共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
1998年5~6月的“海峡两岸及邻近地区暴雨试验”(HUAMEX) 期间, 同时进行了小规模的地基GPS长时间连续估测大气水汽总量的外场试验。试验中应用探空和地面降水资料与GPS反演结果进行了比较分析。地基GPS反演的大气水汽总量与探空得到的大气水汽总量, 两者随时间演变的趋势一致, 两者估算的水汽总量平均偏低6.5 mm, 两者偏差的均方差为4.3 mm。GPS反演的大气水汽总量随时间明显的呈周期性变化, 平均周期为7.2天。从GPS反演的大气水汽总量随时间演变图上可以清楚地看出水汽的积累与释放过程, 并与地面降水存在一定的对应关系, 地面降水大多发生在GPS反演的水汽总量处于相对高值且变化率较大的时候。 相似文献
2.
利用2016年1月1日至2020年10月1日GPS无线电掩星观测、探空观测、美国微波综合反演系统(MiRS)卫星微波资料反演产品、美国国家环境预报中心全球预报系统(Global Forecast System,GFS)分析资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析资料这5种资料,采用“三角帽”方法,估计GPS掩星资料的观测误差,分析了资料集之间偏差和误差相关性对观测误差估计值的影响。结果表明,用MiRS资料替代ERA5再分析资料后所得到的掩星观测误差大于用掩星、探空观测、GFS分析和ERA5再分析资料的掩星观测误差。掩星观测误差随纬度增加而减小。本文对即将到来的掩星资料的合理应用具有重要意义。 相似文献
3.
Specifying physically consistent and accurate initial conditions is one of the major challenges of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. In this study, ground-based global positioning system (GPS) integrated water vapor (IWV) measurements available from the International Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Service (IGS) station in Bangalore, India, are used to assess the impact of GPS data on NWP model forecasts over southern India. Two experiments are performed with and without assimilation of GPS-retrieved IWV observations during the Indian winter monsoon period (November–December, 2012) using a four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation method. Assimilation of GPS data improved the model IWV analysis as well as the subsequent forecasts. There is a positive impact of ～10 % over Bangalore and nearby regions. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model-predicted 24-h surface temperature forecasts have also improved when compared with observations. Small but significant improvements were found in the rainfall forecasts compared to control experiments. 相似文献
4.
《大气与海洋》2013,51(4):455-471
Abstract Integrated atmospheric moisture has been derived from a network of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers established in southern Alberta. GPS receivers and post‐processing techniques provide the ability to estimate integrated precipitable water vapour (PWV) at temporal and spatial scales not usually available using conventional observational techniques and without costly expendables. GPS‐derived PWV was evaluated during the Alberta GPS Atmospheric Moisture Evaluation (A‐GAME) using nearby radiosonde observations from the Airdrie, Olds‐Didsbury and Sundre airports during field campaigns in the summers of 2003 and 2004. For the 2004 A‐GAME period, the regional (15 km) Global Environmental Multiscale model (GEM)‐modelled PWV was compared to the GPS derived PWV using a distance weighting approach. GEM model performance was assessed with regards to prognosis time (from 0 to 9 hours), grid cell elevation, location and the presence of storms in the study region. The results show that there is good agreement between radiosonde‐derived PWV and PWV derived from nearby GPS sites with correlations (r2) ranging from 0.76 to 0.84; the GPS‐derived PWV showed a small dry bias averaging 0.6 mm. When compared to GPS‐derived PWV, GEM model performance was found to be favourable out to the hour‐3 prognosis with an overall correlation (r2) of 0.63. Performance decreased with increasing prognosis time and as a result of the presence of storm activity in the study region but did not decrease with increasing grid cell elevation. 相似文献
5.
