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1.
基于FY-2C静止卫星红外和水汽通道资料,简单分析了发生在四川盆地的西南低涡暴雨云团生消过程,给出了一些有意义的云团生命特征。同时,结合相应的地面自动站降水资料,详细分析了卫星红外和水汽通道云顶亮温与对流云团降水之间的关系特征,结果表明:对于一完整对流降水过程,1小时内最低水汽亮温和水汽亮温增量能很好地描述地面1小时累计降水特征。然而,用静止卫星红外或水汽通道亮温来表征的云团降水特征是非常复杂的。尽管具有相同的最低云顶红外或水汽亮温,但对不同的对流过程其总体降水量级趋势不一样。而且,对于同一对流过程的不同发展阶段,即使出现云顶红外或水汽亮温一样,但其地面降水特征也是不一致的。甚至是对于同一时刻具有相同最低红外或最低水汽亮温特征的云,其降水落区与量级都不尽相同。正是这些复杂的降水特征,使得西南低涡对流云团的降水估算具有很大的难度。 相似文献
2.
为获得青海高原（以下简称高原）对流云团的强降水监测预警特征和预警方法,使用葵花-8卫星数据跟踪识别高原典型强降水天气过程的对流云团,计算并分析具有提前预警意义的云团特征参数。结果表明：（1）本文提出的对流云团识别的改进多通道法,经与传统多通道法对比检验,证明所得云团更接近对流主体,该方法适用于高原对流云团识别。（2）对流形成到成熟阶段,特征参数起伏变化,但红外与水汽通道亮温差（DTB13）和云顶亮温（Tmin）整体下降,云顶亮温梯度（GTmax）整体上升;在对流发展阶段仅红外1和2通道亮温差（DTB12）平均可达预警极值,在成熟阶段则是Tmin、DTB13、GTmax、深对流指数（DCI）等平均可达预警极值。高原上强降水天气的对流云多发展成深对流,降水发生在云团特征参数极值附近,短时强降水发生在深对流云区内特定云顶（上冲云顶或近似上冲云顶）所在特征参数极值区内或边缘附近。（3）特征参数极值对一般降水和强降水的开始时间分别提前0～1 h和0.5～4.5 h出现,在西风型流场下对强降水开始的提前时间相对较长。降水开始前,副高型流场下对流云团向深对流发展变化最剧烈,表现为DCI和GTmax平... 相似文献
3.
选取发生在辽宁的3次典型长历时暴雨过程,利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析、FY-2E黑体亮温TBB、多普勒天气雷达和自动气象站等资料,分析了降水实况、天气形势背景、卫星红外云图、雷达回波的结构和强度变化的代表性特征。结果表明:辽宁长历时暴雨是在有利于产生暴雨的大尺度环流背景下,异常稳定的形势场导致冷暖空气在某一地区长时间相互对峙而形成的。该型暴雨的降水实况具有雨强变化小、强降水无明显阶段性特征和雨强变化大、强降水具有明显阶段性两种特征。一般性对流云团、暖云和深对流云团均可造成该型暴雨,其中一般性对流云团的云顶亮温变化幅度小,在-47～-36℃,暖云的云顶亮温在-8～3℃,深对流云团的云顶亮温-68～-50℃且强降水发生在云顶亮温低值中心偏向温度梯度大值区一侧。该型暴雨的雷达反射率因子强回波质心较低,表现为上游回波同一方向连续移入形成的"列车效应"、本地生成回波并不断加强以及不同方向的强回波先后移入影响三种类型,小时平均回波强度及其变化对降水强度和趋势有较好的指示意义。需要特别关注副热带高压西侧低层高能高湿、凝结高度低、整层近乎饱和且又具有局地地形抬升触发条件地区的暖云强降水的分析和监测。 相似文献
4.
