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1.
黄土高原半干旱区夏季晴天陆面特征模拟与观测对比分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以甘肃定西为例,利用中尺度模式MM5模拟了黄土高原半干旱区夏季晴人的陆面特征,并与观测资料进行对比分析。结果表明,对气温、土壤热通量、辐射、感热通量的模拟结果与观测比较一致,而对比湿、地表温度、潜热通量的模拟结果与观测偏差稍大。夏季晴天,定西地区的地表温度日最高值出现时间较13最高气温出现时间早了3h,但两者日最低值出现时间相同;10cm深度处的土壤温度存在明显的日变化,而40、80cm深度处无明显的日变化;空气湿度较低,夜晚比湿的变化与露水的凝结量变化时间一致;土壤热通量呈典型的单峰型日变化特征,日最大值出现在13：00,与太阳短波辐射与地表反射辐射日最大值出现的时间相同;在半干旱区感热通量明显大于潜热通量,热通量以感热通量为主;边界层高度最高可达到2100m左右,比干旱区敦煌的低1000m左右。 相似文献
2.
阿尔卑斯山杉林冠层影响辐射传输的个例分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用瑞士Alptal观测站杉树林冠层上方、下方的辐射观测资料,分析了冠层对短波辐射的减弱及对长波辐射的增幅作用及其季节变化。结果表明,对比较密集的常绿针叶林,冠层对入射短波辐射的透过率随着太阳高度的降低而减小,春季以后趋于稳定;冠层对长波辐射的增幅作用随天气状况而变化,这种增幅作用在晴空条件下最显著,可达1.5倍。在冬季,因为太阳辐射较弱,冠层对长波辐射的增幅作用超过对短波辐射的减弱从而增加地面净辐射。在其它季节,太阳辐射比较强,冠层对短波辐射的减弱超过对长波辐射的增幅作用而减少地面净辐射。地面净辐射与冠层上方气温的变化趋势虽然在有些时段一致,但在伴随降雪过程的降温时段,地面净辐射与气温的变化趋势近乎反相,在积雪融化时段,地面净辐射的增加比气温升高更显著,尤其是在白天。 相似文献
3.
利用珠海凤凰山陆气相互作用观测塔站2014年11月至2016年5月的观测数据,对比分析了干湿季森林下垫面能量通量和气象要素的变化特征,分析了在不同稳定度下3个风向范围（315°～45°、45°～135°和135°～225°）的动量和感热交换系数随冠层表面风速的变化特征,并对动量和感热交换系数进行了参数化研究。结果表明:干季感热和潜热通量值相当,湿季潜热远大于感热。干季和湿季的夜晚都出现负感热现象,感热从大气向森林输送。相对湿度的变化幅度大,与该地气象状况密切相关,相对湿度的垂直梯度夜晚较大,白天较小。干季的气温垂直梯度比湿季的明显。风速在冬季变化平缓,夏季变化剧烈,低层风速随高度变化梯度明显,高层较紊乱。各高度风向差异不大。中性和近中性状态下,在风向为315°～45°、45°～135°和135°～225°时,动量交换系数Cdn分别为0.05、0.0055和0.022,感热交换系数Chn分别为0.0055、0.003和0.004。在稳定和不稳定状态下,动量交换系数Cd、感热交换系数Ch随冠层表面风速v明显发生变化,稳定条件下,Cd、Ch随v的增大而增大;不稳定条件下,Cd、Ch随v的增大而减小。分不同风向对森林冠层Cd、Ch在稳定和不稳定条件下与v的关系进行了拟合,得到了参数化公式。 相似文献
4.
