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1.
Bangjun Cao Shuwen Zhang Deqin Li Yanlin Li Linfan Zhou Jiemin Wang 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2018,32(3):421-432
Although large-scale topography and land use have been properly considered in weather and climate models, the effect of mesoscale and microscale heterogeneous land use on convective boundary layer (CBL) has not been fully understood yet. In this study, the influence of semi-idealized strip-like patches of oases and deserts, which resemble irrigated land use in Northwest China, on the CBL characteristics, is investigated based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-large eddy simulation (LES) driven by observed land surface data. The influences of soil water content in oases on aloft CBL flow structure, stability, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and vertical fluxes are carefully examined through a group of sensitivity experiments. The results show that secondary circulation (SC)/turbulent organized structures (TOS) is the strongest/weakest when soil water content in oases is close to saturation (e.g., when the oases are irrigated). With the decrease of soil water content in oases (i.e., after irrigation), SC (TOS) becomes weak (strong) in the lower and middle CBL, the flux induced by SC and TOS becomes small (large), which has a dramatic impact on point measurement of eddy covariance (EC) fluxes. The flux induced by SC and TOS has little influence on EC sensible heat flux, but great influence on EC latent heat flux. Under this circumstance, the area averaged heat flux cannot be represented by point measurement of flux by the EC method, especially just after irrigation in oases. Comparison of imbalance ratio (i.e., contribution of SC and TOS to the total flux) reveals that increased soil moisture in oases leads to a larger imbalance ratio as well as enhanced surface heterogeneity. Moreover, we found that the soil layer configuration at different depths has a negligible impact on the CBL flux properties. 相似文献
2.
Gerald Steinfeld Marcus Oliver Letzel Siegfried Raasch Manabu Kanda Atsushi Inagaki 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(1):77-98
A large-eddy simulation (LES) study is presented that investigates the spatial variability of temporal eddy covariance fluxes
and the systematic underestimation of representative fluxes linked to them. It extends a prior numerical study by performing
high resolution simulations that allow for virtual measurements down to 20 m in a convective boundary layer, so that conditions
for small tower measurement sites can be analysed. It accounts for different convective regimes as the wind speed and the
near-surface heat flux are varied. Moreover, it is the first LES imbalance study that extends to the stable boundary layer.
It reveals shortcomings of single site measurements and the necessity of using horizontally-distributed observation networks.
The imbalances in the convective case are attributed to a locally non-vanishing mean vertical advection due to turbulent organised
structures (TOS). The strength of the TOS and thus the imbalance magnitude depends on height, the horizontal mean wind and
the convection type. Contrary to the results of a prior study, TOS cannot generally be responsible for large energy imbalances:
at low observation heights (corresponding to small towers and near-surface energy balance stations) the TOS related imbalances
are generally about one order of magnitude smaller than those in field experiments. However, TOS may cause large imbalances
at large towers not only in the case of cellular convection and low wind speeds, as found in the previous study, but also
in the case of roll convection at large wind speeds.
In the stably stratified boundary layer for all observation heights neither TOS nor significant imbalances are observed.
Attempting to reduce imbalances in convective situations by applying the conventional linear detrending method increases the
systematic flux underestimation. Thus, a new filter method is proposed. 相似文献
3.
为研究黄河源区边界层湍流特征及其对物质和能量输送的影响,本文首次采用大涡模拟的方法,对比分析了黄河源区两种不同下垫面上（鄂陵湖和湖边草地）对流边界层（CBL）中精细的湍流结构特征。使用资料为2012年夏季黄河源区鄂陵湖流域野外观测实验的GPS探空资料、涡动相关观测资料。分析表明,模拟的黄河源区草地和湖上CBL的平均结构与实测结果吻合较好,但草地和湖上CBL的湍流结构特征差异较明显。模拟结果显示,草地CBL内湍能收支、湍流特征量的时空分布和湍涡结构特征均与陆地上热力驱动CBL的研究结果一致;湖上CBL顶部存在明显的对流卷特征,且夹卷层的湍流强度比草地的强,而草地近地面湍强则更大。通过改变水平分辨率的模拟试验,发现两个不同下垫面上模拟结果对模式分辨率的敏感性不同,湖面CBL的模拟要选择较高的水平分辨率（50～100 m）,以提高近湖面和夹卷层对湍流动能和湍流通量模拟的精度,也充分模拟出各种尺度的波对湍流通量的累积贡献。考虑到计算时间等影响,模拟草地边界层精细的湍流结构时建议选择网格距为100～200 m。 相似文献
4.