应用葵花8号卫星资料,结合NCEP FNL再分析、GNSS遥感水汽、风廓线雷达、全国智能网格实况融合分析资料,对2017年7月14日和2018年8月7日沈阳两次暴雨过程(分别简称过程Ⅰ和过程Ⅱ)中对流云特征进行了比较分析,重点探讨了对流云的触发维持机制与影响降水特征差异的因素。结果表明:(1)两次过程分别为局地突发暴雨和区域性极端暴雨,沈阳市区暴雨均由两个对流云团引发,对流云团合并使得降水持续。过程Ⅱ云团合并发生在其移动方向的后侧,具有后向传播特征,合并云团沿其长轴方向移动影响沈阳市,使降水时间延长。(2)在降水前至降水初期,过程Ⅰ对流云顶和水汽层顶快速上升且云顶迅速超过水汽层顶,而过程Ⅱ亮温下降缓慢。短时强降水发生前红外和水汽亮温同步快速降至-60℃,可作为提前预判对流云团产生短时强降水的参考指标。10 min雨量大于10 mm的对流云云顶集中分布在红外亮温低于-55℃、亮温差为-5~0℃的范围。(3)两次过程中,沈阳市分别位于东北冷涡后部和副热带高压北缘。过程Ⅰ,探空曲线呈“X”型,CAPE高达2584 J·kg^-1,造成对流云深厚,云底以下干层导致雨滴蒸发,使降水强度减弱,该过程高强度降水仅发生在对流云团合并加强阶段。过程Ⅱ,云底到地面湿层明显,保证了雨滴降至地面,产生相同量级降水的云团的TBB比过程Ⅰ高。(4)强降水发生前,地面风场存在明显辐合,当大气可降水量2 h内跃增8 mm时,站点出现强降水;局地水汽跃增可能是低空西南气流偏南分量增大或偏北冷空气侵入到暖湿空气中所致。 相似文献
5.
卫星观测与辐射传输分析证明,对流云团红外水汽与窗区亮温差(brightness temperature difference,BTD)具有显著特征,利用对流云团BTD红外亮温特征可以识别对流云团。基于对流云团BTD特征建立的全球对流识别系统(global convection diagnostic,GCD)算法通过设立一个BTD单阈值检测对流云团的有无,但是它不能进一步量化对流云团强度。本文利用FY-2GVISSR红外观测数据与CINRAD CAR(CAPPI of reflectivity)雷达观测数据进行对比研究,结果表明:BTD/CAR具有较好线性正相关关系;BTD不仅可以用于识别对流云团的存在,还可以进一步量化对流云团强度;BTD作为对流云团识别因子优于IRW(infrared window)亮温法。基于BTD/CAR相关关系可以实现基于静止卫星红外水汽和窗区观测的对流云团识别与定强。 相似文献
6.
利用2010—2014年青藏高原东部夏季雷暴资料和同时段的FY-2D、E双卫星资料,分析了初生雷暴的卫星云图特征,并讨论了午后雷暴的成因。结果表明:高原东部初生雷暴云团卫星云图特征明显,其发展高度相对较低,云顶位于对流层顶之下,并与海拔高度密切相关。其红外云顶亮温和水汽亮温总体均呈单峰型分布,基本介于-55^-10℃和-50^-30℃之间;红外-分裂窗通道亮温差值大多发生在-3.3℃附近,83%的红外-水汽通道亮温差值大于0。进一步分析发现,Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区雷暴初期的地气温差主要集中在5~15℃,地表温度分别集中在25℃和30℃附近,相对湿度分别集中在40%~55%和30%~50%之间,温度-露点差为7~15℃附近。Ⅲ区地气温差主要在5~10℃左右,地表温度集中在30~35℃附近。综合来看,高原东部雷暴初期地气温差、地表温度和相对湿度的集中度较好,近地层适中的地表温度、地气温差和一定的湿度条件,才会非常有利于青藏高原东部午后雷暴的发生发展。 相似文献
7.
应用AMSU-B微波资料识别强对流云区的研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
微波遥感可以穿透云顶直接探测对流云内的冰态粒子分布,受冰晶粒子的强烈散射衰减作用,AMSU-B的3个微波水汽吸收波段亮温随冰粒子的增加而降低.由于探测权重高度不同,辐射传输过程中受冰粒子的散射影响也不尽相同,3个水汽通道之间存在亮温差异,这种差异与对流云的强弱密切相关.利用微波向量辐射传输模式(VDISORT)模拟了云雨粒子对微波水汽通道观测的影响,并利用2005年8月12日华北地区的对流天气过程,分析了AMSU-B通道亮温与对流强弱变化之间的对应关系.在此基础上,建立了一种利用NOAA卫星AMSU-B水汽通道亮温差定量判识深对流云和冲顶对流云的方法.利用该方法对典型对流降水云团进行判识,结果显示,微波识别的对流云区可以较好地表征强降水的分布,其中的冲顶对流区与可见光云系的上冲云顶结构有着很好的对应. 相似文献
8.
