共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
应用MODIS地表反照率产品MCD43C3,结合青藏高原自然带数据、积雪覆盖率和植被指数数据,采用一元线性回归方法分析了2000~2016年青藏高原地表反照率的分布及变化特征,结果表明:1）高原地表反照率空间分布差异大,整体上东南部低、西北部高,受地形和地表覆盖影响较大。2）高原地表反照率四季的空间分布变化明显,高海拔山脉和高寒灌丛草甸是高原地表反照率年内和年际变化的敏感地区。3）高原地表反照率年变化介于0.19~0.26,一定程度上表现为“双峰单谷”型,与地表覆盖类型的季节变化密切相关。4）高原地表反照率年际变化整体呈缓慢波动减小的趋势,平均变率约为－0.4×10-3 a-1,减小的区域约占高原总面积的66%,川西 —藏东针叶林带的西南部地区减小得最快,减小速率超过1.0×10-2 a-1。5）高原地表反照率减小与冰川消融和积雪减少密切相关,高原植被覆盖改善也是一个重要因素。 相似文献
2.
欧亚大陆夏季地表气温在近四十年有显著的升温趋势,本文基于ERA5再分析数据研究了1979～2019年间欧亚大陆不同区域的夏季地表气温的变化特征,并利用气候反馈响应分析方法揭示了各区域变暖原因的异同。作为全球海拔最高的大地形,青藏高原在过去四十年经历了显著的增温过程。青藏高原周边相对低海拔的地区（如北非—南欧地区、蒙古地区、东北亚地区）同样表现出明显的变暖特征,而高原南侧的南亚地区的地表气温却变化不明显。青藏高原夏季积雪融化引起的地表反照率减小使得更多短波辐射到达地表,放大高原地表增暖。北非—南欧地区增暖则主要源于大气气溶胶含量减少造成的入射短波辐射增加。同时,大气温度升高导致的向下长波辐射增强对北非—南欧地区以及蒙古地区的增暖都有显著贡献。此外,东北亚地区云的减少是造成其地表增暖最主要的过程,而南亚地区则是水汽增加和感热通量减少造成的增温与云和气溶胶增加造成的降温相抵消,因而温度变化幅度不大。 相似文献
3.
青藏高原冬春积雪变化具有显著的年际变化特征,其对中国东部夏季降水预测具有一定指示意义。由于特殊的复杂地形,青藏高原气象站点分布稀疏且不均匀,再分析数据和卫星数据提供的高原积雪资料的不确定性是影响和制约积雪变化及其天气气候效应研究中的一个关键问题。本文基于青藏高原台站观测、再分析（ERA5和NOAA-V3）和卫星反演（MODIS雪盖以及IMS雪盖）的多源积雪资料,采用偏差分析、均方根误差以及相关分析等多元统计方法重点检验了多源高原积雪数据在描述积雪年际变化特征方面的不确定性。通过比较不同积雪资料的时空分布和变化特征,以期提升多源高原积雪资料适用性的认知,并为相关研究提供有意义的参考。分析结果表明：（1）就再分析数据给出的积雪资料而言,ERA5雪深资料相较NOAA-V3雪深,对高原站点观测雪深的描述效果更好。除了高原中东部分站点外,ERA5雪深数据的平均偏差和平均均方根误差均较小,而NOAA-V3雪深数据的平均偏差和均方根误差在整个高原范围内均存在一定程度的高估;（2）再分析（ERA5和NOAA-V3）和卫星反演（MODIS雪盖以及IMS雪盖）积雪数据和高原站点雪深均在年际变化特征上具有较... 相似文献
4.