为了研究湍涡对中尺度绿洲灌溉的响应,利用WRF模式大涡模拟模块（WRF-LES）在西北半干旱区绿洲区开展灌溉前和灌溉后两个大涡模拟试验（分别简称为BI和AI）,其中灌溉可能会改变绿洲非均匀强度。利用面积平均的办法计算湍流热通量并利用小波分析将湍流热通量模态分解到不同的尺度。结果表明灌溉增加了土壤湿度,引起绿洲内部非均匀强度增加,灌溉对垂直热通量以及通量频散都有较大影响。AI中的湍涡为网状,与BI中一致。AI与BI中的感热通量的频散高度都随着感热通量的减小而减小。AI与BI中感热通量小波能量谱尺度一致,但是BI中强度比AI小。潜热通量的频散高度依赖于感热通量,且潜热通量能量谱随高度减小。空间滞后相关系数的结果表明由于灌溉前地表加热较强,感热通量对地表热通量的响应高度在灌溉之前（BI）比灌溉后（AI）更高。灌溉后的通量模态的飘移距离小于灌溉前的。 相似文献
5.
Jens Bange Thomas Spieß Marcus Herold Frank Beyrich Barbara Hennemuth 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,121(1):127-151
Turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat were measured with the helicopter-borne turbulence probe Helipod over a heterogeneous landscape around the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg during the STINHO-2 and LITFASS-2003 field experiments. Besides the determination of area-averaged heat fluxes, the analysis focused on different aspects of the response of the turbulent structure of the convective boundary layer (CBL) on the surface heterogeneity. A special flight pattern was designed to study flux profiles both over quasi-homogeneous sub-areas of the study region (representing the major land use types—forest, farmland, water) and over a typical mixture of the different surfaces. Significant differences were found between the heat fluxes over the individual surfaces along flight legs at about 80 m above ground level, in agreement with large-aperture scintillometer measurements. This flux separation was still present during some flights at levels near the middle of the CBL. Different scales for the blending height and horizontal heterogeneity were calculated, but none of them could be identified as a reliable indicator of the mixing state of the lower CBL. With the exception of the flights over water, the latent heat flux measurements generally showed a larger statistical error when compared with the sensible heat flux. Correlation coefficients a nd integral length scales were used to characterise the interplay between the vertical transport of sensible and latent heat, which was found to vary between ‘fairly correlated’ and ‘decoupled’, also depending on the soil moisture conditions. 相似文献
6.
Manabu Kanda Atsushi Inagaki Marcus Oliver Letzel Siegfried Raasch Tsutomu Watanabe 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,110(3):381-404
The spatial representativeness of heat fluxes on the basis of single-tower measurements, and the mechanism of the so-called energy imbalance problem, are investigated through numerical experiments using large-eddy simulation (LES). LES experiments are done for the daytime atmospheric boundary layer heated over a flat surface, as a best-case scenario completely free of sensor errors and the uncertainties of field conditions. Imbalance is defined as the deviation of the `turbulent' heat flux at a grid point from the horizontally averaged `total' heat flux. Both the theoretical and numerical results of the present study suggest the limitation of single-tower measurements and the necessity of horizontally-distributed observation networks.The temporally averaged `turbulent' flux based on a point measurement systematically underestimates the `total' flux (negative imbalance). This is attributed to local advection effects caused by the existence of turbulent organized structures (TOS), whose time scale is much longer than that of thermal plumes. The temporal and spatial change of TOS patterns causes low-frequency trends in the velocity and temperature data resulting in large scatter of the flux estimates. The influences of geostrophic wind speed, averaging time, observation height, computational domain size and resolution on tower-measured fluxes are also discussed. Finally, it is suggested that a weak inhomogenity in surface heating may reduce the negative bias of flux estimates. 相似文献
7.
涡旋相关法测定湍流通量偏低的研究 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：12
针对野外实验所发现的不同观测法测定地表能通量不平衡问题,进行了均匀加热大气边界层的大涡模拟实验.用模拟的湍流风、温度和湿度涨落的时间序列证实,对流边界层低频涡普遍存在,并经常以一簇一簇热泡的形式出现.风速较小时,有限时长的取样不足以捕捉低频涡的贡献,可造成涡旋相关法测量的统计量异常偏低.仿照涡旋相关法的步骤进行数据处理发现,经去除平均或趋势计算的温度和湿度通量偏低程度在边界层下部随观测高度的增高而显著,其中尤以湿度通量为甚.其结果在一定程度上可以解释低风速条件下地表能通量测量的不闭合问题,但是尚不能完全解释诸如青藏高原实验出现的严重不闭合.文中对此作了探讨性的讨论. 相似文献
8.
