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1.
陆面过程和大气边界层相互作用敏感性实验 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：18
文中建立了一个研究陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用的模式。模拟了草原下垫面的土壤 环境物理、地面热量通量、蒸发、蒸散及大气边界层结构特征。并对主要的环境物理参数进 行了敏感性实验。结果表明，本模式能合理地模拟地表热量平衡、土壤体积含水量、植被蒸 发阻抗、地表水汽通量日变化和湍流交换系数、湍流动能、位温和比湿廓线等。该模式还可 进一步应用于研究城市陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用机制，及与中尺度大气模式耦合用于区域气候的研究。 相似文献
2.
基于CLDAS大气驱动数据驱动CLM3.5陆面模式和3种不同参数化方案下的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟得到的地表温度,利用中国气象局2009-2013年2000多个国家级地面观测站地表温度进行质量评估。结果表明:从时间分布看,模拟地表温度与观测的偏差及均方根误差均呈季节性波动;从空间分布看,模拟地表温度与观测的偏差及均方根误差在中国东部地区相对于中国西部地区更小。选择Noah-MP陆面模式3种不同参数化方案模拟结果进行对比,结果表明:Noah-MP模式的非动态植被方案不变时,考虑植被覆盖度的二流近似辐射传输方案的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度优于考虑太阳高度角和植被三维结构的二流近似辐射传输方案Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度;选择动态植被方案的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度优于选择非动态植被方案的Noah-MP陆面模式;总体而言,考虑动态植被方案的Noah-MP陆面模式模拟的地表温度优于其他两种参数化方案的Noah-MP陆面模式以及CLM3.5陆面模式模拟的地表温度。 相似文献
3.
本文将四个常见陆面模式CLM3.5（Community Land Model Version 3.5）、Noah_LSM（The Noah Land Surface Model）、VIC（Variable Infiltration Capacity）以及SSiB（The Simplified Simple Biosphere Model）中土壤湿度影响蒸散的参数化方案进行简化,并利用实验观测资料对不同参数化方案进行评估,探究不同陆面模式对土壤湿度与蒸散关系的模拟差异,从而为提高模式的模拟能力提供依据。结果表明,（1）CLM与SSiB中计算土壤湿度影响裸土蒸发的参数化方案较Noah_LSM和VIC更接近真实的物理过程,同时CLM与SSiB模式中土壤湿度对蒸发的影响程度较Noah_LSM和VIC大;而对于下垫面有植被条件下的蒸散而言,CLM中包含了植被光合作用、呼吸作用等生物物理学过程,与实际情况更为接近,并且CLM与SSiB中土壤湿度对植被蒸散的影响程度大于VIC,Noah_LSM最低;（2）根据干旱区、半干旱区、半湿润区以及湿润区各站点的分析可知,CLM、SSiB与Noah_LSM中土壤湿度影响蒸散的参数化方案的拟合效果较VIC好,同时在部分站点CLM与SSiB的参数化方案稍优于Noah_LSM。区域之间比较说明,四个模式对干旱半干旱区的模拟效果明显较半湿润区和湿润区好。 相似文献
4.
以2010年8月发生在太湖地区的一次雷暴过程为例,利用WRF模式进行48 h的短期天气模拟,分析两个陆面参数化方案(Noah方案和RUC方案)对雷暴过程模拟的影响。对比模式结果与实况降水以及太湖地区两个站点的近地面要素表明:雷暴过程对陆面参数化方案的选取较为敏感,不同陆面参数化方案可影响雷暴发生的时间、地点及强度,两种方案的降水中心值差达40 mm以上,其中Noah方案所模拟的降水与实况更为接近。通过对两个方案模拟的物理量场的对比分析发现,RUC方案中对流发展滞后于Noah方案2 h;这表明陆面过程对雷暴等中尺度对流过程有显著的反馈作用,不同陆面参数化方案的使用影响雷暴发生的动力和热力作用,并改变雷暴的时空分布特征。陆面过程通过改变地面热通量输送影响边界层结构,使得水平和垂直方向上的风和温度等发生变化并产生辐合辐散,进而影响对流的启动时间和对流发展强度。由于对不同植被的参数化处理的差异,Noah方案对下垫面特征的描述能力优于RUC方案,尤其是对城市下垫面的处理,这也使得之后该方案模拟的雷暴发生时间更加接近于实况且雷暴过程更加强烈。 相似文献
5.