通过对2012年5—9月湖北省59个GPS/MET站可降水量资料、全省自动站雨量资料以及实况高空资料的分析发现：①同址观测的GPS PWV与探空-PWV相关性高,误差小,有降水时相关性下降。②有降水时山地比平原地区的GPS PWV普遍偏低10 mm左右。③69%暴雨出现前GPS PWV会上升,不上升的则已达到较高值。GPS PWV单站6 h和12 h变量为正,对暴雨开始的指示性较好。④不同类型暴雨的GPS PWV特征不同：西风系统型和副热带高压影响型局地暴雨中心均对应GPS PWV高值区,其GPS PWV阈值在湖北西部分别为大于等于40 mm和大于等于55 mm,在湖北中东部分别为大于等于52 mm和大于等于60 mm;台风影响型局地暴雨大多位于GPS PWV高值区附近的密集带,GPS PWV阈值为大于等于45 mm;区域性暴雨需在有利降水的天气形势下考虑PWV,暴雨中心对应GPS PWV高值区,且GPS PWV高值中心较暴雨中心提前1 h出现。⑤暴雨中心位于GPS PWV水平分布密集带的情况有3种：个别影响系统移动较快的暴雨、台风影响型局地暴雨、个别山区暴雨。⑥利用GPS PWV高值区叠加地面辐合区判断未来1 h暴雨区,对湖北中东部暴雨的指示性较好,但对湖北西部山区暴雨的指示性较弱。 相似文献
6.
C. Champollion F. Masson M.-N. Bouin A. Walpersdorf E. Doerflinger O. Bock J. Van Baelen 《Atmospheric Research》2005,74(1-4):253-274
Water vapour plays a major role in atmospheric processes but remains difficult to quantify due to its high variability in time and space and the sparse set of available measurements. The GPS has proved its capacity to measure the integrated water vapour at zenith with the same accuracy as other methods. Recent studies show that it is possible to quantify the integrated water vapour in the line of sight of the GPS satellite. These observations can be used to study the 3D heterogeneity of the troposphere using tomographic techniques. We develop three-dimensional tomographic software to model the three-dimensional distribution of the tropospheric water vapour from GPS data. First, the tomographic software is validated by simulations based on the realistic ESCOMPTE GPS network configuration. Without a priori information, the absolute value of water vapour is less resolved as opposed to relative horizontal variations. During the ESCOMPTE field experiment, a dense network of 17 dual frequency GPS receivers was operated for 2 weeks within a 20×20-km area around Marseille (southern France). The network extends from sea level to the top of the Etoile chain (700 m high). Optimal results have been obtained with time windows of 30-min intervals and input data evaluation every 15 min. The optimal grid for the ESCOMTE geometrical configuration has a horizontal step size of 0.05°×0.05° and 500 m vertical step size. Second, we have compared the results of real data inversions with independent observations. Three inversions have been compared to three successive radiosonde launches and shown to be consistent. A good resolution compared to the a priori information is obtained up to heights of 3000 m. A humidity spike at 4000-m altitude remains unresolved. The reason is probably that the signal is spread homogeneously over the whole network and that such a feature is not resolvable by tomographic techniques. The results of our pure GPS inversion show a correlation with meteorological phenomena. Our measurements could be related to the land–sea breeze. Undoubtedly, tomography has some interesting potential for the water vapour cycle studies at small temporal and spatial scales. 相似文献
7.
In the present reported study, the vertical distributions of local atmospheric refractivity were retrieved from ground- based GPS observations at low elevation angles. An improved optimization method was implemented at altitudes of 0-10 km to search for a best-fit refractivity profile that resulted in atmospheric delays most similar to the delays calculated from the observations. A ray-tracing model was used to simulate neutral atmospheric delays corresponding to a given refractivity profile. We initially performed a ＂theoretical retrieval＂, in which no observation data were involved, to verify the optimization method. A statistical relative error of this ＂theoretical retrieval＂ （-2% to 2%） indicated that such a retrieval is effective. In a practical retrieval, observations were obtained using a dual-frequency GPS receiver, and its initial value was provided by CIRA86aQ_UoG data. The statistical relative errors of the practical retrieval range from -3% to 5% were compared with co-located radiosonde measurements, Results clearly revealed diurnal variations in local refractivity prc,files, The results also suggest that the general vertical distribution of refractivity can be derived with a high temporal resolution. However, further study is needed to describe the vertical refractivity gradient clearly. 相似文献
8.