利用国家气象信息中心提供的日积雪深度的台站观测资料以及JRA55提供的大气环流再分析资料,分析了1961 2013年前冬(11月至次年1月)和后冬(2 4月)青藏高原中东部地区积雪深度(以下简称积雪)的时空变化特征,探究了影响高原中东部整体积雪异常和年际变化的环流形态及水汽条件。结果表明,高原积雪以显著的年际变化和年代际变化为主,在空间分布上具有明显的不均匀性,海拔越高,积雪的年际变率越大。不论前冬还是后冬,高原中东部积雪最主要的变化形势均为全区一致型。1961 2013年前冬和后冬积雪无明显的长期变化趋势,前冬的积雪在1996年以前显著增加,1996年以后转为减少趋势。从高原积雪年际变化的成因来看,前冬积雪很可能同时受北极涛动和高原附近位势高度年际变化的主导,后冬积雪受高原附近位势高度变化的主导,并受北极涛动年际变化的调节。当高原积雪偏多时,阿拉伯海到青藏高原以东地区的位势高度偏低,导致南支槽活跃,高原南侧西风急流加强,槽前携带的水汽增加,副热带高压偏北偏强同时其外围携带的水汽增加;贝加尔湖脊加强有利于引导冷空气南下,冷空气和暖湿空气在高原东部交汇使得高原中东部降雪和积雪增加。 相似文献
5.
中国干湿状况和干湿气候界限变化研究 总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11
选取全国616个地面气象台站1975-2004年的地面资料,通过Penman-Monteith公式计算的参考蒸散确定湿润指数（W）,按W为0．03、0．2、0．5和1．0把中国分为极干旱、干旱、半干旱、半湿润和湿润5个干湿区,给出了湿润指数的变化趋势和变异状况的地理分布,讨论了湿润指数的年代际变化特征。结果表明：湿润状况显著增加的地区主要为新疆西北部和中国的西南部,干旱化显著的地区主要在青海的东部、甘肃的南部和四川北部;干湿状况变化从中国的东部向西部逐渐增大,中国的西南地区干湿状况最为稳定;20世纪80年代初全国的平均干湿状况发生变化,由干旱趋向湿润,30a来半湿润、湿润地区干湿状况年际变化大,半干旱区和湿润区增多,半湿润区减少。 相似文献
6.
近30余年来盛夏东亚东南季风和西南季风频率的年代际变化及其与青藏高原积雪的关系 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用地面观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料集,使用相关分析、合成分析等方法,在将地面风分为东南季风和西南季风的基础上,分析了近30余年来盛夏东亚季风频率的年代际变化特征。结果表明:盛夏东南季风、西南季风频率和前期春季青藏高原积雪均在21世纪初期发生了显著的年代际变化;东南季风、西南季风频率由较少改变为较多,春季青藏高原积雪则由深变浅。由于青藏高原积雪厚度发生了年代际变浅,说明青藏高原发生了年代际变暖和南亚高压变强,南亚高压的年代际变强,使得其下游对流层低层(18°~28°N,108°~118°E)的反气旋性环流异常增强,有利于东亚西南季风频率的增加;同时,由于高原发生湿反馈作用,使得淮河地区降水发生年代际变多,由Sverdrup涡度平衡关系,降水的异常增多通过潜热释放,使得东亚副热带高压异常加强,而副热带高压异常变强则有利于盛夏东亚东南季风频率发生年代际增加。 相似文献
7.
利用1971-2016年青藏高原81个气象站逐月积雪日数和45个测站第一冻结层下界观测资料,分析了青藏高原积雪冻土的时空变化特征及其与高原植被指数（NDVI）的关系,探讨了积雪冻土下垫面变化对高原植被及沙漠化的可能影响。结果表明：1）青藏高原积雪日数分布极不均匀,巴颜喀拉山和唐古拉山为高原积雪日数的大值区,且年际变率较大。2）青藏高原积雪日数总体上呈现减少趋势,平均以3.5 d/（10 a）的速率减少,且在1998年前后发生突变,减少速率进一步加快,达到5.1 d/（10 a）。3）青藏高原第一冻结层下界呈上升趋势,达到-3.7 cm/（10 a）,与青藏高原增暖紧密相关。4）青藏高原NDVI呈缓慢增加趋势,与高原气温、降水的增加趋势相一致,积雪冻土的变化对不同区域植被NDVI的影响有显著差异。在气候变暖背景下,形成的暖湿环境促进积雪消融、冻土下界提升,使土壤浅层含水量增加,有利于植被恢复和生长,其结果对高原土地沙漠化防治有一定参考作用。 相似文献
8.