森林下垫面陆面物理过程及局地气候效应的数值模拟试验 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
文中基于大气边界层和植被冠层微气象学基本原理 ,建立了一个森林植被效应的陆面物理过程和二维大气边界层数值模式。并应用该模式进行了植被和土壤含水量等生物和生理过程在陆面过程和局地气候效应方面的数值模拟试验。所得数值模拟试验结果与实际情况相吻合。结果表明 ,应用该模式可获得植被温度、植被冠层内空气温度、地表温度日变化特征 ;森林下垫面大气边界层风速、位温、比湿、湍流交换系数的时空分布和日变化特征。该模式还可应用于不同下垫面 ,模拟陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用机制及其局地气候效应的研究 ,这将为气候模式与生物圈的耦合研究奠定一个良好的基础。 相似文献
6.
霍文 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2016,10(5):87-96
陆面过程是影响大气环流和气候变化的基本物理、生化过程之一。沙漠陆面过程及相应的小气候效应已经成为当前沙漠气象研究的热门问题。近年来,在沙漠陆面过程野外观测、陆面过程特征及参数化、陆面过程模拟、小气候及陆面过程对小气候影响等方面已取得重大进展。本文对于沙漠小气候、沙漠陆面过程及沙漠陆面过程参数化进行了简要概述,重点总结了国内外在沙漠地区气候考察、沙漠边界层高度、沙漠热力环流、绿洲效应、塔克拉玛干沙漠气候特征、沙漠陆面过程野外观测试验及结果、沙漠陆面过程对气候的影响、沙漠陆面过程参数化方案方面的成果,回顾了近年来利用地面观测设备和数值模式等对气候效应和陆面过程直接观测和数值模拟所获得的观测事实和模拟试验,并讨论了其陆面过程参数化对模拟的影响,在总结前人研究成果的基础上对未来的研究方向进行了讨论。 相似文献
7.
黑河实验的一些研究成果 总被引：21，自引：13，他引：21
本文回顾了黑河实验的执行情况，总结了到目前为止的主要研究成果?得到了干旱地区陆面过程地表参数，地表能量平衡特征和湍流通量参数化的结果，同时得到了干旱地工我陆面过程的物理机制同湿润地区有质的差异这一认识；同湿润地区不同，干旱地区地表蒸散和植被过程并不是地表能量平衡中的控制因子，因为感热并不输送到自由大气仅是大气边界层的强迫因子；而潜热输送给自由大气并且潜热的释放是大气环流的主要能源，但干旱地区很少或 相似文献
8.
WRF模式对福建沿海风电场风速预测的效果分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
在WRF模式中选取不同的边界层、近地面层以及陆面过程参数化方案,设计了4种不同物理过程参数化方案,组合模拟福建沿海某测风塔站2010年1月1—11日和7月1—11日的逐时风速,将数值模拟结果和同期测风塔观测数据进行对比,以寻求最佳参数化方案。经分析比较,采用MYJ边界层方案,Monin-Obukhov近地面层方案以及Noah陆面过程方案的方案2模拟效果最好。使用该方案对2010年1月和7月的风速进行模拟,按不同风速级别分别对数值模拟结果进行对比分析,结果表明:方案2对6~15m/s风速模拟的平均相对误差在20%左右,能够满足风电预测的精度需求;而对0~6m/s风速模拟的误差相对较大,这可能是由于模式地形分辨率不够精细以及风塔所处海陆交界处的特殊位置,使低风速容易受地面扰动以及海陆气流影响所致。 相似文献
9.