The maximum height of the convective boundary layer (CBL) over the Taklimakan Desert can exceed 5000 m during summer and plays a crucial role in the regional circulation and weather. We combined the Weather Research and Forecasting Large Eddy Simulation (WRF-LES) with data from Global Positioning System (GPS) radiosondes and from eddy covariance stations to evaluate the performance of the WRF-LES in simulating the characteristics of the deep CBL over the central Taklimakan Desert. The model reproduced the evolution of the CBL processes reasonably well, but the simulations generated warmer and moister conditions than the observation as a result of the over-prediction of surface fluxes and large-scale advection. Further simulations were performed with multiple configurations and sensitivity tests. The sensitivity tests for the lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) showed that the model results are sensitive to changes in the time resolution and domain size of the specified LBCs. A larger domain size varies the distance of the area of interest from the LBCs and reduces the influence of large forecast errors near the LBCs. Comparing the model results using the original parameterization of sensible heat flux with the Noah land surface scheme and those of the sensitivity experiments showed that the desert CBL is sensitive to the sensible heat flux produced by the land surface scheme during daytime in summer. A reduction in the sensible heat flux can correct overestimates of the potential temperature profile. However, increasing the sensible heat flux significantly reduces the total time needed to increase the CBL to a relatively low altitude (< 3 km) in the middle and initial stages of the development of the CBL rather than producing a higher CBL in the later stages. 相似文献
9.
The maximum height of the convective boundary layer(CBL)over the Taklimakan Desert can exceed 5000 m during summer and plays a crucial role in the regional circulation and weather.We combined the Weather Research and Forecasting Large Eddy Simulation(WRF-LES)with data from Global Positioning System(GPS)radiosondes and from eddy covariance stations to evaluate the performance of the WRF-LES in simulating the characteristics of the deep CBL over the central Taklimakan Desert.The model reproduced the evolution of the CBL processes reasonably well,but the simulations generated warmer and moister conditions than the observation as a result of the over-prediction of surface fluxes and large-scale advection.Further simulations were performed with multiple configurations and sensitivity tests.The sensitivity tests for the lateral boundary conditions(LBCs)showed that the model results are sensitive to changes in the time resolution and domain size of the specified LBCs.A larger domain size varies the distance of the area of interest from the LBCs and reduces the influence of large forecast errors near the LBCs.Comparing the model results using the original parameterization of sensible heat flux with the Noah land surface scheme and those of the sensitivity experiments showed that the desert CBL is sensitive to the sensible heat flux produced by the land surface scheme during daytime in summer.A reduction in the sensible heat flux can correct overestimates of the potential temperature profile.However,increasing the sensible heat flux significantly reduces the total time needed to increase the CBL to a relatively low altitude(3 km)in the middle and initial stages of the development of the CBL rather than producing a higher CBL in the later stages. 相似文献
10.
Over the last decade, simple models of theconvective boundary layer (CBL) have beensuggested as an approach to inferring regionallyaveraged land-air exchanges of heat, water and tracegases, because the properties of the CBL respond toan average of the underlying small-scaleheterogeneity. This paper explores the use of anintegral CBL method to infer regionally averagedfluxes in a landscape that has at least three majorsources of heterogeneity – irrigated andnon-irrigated rural land use and a large urban area(Sacramento region, California).The first part of the paper assesses the validity ofthe simple slab model of the CBL – this isintegrated forwards in time using local-scalemeasured heat and water vapour fluxes, to predictmixed-layer depth, temperature and humidity. Of thefour different CBL growth schemes used, the Tennekesand Driedonks model is found to give the bestperformance. Evaluation of the model performancewith different weightings of heat and water vapourfluxes based on the land use characteristics in theregion suggest that the source area for theboundary-layer sonde measurements is larger thanphysically-based estimates would suggest.Finally, measured time series of potentialtemperature are used to infer regionally averagedsensible heat fluxes using an integral CBL (ICBL)method. These ICBL fluxes are compared with thosemeasured at the local scale over the three land usetypes that comprise the region of interest. They arefound to be closest to the heat fluxes calculated byappropriately weighting the measured heat fluxes inthe source area calculated for the ICBL. We concludethat the integral CBL budget method providesadequate estimates of regionally-averaged surfaceheat fluxes in a landscape that is characterised bysurface types with distinctly different surfaceenergy budgets. 相似文献
11.