青藏高原地表特征时空分布 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9
通过利用地理信息数据库、卫星反演参数、气象观测数据,分析了我国青藏高原地区地表植被覆盖、地表反照率分布、地表蒸发分布、地表积雪分布.结果显示,随着青藏高原地表年平均气温的显著升高,青藏高原部分区域地表覆盖特征也发生了改变.在青藏高原南缘湿润大区降水充分地区,地表反照率相对较低,潜热蒸发量最大,1982～2000年期间地表植被覆盖呈明显增加趋势.青藏高原地区积雪覆盖在各个气候区域也呈现同步变化特征,自1970～1989期间,降雪量呈持续增加趋势,但之后至2000年期间,全区降雪量呈下降趋势,其中积雪覆盖变化最强烈的时段发生在10月～4月之间,变化幅度最大的区域位于青藏高原的东南部区域. 相似文献
9.
黄淮海地区1961~2006年干湿状况时空变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
自20世纪60年代以来,黄淮海地区的气候出现了降水减少、气温升高的变化趋势,分析气象要素之间的关系及其变化规律,对于合理规划水资源,保障经济可持续发展具有积极的意义.利用干燥度指数对该地区的干湿状况进行了分析,将该地区划分为湿润、半湿润、半湿润半干旱、半干旱半湿润和半干旱5个干湿气候区,其中以半干旱区范围最大.不同干湿类型区域间有明显的纬向分布特征,地势起伏亦对于湿区域的空间分布产生影响.对季节间干湿状况差异分析结果表明,该地区以夏季最为湿润,而冬春两季最为干燥.对年代间干湿状况变化分析表明,20世纪60年代和80年代半干旱区的范围相对较大,80年代半湿润和半湿润半干旱区的范围最大.对逐年干燥度变化趋势的分析表明,随着时间的推移.黄淮海地区干湿区域间的差异有变得更加显著的趋势,即半干旱区干燥度指数逐渐增大,而半湿润和湿润区的干燥度指数趋向减小. 相似文献
10.
近40年中国饱和水汽压差时空变化及影响因素分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于全国600多个站点的逐月气象观测资料,利用Mann–Kendall检验、多元线性回归等方法分析了中国地区1980～2018年不同气候区（干旱区、湿润区、半干旱区与半湿润区）饱和水汽压差（Vapor Pressure Deficit,VPD）的时空变化特征,检测了影响中国地区饱和水汽压差变化的主导气象因素。结果发现:近40年来,我国湿润区和干旱区的夏季和冬季VPD分布呈相反格局,大部分地区4个季节VPD均呈上升趋势,春、夏两季在黄河流域以及东南沿海地区的上升趋势尤为显著。4个气候区的VPD均在21世纪初发生突变上升,其中湿润区突变年份偏早（1996年）,干旱区突变年份较晚（2004年）,且干旱区的上升幅度最大,约为0.04 kPa/10 a。影响饱和水汽压差增加的主导因子在不同气候区、不同季节有所差异,但总体而言,气温和绝对湿度的变化是影响我国VPD年际变化的主要因素。其中,2000年以后,影响半湿润区、半干旱区VPD变化的主导因子为气温,干旱区、湿润区为绝对湿度。 相似文献
11.