使用WRF中尺度数值模式, 分别选用两种不同的边界层参数化方案 (MYJ, YSU) 和3种陆面参数化方案 (SLAB, Noah, RUC), 对2004年7月1日08:00—7月4日20:00 (北京时) 北京地区夏季边界层结构进行1 km的高分辨模拟。对比分析了近地面层风场、温度场以及边界层的日变化特征, 结果发现:WRF模式基本模拟出了北京夏季边界层的日变化特征; 在边界层方案中, MYJ方案描述的边界层结构较YSU方案合理; Noah陆面模式较好地反映了城市的热岛效应; 无降水时, 风速及边界层高度对于陆面过程不敏感, 而降水发生后, 陆面过程对于边界层结构的影响增大; 各方案模拟的城区风速明显偏大, 这是因为没有充分考虑城市建筑物的阻力作用。 相似文献
10.
利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,采用WRFV2.2模式对2008年6月12-13日的一次广西特大暴雨天气过程进行了包括积云对流参数化方案、边界层参数化方案、陆面过程参数化方案的集合预报试验.结果表明:模拟降水对WRF模式不同的物理过程表现出不同的敏感性,对积云对流参数化方案最敏感,降水离散度最大;对陆面过程参数化方... 相似文献
11.
AN IMPROVED LAND-SURFACE PROCESS MODEL AND ITS SIMULATION EXPERIMENT——PART Ⅰ:LAND-SURFACE PROCESS MODEL AND ITS“OFF-LINE”TESTS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSES 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Based on the existing land-surface schemes and models,an improved Land-surface Process Model(LPM-ZD)has been developed.It has the following major characteristics:(1)The combination of physical equations and empirical analytical formulae are used to construct the governing equations of soil temperature and moisture.Higher resolution of model level and physical equations are adopted for the upper soil layers,and for the lower soil layers,lower resolution of model level is adopted and empirical analytical formulae are used.(2)In land surface hydrological process,the sub-grid distribution of rainfall and its effects are taken into account.(3)A simple snow cover submodel has been used,which includes effects of snow cover on soil thermodynamics and hydrology,as well as albedo.By use of this model and three groups of point observation data,a series of "off-line" tests have been carried out.The simulation results indicate that land-surface process model has good performance and can well simulate diurnal and seasonal variation of land surface processes for many kinds of land surface covers(forest,grass,crops and desert) in different climate zone.The results simulated by the model are consistent with the observations.Later,by use of one group of observation data and the model,a series of sensitivity experiments have been done.It is shown that the model is much sensitive to some parameters,such as initial soil moisture,vegetation physical parameters as well as the proportion of the grid covered with rain.Therefore it is much important for land-surface process model to define these parameters as accurately as possible. 相似文献
12.
活动层水热状况与地-气系统间能水交换直接影响着寒区生态环境、水文过程以及多年冻土的稳定性。利用唐古拉站2007年实测资料和SHAW模型,对研究点活动层土壤剖面温湿度进行了模拟。土壤温度方面,模型的纳什效率系数NSE≥0.93;水分方面,纳什效率系数的平均值为0.69,说明SHAW模型可用于多年冻土区活动层内水热动态变化的模拟研究。基于模型的输出结果,对唐古拉站活动层土壤冻融过程中的水分动态、地表能量收支的变化特征进行了分析讨论。结果表明:(1)活动层冻融过程中,土壤水分的冻结和融化响应时间随土壤深度的增加而逐渐滞后,水分迁移通量随土壤深度的增加逐渐减小;(2)地表能量平衡收支在季风活动引起的降水与活动层的冻融循环共同影响下,表现出明显的季节性变化特征。同时,通过改变SHAW模型植被输入参数中的叶面积指数,分析了植被覆盖变化对多年冻土区土壤蒸散发的影响。结果表明:植被蒸腾量、土壤蒸发量与总的蒸散发量与植被的叶面积指数呈正相关关系,而浅层土壤含水率(20 cm)则表现为负相关,当叶面积指数在-100%(裸土)~100%变化时,总蒸散发量的变化幅度为-5%~13%。 相似文献
13.