利用2006～2008年FY2-C卫星资料和西藏自治区雷暴记录资料,采用通道差异及云指数法对西藏地区雷暴在卫星云图上的特征进行了分析研究。结果表明,雷暴开始时刻,拉萨、日喀则、当雄卫星通道差异和云指数特征明显,红外-分裂窗亮温差值为-5～5℃、红外-水汽亮温差值为-10～10℃和FYCDI云指数为-0.11～0.28K,能较好指示西藏雷暴的开始。从初始时刻至成熟强盛阶段,雷暴的红外和水汽亮温均表现出强烈的降温,其中,雷暴开始时红外和水汽亮温下降约15℃左右,并于1～2小时后达-70℃左右的最低值,达雷暴强盛阶段;成熟阶段雷暴的红外-水汽亮温差值为0～-5℃,FYC_TS值为0左右。 相似文献
9.
利用遥感及加密观测资料详细分析了2005年6月25～26日一次低涡过程对流云和降水的结构特征,并利用NCEP再分析资料以及实况风场资料分析了其形成的有利条件。分析表明：此次低涡过程中出现的中尺度对流云团（MCC）经历了十几小时的发展演变,云顶亮温低达-90℃,导致了局地暴雨出现,对流云和降水的分布有很好的对应但同时具有显著的时空分布不均匀性。对流云内部高空存在冰晶的大值区,云水含量也比周围环境丰富,冰晶下落过程中通过碰粘其它冰晶、碰冻云水导致了云内的可降水增多,播撒-供应机制起主要作用。而对流降水的“双峰“廓线结构表明暖雨过程非常强。此次过程有形成强对流非常有利的环境：强西南低空急流水汽输送和水汽辐合与高空偏西风急流的相互作用为对流云团和强降水的形成提供水汽和不稳定条件;低层不稳定区域上强垂直上升运动则提供了不可缺少的动力条件;中尺度辐合系统的形成是此次强对流产生的直接原因。 相似文献
10.
利用常规高低空气象观测资料、地面逐小时降水、物理量和卫星云图资料,对2017年4月15日发生在安康东部的一次局地短时强降水天气进行诊断分析,结果表明:西风带的中层弱冷空气与安康附近的东南暖湿气流交汇时,触发对流产生;低层850 hPa东南气流为局地短时强降水提供了比较充沛的水汽;大气低层存在大量不稳定能量;高空300 hPa的较强辐散与低层850 hPa较强辐合叠加,提供了较强的上升运动;在卫星云图上表现为一个水平尺度为100～200 km,云顶亮温TBB最低为-56℃,生命史为10 h的中-β尺度对流云团。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
13.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(4):227
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. 相似文献
14.
Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China. 相似文献
15.
<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>
<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p> 相似文献
16.
By using the gauged rainfall in 160 stations within mainland China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the impacts of anomalous SST in Kuroshio and its extension on precipitation in Northeast China were investigated. The results show that a difference in the meridional circulation such as the East Asia/Pacific teleconnection pattern(EAP)may be responsible for the difference in rainfall between 1998 and 2010. In comparison with 1998, the anomalous meridional circulation pattern in 2010 shifted northeastward, and then the western subtropical high, the mid-latitudinal trough and the northeastern Asia blocking high also shifted northeastward, causing intensified convergence of the cold and warm air masses at the southern region and thus more rainfall in the southwestern region and less in the northwestern region. In 1998, the anomalous cyclone, one component of the meridional pattern, located at the Songhuajiang-Nengjiang River basin, resulted in more rainfall in the majority of the area. The results of observation and the model show that the difference in SSTA in Kuroshio and its extension under the background of different El Ni觡o events is the key point:(1) The anomalous warmth moved westward from the mid-Pacific to the east of the Philippine Sea during the central event, which led the heat resources shifting to the northeast in 2010; subsequently, a shift occurred to the north of the anomalous ascent and decent, followed by a warm SSTA in the region of Kuroshio's extension in 2010 and Kuroshio in 1998.(2) The warm SSTA in the Kuroshio extension causing the Rossby wave activity flux strengthened in 2010, and then the westerly jet shifted northward and extended eastward. A warm SSTA in Kuroshio and cold SSTA in its extension in 1998 caused the westerly jet to shift southward and weaken. As a result,the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone shifted northward in 2010, and the blocking high also shifted northward. 相似文献
17.
Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future. 相似文献
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Fei LIU Chen XING Jinbao LI Bin WANG Jing CHAI Chaochao GAO Gang HUANG Jian LIU Deliang CHEN 《大气科学进展》2020,37(7):663-670
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment. 相似文献
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Characterization and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in urban and suburban Tianjin,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China, and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes. This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds(VOCs), which are ozone precursors, to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the Ha Chi(Haze in China) summer campaign in 2009. A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv, respectively. Of those, 51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization. The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities, which specifically contributed 60% to urban and 42% to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin. Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas, although the contribution of industry in the suburban area(36%) was much higher than that at the urban area(16%). We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction, and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life, especially in suburban areas. 相似文献