As "the third pole", the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is sensitive to climate forcing and has experienced rapid warming in recent decades. This study analyzes annual and seasonal near-surface air temperature changes on the TP in response to transient and stabilized 2.0°C/1.5°C global warming targets based on simulations of the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Elevation-dependent warming (EDW) with faster warming at higher elevations is predicted. A surface energy budget analysis is adopted to uncover the mechanisms responsible for the temperature changes. Our results indicate a clear amplified warming on the TP with positive EDW in 2.0°C/1.5°C warmer futures, especially in the cold season. Mean TP warming relative to the reference period (1961–90) is dominated by an enhanced downward longwave radiation flux, while the variations in surface albedo shape the detailed pattern of EDW. For the same global warming level, the temperature changes under transient scenarios are ~0.2°C higher than those under stabilized scenarios, and the characteristics of EDW are broadly similar for both scenarios. These differences can be primarily attributed to the combined effects of differential downward longwave radiation, cloud radiative forcing, and surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. These findings contribute to a more detailed understanding of regional climate on the TP in response to the long-term climate goals of the Paris Agreement and highlight the differences between transient and stabilized warming scenarios. 相似文献
12.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2023,16(2):100289
The response of the warming magnitude over the Tibetan Plateau (TP; elevation ≥ 3000 m) to global climate change is not spatially uniform. Rather, it enhances with elevation, referred to as elevation-dependent warming (EDW). The degree of EDW over the TP is season-dependent, with the largest amplitude of 0.21°C km−1 observed during boreal winter. Several factors have been proposed in previous studies as possible drivers of TP EDW, but the relative importance of these factors has been less studied. To quantitatively identify the major drivers of TP EDW in winter over recent decades (1979–2018), the authors applied the radiative kernels diagnostic method with several datasets. The results robustly suggest that, the surface albedo feedback associated with changes in snow cover plays the leading role in TP EDW. Observations show that the snow cover has reduced significantly over regions with high elevation during the winters of the past four decades, leading to reductions in outgoing shortwave radiation and thus EDW.摘要青藏高原 (海拔≥ 3000 m 地区) 对全球气候变化的变暖响应是空间不均匀的, 其增温幅度会随着海拔升高而增大, 被称为海拔依赖性增温. 青藏高原海拔依赖性增温具有季节依赖性, 在冬季最为显著, 达0.21°C km−1. 在以往的研究中, 众多因素被认为是青藏高原海拔依赖性增温的可能驱动因素, 但关于这些因素相对重要性的研究较少. 基于多个数据集, 本文应用辐射核 (radiative kernel) 技术方法定量诊断了近几十年 (1979–2018年) 冬季不同物理过程对青藏高原海拔依赖性增温的贡献. 结果表明, 与积雪变化相关的地表反照率反馈在其中起主导作用. 观测数据分析显示, 在过去40年的冬季,高海拔地区的积雪覆盖率显著减少, 导致地表反射的短波辐射减少, 从而促进了海拔依赖性增温. 相似文献
13.
Lee Wei-Liang Liou K. N. He Cenlin Liang Hsin-Chien Wang Tai-Chi Li Qinbin Liu Zhenxin Yue Qing 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,129(3-4):1373-1382
We investigate the snow albedo variation in spring over the southern Tibetan Plateau induced by the deposition of light-absorbing aerosols using remote sensing data from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard Terra satellite during 2001–2012. We have selected pixels with 100 % snow cover for the entire period in March and April to avoid albedo contamination by other types of land surfaces. A model simulation using GEOS-Chem shows that aerosol optical depth (AOD) is a good indicator for black carbon and dust deposition on snow over the southern Tibetan Plateau. The monthly means of satellite-retrieved land surface temperature (LST) and AOD over 100 % snow-covered pixels during the 12 years are used in multiple linear regression analysis to derive the empirical relationship between snow albedo and these variables. Along with the LST effect, AOD is shown to be an important factor contributing to snow albedo reduction. We illustrate through statistical analysis that a 1-K increase in LST and a 0.1 increase in AOD indicate decreases in snow albedo by 0.75 and 2.1 % in the southern Tibetan Plateau, corresponding to local shortwave radiative forcing of 1.5 and 4.2 W m−2, respectively.