利用2007年6月和2008年6—7月国内GPS探空仪同步比对试验数据及2010年中国阳江国际探空系统比对试验数据,基于现有的探空仪随机误差的间接计算方法,深入分析不同的探空原始数据平滑处理程度对随机误差评估的影响。分析表明:现有的探空仪随机误差评估方法不能完全适用于秒级探空数据,特别是对风、平流层温度和对流层相对湿度这3个要素的随机误差的评估。在同步比对施放中,如果对探空原始数据的平滑处理程度一致,可以利用现有的随机误差评估方法,不会产生明显偏差;反之,如果平滑处理程度差异较大,则间接计算得出的随机误差会明显偏大。在比对施放方案中,为了更好地获取某种型号探空仪的随机误差,建议将多个同型号探空仪同球施放进行比对观测,避免作为参考仪器的其他型号探空仪自身的误差参与计算,影响待测探空仪随机误差的评估。同型号探空仪同球施放的探空仪越多,获取的有效统计数据越多,随机误差的分析越准确。 相似文献
9.
针对武汉地区GPS气象网资料进行GPS对流层延迟直接推算可降水量的研究。推导了对流层延迟直接推算可降水量的模型,并对模型结果进行检验。从武汉东湖站GPS对流层延迟与无线电探空可降水量的比较中可知,两者具有很好的相关性,相关系数达到0.931;由该站对流层延迟转换的可降水量与无线电探空可降水量的比较可得,均方根为4.45 mm,相关系数为0.905,对流层延迟转换的可降水量与GPS可降水量的均方根为2.23 mm,相关系数为0.988。说明在没有气象数据的地区,对流层延迟直接推算的可降水量可以作为气象短期预报的参考依据。 相似文献
10.
Summary Structures in atmospheric Integrated Water Vapor (IWV) have been studied for the three successive cyclones, Kerstin, Liane
and Monika, which controlled the meteorological conditions in the Baltic Sea catchment region in the period from 28 August
to 5 September 1995 (part of the PIDCAP observational campaign defined within BALTEX). Several model predictions of these
cyclones have been performed with a regional atmospheric general circulation model (RACMO). The impact of two different versions
of the model physics package (standard ECHAM4 and a revised version with modifications in the cloud and turbulence scheme)
has been investigated. Model predicted IWV has been evaluated with GPS station data from several stations in Sweden and Finland.
For the most strongly developed cyclone Monika, the revised scheme generates more pronounced IWV structures, with well defined
bands of high and low values of IWV curving into the center of the cyclone. In particular, the shape of the minima are in
better agreement with the GPS station data, and the consistency between two subsequent model forecasts is also larger with
the revised physics package. For the weaker systems, Kerstin and Liane, results from both model versions are very similar.
Received August 11, 2000 Revised February 13, 2001 相似文献
11.
COSMIC计划及掩星数据误差分析 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
掩星观测资料的误差特性是GPS气象学研究的热点之一,COSMIC（the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere and Climate）计划在技术上做了很多改进,包括采用“开环”跟踪技术,以改进对低对流层掩星信号的跟踪能力,从而减小掩星数据的反演误差。本文采用2006年7月29日至12月31号的COSMIC掩星数据与全球探空资料进行对比,统计了掩星数据在不同地区、不同高度层的分布以及其折射率的误差特性,结果表明：（1）与探空资料匹配后的掩星事件主要集中在中纬度地区陆地上;在垂直方向5km以上,掩星探测趋于稳定。（2）“开环”技术的应用修正了以前掩星计划中出现在低对流层的折射率负偏差,但是却引进了折射率正偏差。在低纬地区,这种正偏差最大,在地表到1km范围内达到0．6％;随着纬度增加,正偏差减小,在中纬度地区10km以下最大值为0．3％;到高纬度地区,正偏差减小到0．2％以内。 相似文献
12.
S. Khodayar N. Kalthoff J. Wickert Ch. Kottmeier M. Dorninger 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2013,119(3-4):109-124
Two important measurement campaigns took place in Europe in the last years, the Convective Storm Initiation Project (CSIP) and the Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS) to gain a better understanding of why deep convection develops. In both campaigns, a dense network of instruments was deployed for detailed observation of the boundary layer characteristics. This paper investigates the usefulness of the combination of high-resolution surface, GPS, and radiosonde measurements to ascertain the likelihood of deep convection in particular for the complex terrain of the COPS domain. Two convection episodes were analysed for this purpose, one from the CSIP campaign and one from the COPS experiment. This study shows that despite the high spatial resolution of the radiosonde network in comparison to current observations, it was necessary to ascertain higher-resolution data sets illustrating the spatial variability of humidity, atmospheric stability, and convective inhibition. GPS and radiosonde data were used to determine high-resolution humidity fields, yielding high-resolution convection-related parameters’ fields representing atmospheric instability and inhibition in the area. The surface data provided a high-resolution representation of the near-surface convergence zones, which acted as triggering mechanism. The use of GPS measurements and surface stations, in addition to radiosonde measurements, turned out to be especially helpful to determine the regions of increased likelihood of deep convection. 相似文献
13.