Spectral Structure of Small-Scale Turbulent and Mesoscale Fluxes in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer over a Thermally Inhomogeneous Land Surface 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Spectral analysis was performed on aircraft observations of a convective boundary layer (CBL) that developed over a thermally
inhomogeneous, well-marked mesoscale land surface. The observations, part of the GAME-Siberia experiment, were recorded between
April and June 2000 over the Lena River near Yakutsk City. A special integral parameter termed the ‘reduced depth of the CBL’
was used to scale the height of the mixed layer with variable depth. Analysis of wavelet cospectra and spectra facilitated
the separation of fluxes and other variables into small-scale turbulent fluctuations (with scales less than the reduced depth
of the CBL, approximately 2 km) and mesoscale fluctuations (up to 20 km). This separation approach allows for independent
exploration of the scales. Analyses showed that vertical distributions obeyed different laws for small-scale fluxes and mesoscale
fluxes (of sensible heat, water vapour, momentum and carbon dioxide) and for other variables (wind speed and air temperature
fluctuations, coherence and degree of anisotropy). Vertical profiles of small-scale turbulent fluxes showed a strong decay
that differed from generally accepted similarity models for the CBL. Vertical profiles of mesoscale fluxes and other variables
clearly showed sharp inflections at the same relative (with respect to the reduced depth of the CBL) height of approximately
0.55 in the CBL. Conventional similarity models for sensible heat fluxes describe both small-scale turbulent and mesoscale
flows. The present results suggest that mesoscale motions that reach up to the relative level of 0.55 could be initiated by
thermal surface heterogeneity. Entrainment between the upper part of the CBL and the free atmosphere may cause mesoscale motions
in that region of the CBL. 相似文献
12.
Summary The Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance (BREB) and the aerodynamic method were used to estimate turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent
heat flux over an irrigated agricultural area (IAA) and over two dry agricultural areas (DAA1 and DAA2). These turbulent fluxes
were analysed and particular attention paid to two specific areas. First, a quantitative analysis of sensible and latent heat
fluxes obtained by the BREB method was carried out, taking into account different soil type, vegetation and surface conditions.
The results showed that in IAA latent heat flux was higher than sensible heat flux, except in summer months, while in DAA1
and DAA2, sensible heat flux was higher except in the months when the vegetation was at the stage of maximum development.
Second, sensible and latent heat fluxes estimates from the BREB method were compared with those obtained from the aerodynamic
method. In this comparison factors such as soil type, soil vegetation cover, homogeneity or inhomogeneity of terrain and mesoscale
effects such as orography and wind patterns were taken into account. The results show that in conditions of light wind, the
two methods only concur if the condition of horizontal homogeniety is fulfilled. The influence of inhomogeneity seems to decrease
and agreement between methods improves, if the wind is stronger and the effects of meso and synoptic scales are predominant.
Received May 18, 1999/Revised March 15, 2000 相似文献
13.
半干旱区不同下垫面近地层湍流通量特征分析 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
本文分析了2003～2005年半干旱区退化草地和农田下垫面近地层湍流通量日、季、年的变化特征, 探讨了不同年份的气候背景和下垫面土地覆被对地气交换过程的影响。结果表明: 半干旱区退化草地和农田近地层湍流通量具有明显的日变化、季变化周期; 地气间通量交换年际间的差异主要受当年的气候背景影响, 尤其是降水的影响; 同时还受到下垫面覆被的影响。潜热通量和感热通量的能量分配比率呈反位相变化, 且农田和退化草地的变化趋势相似, 在夏季潜热通量所占比例均超过感热通量; 两种下垫面的波恩比月均值变化趋势十分相似, 量级接近, 夏季低, 春、秋季高; 夏季退化草地和农田下垫面波恩比均小于或等于1。 相似文献
14.