相似文献14.
The diurnal surface temperature range(DTR) has become significantly smaller over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) but larger in southeastern China, despite the daily mean surface temperature having increased steadily in both areas during recent decades.Based on ERA-Interim reanalysis data covering 1979–2012, this study shows that the weakened DTR over TP is caused by stronger warming of daily minimum surface temperature(Tmin) and a weak cooling of the daily maximum surface temperature(Tmax); meanwhile, the enhanced DTR over southeastern China is mainly associated with a relatively stronger/weaker warming of Tmax/Tmin. A further quantitative analysis of DTR changes through a process-based decomposition method—the Coupled Surface–Atmosphere Climate Feedback Response Analysis Method(CFRAM)—indicates that changes in radiative processes are mainly responsible for the decreased DTR over the TP. In particular, the increased low-level cloud cover tends to induce the radiative cooling/warming during daytime/nighttime, and the increased water vapor helps to decrease the DTR through the stronger radiative warming during nighttime than daytime. Contributions from the changes in all radiative processes(over-2?C) are compensated for by those from the stronger decreased surface sensible heat flux during daytime than during nighttime(approximately 2.5?C), but are co-contributed by the changes in atmospheric dynamics(approximately-0.4?C) and the stronger increased latent heat flux during daytime(approximately-0.8?C). In contrast, the increased DTR over southeastern China is mainly contributed by the changes in cloud, water vapor and atmospheric dynamics. The changes in surface heat fluxes have resulted in a decrease in DTR over southeastern China. 相似文献
15.
Statistical estimation of high-resolution surface air temperature from MODIS over the Yangtze River Delta,China 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 High-resolution surface air temperature data are critical to regional climate modeling in terms of energy balance, urban climate change, and so on. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) to estimate air temperature at a high resolution over the Yangtze River Delta region, China. It is found that daytime LST is highly correlated with maximum air temperature, and the linear regression coefficients vary with the type of land surface. The air temperature at a resolution of 1 km is estimated from the MODIS LST with linear regression models. The estimated air temperature shows a clear spatial structure of urban heat islands. Spatial patterns of LST and air temperature differences are detected, indicating maximum differences over urban and forest regions during summer. Validations are performed with independent data samples, demonstrating that the mean absolute error of the estimated air temperature is approximately 2.5°C, and the uncertainty is about 3.1°C, if using all valid LST data. The error is reduced by 0.4°C (15%) if using best-quality LST with errors of less than 1 K. The estimated high-resolution air temperature data have great potential to be used in validating high-resolution climate models and other regional applications. 相似文献
16.
In this research, we studied the effects of black carbon (BC) aerosol radiative forcing on seasonal variation in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) using numerical simulations with the NASA finite-volume General Circulation Model (fvGCM) forced with monthly varying three-dimensional aerosol distributions from the Goddard Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport Model (GOCART). The results show that atmospheric warming due to black carbon aerosols subsequently warm the atmosphere and land surfaces, especially those over Eurasia. As a result, the snow depth in Eurasia was greatly reduced in late winter and spring, and the reduction in snow cover decreased the surface albedo. Our surface energy balance analysis shows that the surface warming due to aerosol absorption causes early snow melting and further increases surface-atmosphere warming through snow/ice albedo feedback. Therefore, BC aerosol forcing may be an important factor affecting the snow/ice albedo in the NH. 相似文献
17.
