and surface fluxes. The model simulation shows almost no bias in mean and standard deviations of wind and
temperature at each tower height level, with small RMSE (e.g. RMSE of 1.2 m s−1 for 10-m wind speed, and 1.6°C for 10-m temperature) and high correlation and IOA (e.g. IOA of 0.92 for 10-m wind speed and
0.98 for 10-m temperature). Results for radiation and surface fluxes also show good performance, although some biases were
seen for these variables, and possibilities for future model development were identified. An examination of model sensitivity
also explored several aspects of the model configuration and input. 相似文献
11.
There are very strong thermal gradients between the Antarctic continent and the sea-ice zone, and between that zone and the
ocean to the north. As a result of these contrasts the sea-ice domain is one of strong cyclogenesis and high cyclone frequency.
In this study we explore many aspects of that cyclonic behaviour and investigate the manner in which these systems influence,
and are influenced by, the sea ice. Using the NCEP-DOE re-analyses (1979–2002) we have determined variables that are proportional
to the mean of the wind stress and the mean rate at which mechanical energy is imparted to the surface. Using two decompositions
of the wind field we have obtained estimates of how much of these fluxes are contributed to by the transient eddies. We find
these to be significant over the sea ice and the ocean to the north, particularly when a new decomposition is used. The presence
of frequent and vigorous cyclones is a central factor that determines the positive mean freshwater flux over the sea-ice zone
in all seasons. This transfer to the ocean is smallest in summer (0.49 mm day−1) and assumes a maximum of 1.27 mm day−1 in winter. 相似文献
12.
A Simple Method of Estimating Scalar Fluxes Over Forests 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nelson Luis Dias Jinkyu Hong Monique Y. Leclerc T. Andrew Black Z. Nesic P. Krishnan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,132(3):401-414
A simple aerodynamic-variance method is proposed to fill gaps in continuous CO2 flux measurements in rainy conditions, when open-path analysers do not function. The method requires turbulent conditions
(friction velocity greater than 0.1 ms–1), and uses measurements of mean wind speed, and standard deviations of temperature and CO2 concentration fluctuations to complement, and at times replace, eddy-covariance measurements of friction velocity, sensible
heat flux and CO2 flux. Friction velocity is estimated from the mean wind speed with a flux-gradient relationship modified for the roughness
sublayer. Since normalised standard deviations do not follow Monin-Obukhov similarity theory in the roughness sublayer, a
simple classification scheme according to the scalar turbulence scale was used. This scheme is shown to produce sensible heat
and CO2 flux estimates that are well correlated with the measured values. 相似文献
13.
An analysis was performed of the turbulent data obtained from Yucheng experimental station in the Shandong Province in 1984. [t is shown that at variant wind speed, the spectra of streamwise velocity remain similar and the intensity of wind fluctuations is proportional to wind speed in the downwind area of shelter belt. Therefore, we may decide the similarity of wind fluctuations by a speed scale and a length scale which is not correlated with stability, σu /V0 = F(X / H). The -5/3 power range of temperature spectra extends to lower frequency. The variation of ratio σ0 /T. with stability becomes σ0 / T . = C(X / H)( - Z / L)-1/3 . There is not such an extension of -5 / 3 power range in the humidity spectra. 相似文献
14.
Prashant Kumar Paul S. Fennell Allan N. Hayhurst Rex E. Britter 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2009,131(1):3-18
Dispersion of particles, as evidenced by changes in their number distributions (PNDs) and concentrations (PNCs), in urban
street canyons, is still not well understood. This study compares measurements by a fast-response particle spectrometer (DMS500)
of the PNDs and the PNCs (5–1000 nm, sampled at 1 Hz) at street and rooftop levels in a Cambridge UK street canyon, and examines
mixing, physical and chemical conversion processes, and the competing influences of traffic volume and rooftop wind speed
on the PNDs and the PNCs in various size ranges. PNCs at street level were ≈6.5 times higher than at rooftop. Street-level
PNCs followed the traffic volume and decreased with increasing wind speed, showing a larger influence of wind speed on 30–300 nm
particles than on 5–30 nm particles. Conversely, rooftop PNCs in the 5–30 nm size range increased with wind speed, whereas
those for particles between 30 and 300 nm did not vary with wind speed. 相似文献
15.