半干旱草原下垫面能量平衡特征及土壤热通量对能量闭合率的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
土壤热通量在半干旱草原下垫面能量平衡研究中极为重要,土壤热通量估计不够准确是导致地表能量不平衡的一个重要原因。利用2008年6—9月锡林郭勒草原主生长期地表辐射、通量和土壤温度梯度观测资料,研究中纬度半干旱草原下垫面地表能量平衡特征。首先,在分析能量平衡各分量月平均日变化特征的基础上,通过对土壤热流量板观测的5 cm深度土壤热通量(G)的相位前移,研究了土壤热通量相位滞后对地表能量平衡产生的影响;其次,利用谐波分析方法,通过计算地表土壤热通量(Gs),分析了地表到热流量板之间的土壤热量储存对地表能量平衡的影响。结果表明:(1)将土壤热通量相位前移30 min,湍流通量与可利用能量(Rn-G)线性回归的斜率从0.835增加到0.842,地表能量闭合率提高了0.7%,但仍有15.8%的能量不闭合;(2)考虑了地表到热流量板之间的土壤热量储存之后,湍流通量与可利用能量之间的回归斜率达到0.979,能量不闭合程度仅为2.1%。 相似文献
15.
An understanding of how the convective boundary layer (CBL) is mixed under heterogeneous surface forcing is crucial for the interpretation of area-averaged turbulence measurements. To determine the height and degree to which a complex heterogeneous surface affects the CBL, large-eddy simulations (LES) for two days of the LITFASS-2003 experiment representing two different wind regimes were undertaken. Spatially-lagged correlation analysis revealed the turbulent heat fluxes to be dependent on the prescribed surface flux pattern throughout the entire CBL including the entrainment layer. These findings prompted the question of whether signals induced by surface heterogeneity can be measured by airborne systems. To examine this question, an ensemble of virtual flights was conducted using LES, according to Helipod flight measurements made during LITFASS-2003. The resulting ensemble-averaged heat fluxes indicated a clear dependence on the underlying surface up to the top of the CBL. However, a large scatter between the flux measurements in different ensemble runs was observed, which was the result of insufficient sampling of the largest turbulent eddies. The random and systematic errors based on the integral length scale did not indicate such a large scatter. For the given flight leg lengths, at least 10–15 statistically independent flight measurements were necessary to give a significant estimate of heterogeneity-induced signals in the CBL. The need for ensemble averaging suggests that the observed blending of heterogeneity-induced signals in the CBL can be partly attributed to insufficient averaging. 相似文献
16.
In June 1991 the EFEDA-field experiment (ECHIVAL Field Experiment in a Desertification-Threatened Area) was carried out in the Spanish province Castilla-La Mancha, to improve the understanding of the interactions between the soil, the vegetation and the atmosphere.Here results of energy balance studies at the Barrax site are given, one of the three intensively studied experimental sites within Castilla-La Mancha. This area is characterized by a large fraction of irrigated fields (40%) while the remaining 60% was fallow land at the end of June 1991. The energy balances over these two characteristic land-use classes totally differ. While for the irrigated fields the evapotranspiration is dominant, for the non-irrigated fields the sensible and the soil heat fluxes dominate and the latent heat flux is nearly negligible.In order to achieve areally averaged turbulent fluxes, surface, SODAR and aircraft data have been used. Comparing the surface fluxes from all three facilities, it can be found that:The sensible heat flux estimation from SODAR (w-method) gives reliable results when a calibration of w is done with another independent system (e.g. aircraft).Aircraft measurements in conjunction with energy budget methods yield surface fluxes of sensible heat, which are about 20% lower than the areally averaged values calculated by the surface measurements. The areally averaged latent heat fluxes from aircraft and surface measurements agree better than the sensible heat fluxes. 相似文献
17.
Soojin Kim Young-Hee Lee Kyu Rang Kim Young-San Park 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2014,50(1):553-565
Surface energy balance closure has been examined using eddy covariance measurements and other observations at one industrial and three agricultural sites near the Nakdong River during daytime. Energy balance closure was evaluated by calculating the long-term averaged energy balance ratio (EBR), the ratio of turbulent energy fluxes to available energy, and the statistical regression of turbulent energy fluxes against available energy using half-hourly data. The EBR of all sites ranges from 0.46 to 0.83 while the coefficient of determination (R 2) ranges from 0.37 to 0.77. The energy balance closure was relatively poor compared to homogeneous sites, indicating the influence of surface heterogeneity. Unmeasured heat storage terms also seem to play a role in the surface energy budget at the industrial and irrigated sites. The energy balance closure was better in conditions of high wind speed, low downward short wave radiation, and high friction velocity, which suggests the role of heat storage term and surface heterogeneity in surface energy balance at these sites. Spectrum analysis shows a sharp roll-off at the low frequency in co-spectrum, which indicates that low-frequency motions do not significantly contribute to turbulent fluxes. Both the spectra and cospectra in unstable conditions show a broad peak indicating the influence of multiple sizes of large eddies over heterogeneous sites. Most of ogive curves for the kinematic latent and sensible heat fluxes reach an asymptote within 30 minutes regardless of the EBR value, indicating that low frequency motion is not a main factor for energy imbalance. However, stationary eddies due to landscape heterogeneity still remains as a possible cause for energy imbalance. 相似文献
18.