The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) regional climate model (RegCM2), together with initial conditions and time-dependent lateral boundary conditions provided by a 130-year transient increasing CO2 simulation of the NCAR Climate System Model (CSM), has been used to investigate the mechanism of ground warming over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The model results show that when CO2 in the atmosphere is doubled, a strong ground warming occurs in the TP. Two regions within it with the largest warming are in the eastern TP (region I) and along the southwestern and western slopes (region II). Moreover, in region I the ground warming in the winter half year is stronger than that in the summer half year, but in region II the warming difference between the seasons becomes opposite to that in region I, i.e., the warming is strong in the summer half year and weak in the winter half year. There are indications that the summer monsoon enhances but the winter monsoon weakens when CO2 is doubled. A strong elevation dependency of ground warming is found in region I for the winter half year, and in region II for both winter and summer half years at elevations below 5 km. The simulated characteristics of ground warming in the TP are consistent with the observations. In region I, when CO2 is doubled, the cloud amount increases at lower elevations and decreases at higher elevation for the winter half year. As a consequence, at lower elevations the short wave solar radiation absorbed at the surface declines, and the downward long wave flux reaching the surface enhances; on the other hand, at higher elevations the surface solar radiation flux increases and the surface infrared radiation flux shows a more uniform increase. The net effect of the changes in both radiation fluxes is an enhanced surface warming at higher elevations, which is the primary cause of the elevation dependency in the surface warming. In the summer half year the cloud amount reduces as a result of doubling CO2 in region I for all elevations, and there is no elevation dependency detected in the ground warming. Furthermore, there is little snow existing in region I for both summer and winter half years, and the impact of snow-albedo feedback is not significant. In region II, although the changes in the cloud amount bear a resemblance to those in region I, the most significant factor affecting the surface energy budget is the depletion of the snow cover at higher elevations, which leads to a reduction of the surface albedo. This reduction in turn leads to an enhancement in the solar radiation absorbed in the surface. The snow-albedo feedback mechanism is the most essential cause of the elevation dependency in the surface warming for region II. 相似文献
18.
Liming Zhou Yuhong Tian Somnath Baidya Roy Yongjiu Dai Haishan Chen 《Climate Dynamics》2013,41(2):307-326
This paper analyzes seasonal and diurnal variations of MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) data at ~1.1 km for the period of 2003–2011 over a region in West-Central Texas, where four of the world’s largest wind farms are located. Seasonal anomalies are created from MODIS Terra (~10:30 a.m. and 10:30 p.m. local solar time) and Aqua (~1:30 a.m. and 1:30 p.m. local solar time) LSTs, and their spatiotemporal variability is analyzed by comparing the LST changes between wind farm pixels (WFPs) and nearby non wind farm pixels (NNWFPs) using different methods under different quality controls. Our analyses show consistently that there is a warming effect of 0.31–0.70 °C at nighttime for the nine-year period during which data was collected over WFPs relative to NNWFPs, in all seasons for both Terra and Aqua measurements, while the changes at daytime are much noisier. The nighttime warming effect is much larger in summer than winter and at ~10:30 p.m. than ~1:30 a.m. and hence the largest warming effect is observed at ~10:30 p.m. in summer. The spatial pattern and magnitude of this warming effect couple very well with the geographic distribution of wind turbines and such coupling is stronger at nighttime than daytime and in summer than winter. Together, these results suggest that the warming effect observed in MODIS over wind farms are very likely attributable to the development of wind farms. This inference is consistent with the increasing number of operational wind turbines with time during the study period, the diurnal and seasonal variations in the frequency of wind speed and direction distribution, and the changes in near-surface atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) conditions due to wind farm operations. The nocturnal ABL is typically stable and much thinner than the daytime ABL and hence the turbine enhanced vertical mixing produces a stronger nighttime effect. The stronger wind speed and the higher frequency of the wind speed within the optimal power generation range in summer than winter and at nighttime than daytime likely drives wind turbines to generate more electricity and turbulence and consequently results in the strongest warming effect at nighttime in summer. Similarly, the stronger wind speed and the higher frequency of optimal wind speed at ~10:30 p.m. than that at ~1:30 a.m. might help explain, to some extent, why the nighttime LST warming effect is slightly larger at ~10:30 p.m. than ~1:30 a.m. The nighttime warming effect seen in spring and fall are smaller than that in summer and can be explained similarly. 相似文献