Summary In this paper, we present a variational analysis of wind and pressure data which takes into account statistical characteristics
of the data and a linear model describing the dynamical relations between the analysed variables. The variational approach
is used to adjust the given data to the dynamical model and it will be shown that this adjustment process can be controlled
in an uncomplicated, comprehensible, and reproducible way by very few parameters only. The dependence of the analysis results
on these parameters is investigated in theory and this theoretical conclusions are tested by an application. It is studied
how effectively this method can be used to correct erroneous data. We apply the analysis to the COADS (Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere
Data Set) wind and pressure data of the Januaries 1951–1993 over the North Atlantic and introduce the Ekman balance as a weak
dynamical constraint. This specific data set is chosen because several previous investigations suggested that there is a spurious
trend in the COADS wind speed of ∼ 1 ms−1 since the mid-century.
The results show that the control parameters can be effectively used to shift the wind field continuously between the identity
with the input data and the exact consistency with the dynamical model. But it has to be admitted that the Ekman balance is
inadequate in the tropics and that it overestimates the magnitude of the horizontal vector wind although this dynamical model
is more suitable than the frequently used geostrophic balance.
Received January 20, 2000 Revised April 10, 2000 相似文献
16.
An analysis tool for the study of wind speed profiles over the water has been developed. The profiles are analysed using a
modified dimensionless wind speed and dimensionless height, assuming that the sea surface roughness can be predicted by Charnock’s
roughness length model. In this form, the roughness dependency on wind speed is extracted and the variations on the wind profile
are due solely to atmospheric stability. The use of the Charnock’s non-dimensional wind profile is illustrated using data
collected from a meteorological mast installed in the Danish North Sea. The best fit with the observed mean non-dimensional
wind profile under neutral atmospheric conditions is found using a value of 1.2 × 10−2 for Charnock’s parameter. The stability correction on the neutral wind profile suggested by the Businger-Dyer relations was
found to perform well over the sea. 相似文献
17.
High-resolution mesoscale analysis data from the South China heavy rainfall experiment (SCHeREX): Data generation and quality evaluation 下载免费PDF全文
Yunqi Ni Chunguang Cui Hongli Li Juxiang Peng Xuexing Qiu Yanxia Zhang Xiaolin Xu Mei Gao Lianshu Jie Wenhua Zhang 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2011,25(4):478-493
In this study, the observational data acquired in the South China Heavy Rainfall Experiment (SCHeREX) from May to July 2008
and 2009 were integrated and assimilated with the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Local Analysis
and Prediction System (LAPS; information available online at ). A high-resolution mesoscale analysis dataset was then generated at a spatial resolution of 5 km and a temporal resolution
of 3 h in four observational areas: South China, Central China, Jianghuai area, and Yangtze River Delta area. The quality
of this dataset was evaluated as follows. First, the dataset was qualitatively compared with radar reflectivity and TBB image
for specific heavy rainfall events so as to examine its capability in reproduction of mesoscale systems. The results show
that the SCHeREX analysis dataset has a strong capability in capturing severe mesoscale convective systems. Second, the mean
deviation and root mean square error of the SCHeREX mesoscale analysis fields were analyzed and compared with radiosonde data.
The results reveal that the errors of geopotential height, temperature, relative humidity, and wind of the SCHeREX analysis
were within the acceptable range of observation errors. In particular, the average error was 45 m for geopotential height
between 700 and 925 hPa, 1.0–1.1°C for temperature, less than 20% for relative humidity, 1.5–2.0 m s−1 for wind speed, and 20°–25° for wind direction. The above results clearly indicate that the SCHeREX mesoscale analysis dataset
is of high quality and sufficient reliability, and it is applicable to refined mesoscale weather studies. 相似文献
18.