D. Melas T. Persson H. De Bruin S.-E. Gryning E. Batchvarova C. Zerefos 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2001,70(1-4):105-116
Summary A mesoscale numerical model, incorporating a land-surface scheme based on Deardorffs’ approach, is used to study the diurnal
variation of the boundary layer structure and surface fluxes during four consecutive days with air temperatures well below
zero, snow covered ground and changing synoptic forcing. Model results are evaluated against in-situ measurements performed
during the WINTEX field campaign held in Sodankyl?, Northern Finland in March 1997. The results show that the land-surface
parameterization employed in the mesoscale model is not able to reproduce the magnitude of the daytime sensible heat fluxes
and especially the pronounced maximum observed in the afternoon. Additional model simulations indicate that this drawback
is to a large extent removed by the implementation of a shading factor in the original Deardorff scheme. The shading factor,
as discussed in Gryning et al. (2001), accounts for the fact that in areas with sparse vegetation and low solar angles, both
typical for the northern boreal forests in wintertime, absorption of direct solar radiation is due to an apparent vegetation
cover which is much greater than the actual one (defined as the portion of the ground covered by vegetation projected vertically).
Moreover, the observed asymmetry in the diurnal variation of the sensible heat flux indicates that there might be a significant
heat storage in the vegetation. The implementation of an objective heat storage scheme in the mesoscale model explains part
of the observed diurnal variation of the sensible heat flux.
Received November 12, 1999 Revised October 4, 2000 相似文献
14.
一个陆面过程参数化模式与
MM5的耦合 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
在法国陆面过程模式的基础上,为了表示冠层叶片遮挡对水分蒸发阻抗的影响,在植被覆盖部分引入了遮盖因子,然后将这个修正的陆面过程参数化模式耦合到MM5模式中。耦合后的模式模拟出了因为降水造成土壤湿度变化和植被覆盖动态作用对地面通量的影响,而原MM5模式模拟结果则没有反映上述动态变化对地面通量的作用。原MM5模式和耦合模式模拟了1993年8月17日到20日以内蒙古半干旱草原为中心的中尺度区域的气象场,模拟结果和IMGRASS预观测资料进行了对比,对比说明新的陆面过程模式提高了MM5模式对地面通量和边界层各物理量（风、温、湿）的模拟精度。 相似文献
15.
In this study the influence of land-surface parameters on latent heat fluxes simulated with the numerical weather prediction model Lokalmodell (LM) of the German Meteorological Service is investigated. The area of interest is the LITFASS area during the LITFASS-2003 campaign. Based on simulations with varying soil and vegetation properties, we confirm that simulated latent heat fluxes strongly depend on soil moisture and leaf area index. Both parameters are difficult to obtain from in situ measurements with sufficient spatial resolution over heterogeneous land surfaces. Therefore, a procedure is proposed to determine area average values of soil moisture from time domain reflectometer measurements performed at a limited number of sites. The area averages cover the 7 × 7 km2 grid cells of the LM around Lindenberg (south-east of Berlin). Furthermore, satellite inferred plant parameters from NOAA–AVHRR are used to initialise model runs; the derived vegetation parameters show notable differences with those in the standard input of LM. The latent heat fluxes from the LM are compared with the aggregated eddy-covariance-measurements, and while the operational LM shows a strong overestimation of latent heat fluxes, it is demonstrated that the application of land-surface parameters derived from measurements can significantly reduce the deviation between the simulated and measured latent heat fluxes. 相似文献
16.
10层陆面过程模式及其Offline独立试验 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用西伯利亚地区的一个试验点资料和1998年中国淮河流域试验（HUBEX）的加密观测资料，对一个新发展的陆面过程模式进行了模拟检验。西伯利亚地区的单点试验表明，不同时间间隔的边界强迫对地表吸收的净短波辐射和释放的潜热影响较大。淮河流域的模拟结果表明，模式能够较好地模拟出我国夏季半湿润地区陆面特征量的变化趋势。由于模式模拟的地温偏低、净短波辐射偏小。所以模拟的感热和潜热值偏小。对该模式在淮河流域的植被、土壤等参数的合理选取可能会提高模式的模拟效果。 相似文献
17.