北斗地基增强系统是我国北斗卫星导航系统重要的地面基础设施,它可以获取高精度、高时间分辨率的水汽产品,满足数值预报、空间天气监测和预警业务的需求。本文利用2017年北斗地基增强系统中北斗单模、GPS单模和GPS+BD双模的数据资料,对同址的北斗气象站、GPS气象站和探空站反演大气可降水量进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)现行北斗地基增强系统所提供的数据,可以有效地用来反演大气柱总水汽含量,所得结果合理,平均偏差都小于1 mm,在变化上与GPS系统和探空系统基本一致,对数值预报有一定的指示作用;(2)与GPS系统相比,GPS单模/PWV和GPS+BD双模/PWV的均方差小于2 mm,相关系数均在0. 97以上,表明两者在反演PWV的精度上与GPS系统相当,而北斗单模/PWV的均方差为3～6 mm,相对方差达到了15%～20%,其精度与GPS系统还有一定的差距;(3)与探空相比,北斗单模在个别时次变化趋势上存在不一致的情况,其均方差为2. 14～6. 12 mm,相对方差为15. 32%～20. 84%,其误差可能是由于探测系统误差等因素造成的,而GPS+BD双模和GPS单模会更加稳定。 相似文献
14.
15.
对2010年8月在云南腾冲利用芬兰Vaisala RS80和低温霜点仪 (Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer,CFH) 两种探空仪测量大气湿度的垂直分布进行对比分析,同时比较它们白天和夜间测量误差的差别,并对国产GTS1,RS80和CFH共3种探空仪测量水汽总量与地基GPS遥测结果进行比较。结果表明:RS80湿度测值在整个对流层比CFH测值偏干 (23.7±18.5)%;因太阳辐射白天RS80偏干较夜间更明显,比夜间偏干 (13.5±14.8)%。而在对流层上层向平流层过渡区域内RS80湿度数据基本无效。CFH在低温、低湿环境下对湿度能有效测量,但在湿度较高的对流层低层测值偏高,导致比较中CFH水汽总量平均比GPS遥测的水汽总量偏高 (4.3±2.0) mm (样本数为11),而RS80,GTS1与GPS的水汽总量差别分别是 (0.2±1.4) mm (样本数为12), (-0.2±2.2) mm (样本数为43)。地基GPS遥测的水汽总量对对流层上层至平流层的水汽变化不敏感。由于RS80测量相对湿度在高空偏低,通过RS80相对湿度测值来确定中、高云结果是偏低的,特别是对6000 m以上的高云判别上,RS80相对湿度的探测几乎很难甄别到云的存在。 相似文献
16.
介绍了2005年11月在海南地区进行的一次地基GPS小网观测试验。试验目的是研究利用组网的GPS倾斜路径观测进行对流层水汽层析反演, 给出站点上空水汽的垂直廓线结构信息。概述了试验中GPS原始数据处理方法以及层析反演的方法。将GPS层析得到的水汽垂直廓线与海口站探空观测的水汽廓线进行了对比, 结果表明:二者一致性较好, 均方根误差在0.5g·m-3左右, 层析结果较好地反映出试验期间水汽减少、大气变干的过程。另外, 采用3种不同的先验信息方案测试分析了GPS层析的结果, 表明GPS观测量对水汽先验信息有明显的调整作用。并对GPS水汽层析中可能存在的问题进行了讨论。试验证明高时间分辨率的GPS观测有能力层析出GPS测站上空水汽的廓线信息。 相似文献
17.