Michael V. Kurgansky Aldo Montecinos Victor Villagran Stephen M. Metzger 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2011,138(2):285-298
We report on field observations in January 2009 (austral summer) of atmospheric dust devils in the northern part of the Atacama
Desert in South America (≈20◦S). An extremely high level of dust-devil activity over the study site has been observed, dependent on local meteorological
conditions. We found a high correlation between the dust-devil frequency of occurrence and the Obukhov length scale, L, calculated from meteorological gradient measurements, with a clear tendency for this frequency to increase with decreasing
−L. The upper threshold values of −L ≈ 20–30 m, and the 2-m mean wind speed, V
2 ≈ 8m s−1, for dust-devil occurrence have been found, but the minimal V
2 threshold was not observed. Parallel routine meteorological measurements enabled us to calculate the main constituents of
the surface energy balance, to obtain direct estimates of the surface albedo (α ≈ 0.21 at the solar noon) and to summarize the local conditions. 相似文献
19.
Modelling Near-Surface Low Winds over Land under Stable Conditions: Sensitivity Tests,Flux-Gradient Relationships,and Stability Parameters 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Low or weak wind-speed conditions, roughly defined as the periods when the mean wind speed at 10 m above the ground is 2 ms−1 or less, are of considerable practical interest. However, they are not readily amenable to treatment within prognostic meteorological
models and, consequently, difficult to predict, especially when the ambient stability is strong. In this paper, we apply an
E − ε prognostic meteorological model to simulate near-surface meteorology and, focusing on low wind speeds, compare the predictions
with measurements from two independent datasets. A sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the possible reasons for
the relatively inferior model performance for low winds when the atmosphere is stably stratified. A comprehensive data analysis
is carried out to study low wind stable conditions, concentrating on the validity of various forms of flux–gradient relationships
for momentum and heat within the framework of the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory, which models employ for calculating surface
fluxes. The observed behaviour of various stability parameters, such as the Richardson number, is investigated. The results
point to inadequacies of the current flux–gradient relationships, especially regarding momentum, under strongly stable conditions
as being a dominant reason for the poor low wind predictions. The modelling issues identified are not just restricted to the
present model, but are general in nature. The use of an alternative stability function for momentum under strongly stable
conditions is explored. It results in improved model performance for low winds; however, further research is needed to better
understand strongly stable flows in the lower atmosphere and to develop methods that can translate that understanding to operational
meteorological modelling. 相似文献
20.
We analyzed the frequency distribution characteristics of wind speeds occurring at different offshore sites within a range of 0–200 km based on the sea surface wind data captured via buoys and oil platforms located along the east coast of Guangdong Province. The results of the analysis showed that average wind speed measured for each station reached a maximum in winter while minima occurred in summer, corresponding to obvious seasonal variation, and average wind speed increased with offshore distance. The prevailing wind direction at the nearshore site is the easterly wind, and the frequency of winds within 6–10 m s–1 is considerable with that of winds at > 10 m s–1. With the increase of the offshore distance, the winds were less affected by the land, and the prevailing wind direction gradually became northerly winds, predominately those at > 10 m s–1. For areas of shorter offshore distance (< 100 km), surface wind speeds fundamentally conformed to a two-parameter Weibull distribution, but there was a significant difference between wind speed probability distributions and the Weibull distribution in areas more than 100 km offshore. The mean wind speeds and wind speed standard deviations increased with the offshore distance, indicating that with the increase of the wind speed, the pulsation of the winds increased obviously, resulting in an increase in the ratio of the mean wind speed to the standard deviation of wind speed. When the ratio was large, the skewness became negative. When a relatively great degree of dispersion was noted between the observed skewness and the skewness corresponding to the theoretical Weibull curve, the wind speed probability distribution could not be adequately described by a Weibull distribution. This study provides a basis for the verification of the adaptability of Weibull distribution in different sea areas. 相似文献