Accurately representing complex land-surface processes balancing complexity and realism remains one challenge that the weather
modelling community is facing nowadays. In this study, a photosynthesis-based Gas-exchange Evapotranspiration Model (GEM)
is integrated into the Noah land-surface model replacing the traditional Jarvis scheme for estimating the canopy resistance
and transpiration. Using 18-month simulations from the High Resolution Land Data Assimilation System (HRLDAS), the impact
of the photosynthesis-based approach on the simulated canopy resistance, surface heat fluxes, soil moisture, and soil temperature
over different vegetation types is evaluated using data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) site, Oklahoma Mesonet,
2002 International H2O Project (IHOP_2002), and three Ameriflux sites. Incorporation of GEM into Noah improves the surface energy fluxes as well
as the associated diurnal cycle of soil moisture and soil temperature during both wet and dry periods. An analysis of midday,
average canopy resistance shows similar day-to-day trends in the model fields as seen in observed patterns. Bias and standard
deviation analyses for soil temperature and surface fluxes show that GEM responds somewhat better than the Jarvis scheme,
mainly because the Jarvis approach relies on a parametrised minimum canopy resistance and meteorological variables such as
air temperature and incident radiation. The analyses suggest that adding a photosynthesis-based transpiration scheme such
as GEM improves the ability of the land-data assimilation system to simulate evaporation and transpiration under a range of
soil and vegetation conditions. 相似文献
18.
K. Finkele J.J. Katzfey E.A. Kowalczyk J.L. McGregor L. Zhang M.R. Raupach 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,107(1):49-79
Two land surface schemes, SCAM and CSIRO9, were used to model the measured energy fluxes during the OASIS (Observations At Several Interacting Scales) field program. The measurements were taken at six sites along a 100 km rainfall gradient. Two types of simulations were conducted: (1) offline simulations forced with measured atmospheric input data at each of the six sites, and (2) regional simulations with the two land surface schemes coupled to the regional climate model DARLAM.The two land surface schemes employ two different canopy modelling concepts: in SCAM the vegetation is conceptually above the ground surface, while CSIRO9 employs the more commonly used `horizontally tiled' approach in which the vegetation cover is modelled by conceptually placing it beside bare ground. Both schemes utilize the same below-ground components (soil hydrological and thermal models) to reduce the comparison to canopy processes only. However, the ground heat flux, soil evaporation and evapotranspiration are parameterised by the two canopy treatments somewhat differently.Both canopy concepts reproduce the measured energy fluxes. SCAM has a slightly higher root-mean standard error in the model-measurement comparison for the ground heat flux. The mean surface radiative temperature simulated by SCAM is approximately 1K lower than in the CSIRO9 simulations. However, the soil and vegetation temperatures (which contribute to the radiative temperature) varied more in the CSIRO9 simulations. These larger variations are due to the absence of a representation of the aerodynamic interactions between vegetation and ground. 相似文献
19.
SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER* 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 LIU Shuhu WEN Pinghui ZHANG Yunyan HONG Zhongxiang HU Fei LIU Huizhi 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2002,16(4):451-469
In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphere boundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics,surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures of atmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged in primary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation for diurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetation evaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulent momentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in city regions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscale model. 相似文献
20.
The effect of vegetation feedback on decadal-scale Sahel rainfall variability is analyzed using an ensemble of climate model simulations in which the atmospheric general circulation model ICTPAGCM (“SPEEDY”) is coupled to the dynamic vegetation model VEGAS to represent feedbacks from surface albedo change and evapotranspiration, forced externally by observed sea surface temperature (SST) changes. In the control experiment, where the full vegetation feedback is included, the ensemble is consistent with the observed decadal rainfall variability, with a forced component 60 % of the observed variability. In a sensitivity experiment where climatological vegetation cover and albedo are prescribed from the control experiment, the ensemble of simulations is not consistent with the observations because of strongly reduced amplitude of decadal rainfall variability, and the forced component drops to 35 % of the observed variability. The decadal rainfall variability is driven by SST forcing, but significantly enhanced by land-surface feedbacks. Both, local evaporation and moisture flux convergence changes are important for the total rainfall response. Also the internal decadal variability across the ensemble members (not SST-forced) is much stronger in the control experiment compared with the one where vegetation cover and albedo are prescribed. It is further shown that this positive vegetation feedback is physically related to the albedo feedback, supporting the Charney hypothesis. 相似文献