青藏高原大气总水汽量的反演研究 总被引：2，自引：11，他引：2
利用2001年青藏高原89个气象站资料、NCEP格点再分析资料以及2001—2003年7月3个地基GPS站的大气总水汽量观测资料,对GPS遥感的大气总水汽量与探空观测结果做了比较,研究了大气总水汽量变化对降雨形成的影响,大气总水汽量与地面水汽压的关系,分析了青藏高原大气总水汽量的时空变化特征及其成因。结果表明:GPS遥感的大气总水汽量与探空观测结果吻合得较好,2001年那曲站两种结果相比均方根误差仅0.15 cm;大气总水汽量与地面水汽压之间有良好的相关关系;不同季节高原上基本都存在3个明显的大气总水汽量高值中心:即东南部、西南部和西北部;高原大气总水汽量分布的季节变化与500 hPa风场及整层大气水汽通量的变化关系密切。 相似文献
18.
以2019年8月在浙江舟山对1909号超强台风“利奇马”的移动观测试验为基础,利用同一地点释放的9次GPS探空气球,对比了风廓线雷达和多普勒激光测风雷达与GPS探空的吻合程度,并利用车载雨滴谱仪对风廓线雷达在不同台风降水强度下的适用性进行了研究。结果表明,在100~300 m高度范围内激光测风雷达观测风速比风廓线雷达更准确。由水平风速对比结果可知,风廓线雷达在3~4 km高度范围内偏差最小(3.59 m/s),相关性最高(0.86),而在1 km高度下偏差最大(6.39 m/s),相关性最低(0.54);在中雨及大雨条件下适用性最差,最大风速偏差约为18 m/s。由水平风向对比结果可知,风廓线雷达与GPS探空总体上吻合较好,相关系数均大于0.85,均方根偏差均小于11 °。另外,降水强度对风廓线雷达的风向观测影响较小,风向偏差随降水强度的变化总体趋于平稳,基本分布在-20 °~20 °之间。 相似文献
19.
GPS/MET水汽资料因其建设维护成本低、时间分辨率高、可全天候、无人、自动观测等优点,已经成为获取大气水汽资料新的重要手段。以阳江第八届国际探空比对试验资料为基础,对比分析了GPS/MET与4种探空仪和微波辐射计获取的水汽资料。探空与GPS/MET测量的水汽值有较强的相关性,相关系数在0.57~0.74之间,但探空水汽值比GPS/MET偏高0.71~1.47mm,方差在3.48~3.96之间。其中RS92探空仪测量的水汽变幅与GPS/MET基本相当,但国内探空仪水汽测量值的变幅明显高于GPS/MET,偏高近1.6~1.8倍。微波辐射计在天气较好时,测量精度较高,基本上以3个国产探空仪数据相当;但微波辐射计在雨天受罩子上的雨水影响,误差较大,与GPS/MET的测量值不相关。 相似文献
20.
青藏高原探空大气水汽偏差及订正方法研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
水汽是大气的主要成分和降水的主要物质来源.青藏高原大气水汽分布对区域天气和气候有很大影响,为了探讨探空观测的大气水汽总量（R）资料的可靠性,本文以地基GPS遥感的大气水汽总量（G）为参照标准,对拉萨（1999~2010年）和那曲（2003年）的R进行对比分析和偏差（R-G）订正.结果表明:近10多年拉萨站R比G明显偏小,偏小程度随使用不同的探空仪而异.GZZ-2型机械探空仪和GTS-1型电子探空仪多年平均的PW偏差分别为-8.8%和-3.9%,随机误差分别为17.6%和13.6%.近10多年PW偏差变化呈减少趋势,这与探空仪性能改进有关.分析发现,青藏高原PW偏差具有明显季节变化和日变化特征,夏季比冬季明显,1200 UTC比0000 UTC明显.拉萨站GZZ-2型和GTS-1型探空仪在1200 UTC多年平均的PW偏差分别为-15.8%和-7.3%,在0000 UTC分别为-1.6%和-0.4%.那曲站GZZ-2型探空仪在1200 UTC和0000 UTC的PW偏差分别为-12.4%和-0.3%.分析还表明,太阳辐射加热与气温的日变化和季节变化是造成高原PW偏差日变化和季节变化的重要原因.据此,提出了高原PW偏差的订正方法,并以拉萨和那曲站为例进行PW偏差订正,订正后的PW系统偏差显著减少,随机误差也相应得到了改善. 相似文献