Summary An aircraft-based experimental investigation of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) structure and of the energy exchange
processes over heterogeneous land surfaces is presented. The measurements are used for the validation of the mesoscale atmospheric
model “Lokal-Modell” (LM) of the German Weather Service with 2.8 km resolution. In addition, high-resolution simulations using
the non-hydrostatic model FOOT3DK with 250 m resolution are performed in order to resolve detailed surface heterogeneities.
Two special observation periods in May 1999 show comparable convective boundary layer (CBL) conditions. For one case study
vertical profiles and area averages of meteorological quantities and energy fluxes are investigated in detail. The measured
net radiation is highly dependent on surface albedo, and the latent heat flux exhibits a strong temporal variability in the
investigation area. A reduction of this variability is possible by aggregation of multiple flight patterns. To calculate surface
fluxes from aircraft measurements at low altitude, turbulent energy fluxes were extrapolated to the ground by the budget method,
which turned out to be well applicable for the sensible heat flux, but not for the latent flux. The development of the ABL
is well captured by the LM simulation. The comparison of spatiotemporal averages shows an underestimation of the observed
net radiation, which is mainly caused by thin low-level clouds in the LM compared to observed scattered CBL clouds. The sensible
heat flux is reproduced very well, while the latent flux is highly overestimated especially above forests. The realistic representation
of surface heterogeneities in the investigation area in the FOOT3DK simulations leads to improvements for the energy fluxes,
but an overestimation of the latent heat flux still persists. A study of upscaling effects yields more structures than the
LM fields when averaged to the same scale, which are partly caused by the non-linear effects of parameter aggregation on the
LM scale. 相似文献
19.
Observations of fluxes over heterogeneous surfaces 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study analyzes data collected from repeated aircraft runs 30 m over alternating regions of irrigated and dry nonirrigated surfaces, each region on the order of 10 km across, during the California Ozone Deposition Experiment (CODE). After studying the scale dependence of the flow, the variables and their fluxes are decomposed into means for sublegs defined in terms of irrigated and nonirrigated regions and deviations from such subleg means. Since the repeated runs were flown over the same track, compositing the eight flight legs for each of the two days allows partial isolation of the influences of surface heterogeneity and transient mesoscale motions.A variance analysis is carried out to quantify the relative importance of surface heterogeneity and transient mesoscale motions on the variability of the turbulence fluxes. The momentum and ozone fluxes are more influenced by transient mesoscale motions while fluxes of heat, moisture and carbon dioxide are more influenced by surface heterogeneity. The momentum field is also influenced by a quasi-stationary mesoscale front and larger scale velocity gradients.For the present case, the mesoscale modulation of the turbulent flux is numerically more important than the direct mesoscale flux. This spatial modulation of the turbulent fluxes leads to extra Reynolds terms which act to reduce the area-averaged turbulent momentum flux and enhance the area-averaged turbulent heat flux. 相似文献
20.
青藏高原东部草甸下垫面涡旋相关观测数据的质量控制及评价研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
目前利用涡旋相关仪观测地表通量的方法已被广泛采用, 但由于涡旋相关法是建立在方程假设简化的基础上, 这对观测数据的质量提出了一定的要求, 所以对观测数据的处理及通量结果的质量状况分析就显得尤为重要。本文以理塘站2006年7月中到8月中的数据为例, 对其进行质量控制, 并将质量控制后的通量计算结果与原始值进行比较。质量控制后感热通量和潜热通量总和有所增长, 动量通量值则受质量控制影响较大。质量评价的结果为:动量通量、感热通量、潜热通量中高质量数据所占比例为68.2%、60.6%、63.3%。 相似文献