本文利用淮南森林观测站2018年7月1日至2019年6月30日冠层辐射观测,分析了淮南栎树森林下垫面冠层内外辐射变化特征。结果表明:（1）从春季到夏季,栎树冠层之上向下的太阳短波辐射增加,到冬季逐渐减少。从早春开始,由于叶片生长增多,冠层中间和冠层之下向下的太阳短波辐射下降,从秋季到冬季树叶凋落,其向下的太阳辐射增加,与冠层之上的变化趋势相反;对于向上的短波辐射,无论冠层之上、冠层中间还是冠层之下,随季节的变化都与向下的短波辐射相似,只是数值小很多。（2）冠层之上、冠层中间和冠层之下向下的长波辐射,随时间的变化从春季逐渐开始增大至夏季达到最大,随后逐渐减小并在冬季达到最小;就空间变化而言,冠层中间和冠层之下向下的长波辐射值比冠层之上的辐射值高,使得冠层对长波辐射的振幅增大,晴空条件最高可达1.3倍。（3）淮南森林区冠层之上（距地面25 m）年平均反照率为0.14,比中国北方地区（35°N）温带季风气候区（混交林为主）反照率的整体水平低0.01,表明淮南的森林茂密、灌丛更多些。（4）冠层上部分和整层的短波辐射透射率主要受叶片的影响。夏季,冠层的短波透射率平均为0.1。到了冬天,叶子凋落,透射率增加并趋于一个平稳的波动。冠层的短波辐射吸收率在夏季最高,秋季逐渐降低,随着叶子凋落在冬季迅速减小,趋于一常值。 相似文献
5.
南疆沙漠腹地夏季晴天与沙尘日小气候观测对比分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站2006年8月13-31日近地层微气象资料以及常规地面观测资料,选取晴天与沙尘日个例,采用波文比能量平衡方法,对比分析了晴天与沙尘日沙漠腹地的小气候和地表能量平衡特征.结果表明,晴天气温、地温日变化幅度均大于沙尘日,各深度地温极值出现时间滞后于沙尘日;晴天夜间近地层存在逆温,沙尘日具有等温性;晴天夜间比湿较大,白天较小,沙尘日夜间比湿变化平缓,在沙尘暴发生时,比湿急剧增大,并有弱的逆湿现象存在;沙尘日总辐射、反射辐射、净辐射和感热通量比晴天明显偏小,向下长波辐射却大于晴天,但潜热变化差异不太明显. 相似文献
6.
利用2013年5月21日至7月9日藏东南地区草地下垫面的边界层观测数据,分别从典型晴天和长时间平均的角度,评估了中尺度模式WRF对藏东南草地下垫面在南亚季风爆发前后的感热、潜热、地表土壤热通量和地表辐射平衡各分量日变化的模拟能力,对比分析了模拟结果与边界层观测数据的异同点。对典型晴天少云状况的个例模拟和整个时段的平均结果分析均表明,模式对感热通量和潜热通量的日变化具有较好的模拟能力,感热比潜热的模拟效果好,在夜间感热和潜热的模拟效果好,而白天感热和潜热的模拟值大于观测值。典型晴天天气下的向下短波辐射和净辐射的模拟值与观测值基本一致,而向上短波辐射的模拟值在白天大于观测值。长时间平均的向下短波辐射、向上短波辐射和净辐射的模拟值在夜间也与观测数据基本一致,但在白天模拟值比观测值明显偏大。晴天个例和长时间模拟的向下长波辐射和向上长波辐射的模拟值在日循环整个过程中较观测值均偏小。长时间模拟的地表土壤热通量在早上和晚上低于观测值,而在白天高于观测值。虽然平均的结果分析和晴天个例的结果是类似的,但由于晴天个例没有降水过程的干扰,因此晴天天气状态下的分析结果更能一致地反映出这一地区的日变化特征。 相似文献
7.
白洋淀地区非均匀大气边界层的综合观测研究——实验介绍及近地层微气象特征分析 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
介绍了国家自然科学基金重点项目 "地表通量参数化与大气边界层过程的基础研究" 在河北省白洋淀地区进行的两次综合观测实验(时间分别是2004年11月16～22日和2005年9月8～27日),这两次实验获得了大量宝贵的资料,全面深入的资料分析正在进行中.此文主要限于白洋淀地区水陆不均匀地表近地面层微气象特征的分析.结果表明: 陆地上近地面层的气温日变化比水域上的大,而风速比水域上的小,其中9月份陆地上白天的气温比水域上的高,夜间比水域上的低,11月份两地白天气温接近,但夜间陆地上的气温明显偏低; 无论是9月还是11月,水域上近地面层都是以下沉气流为主,而陆地则在中午前后存在弱的上升运动; 9月份,两地的近地面层短波射入辐射比较接近,但水域上的短波射出辐射比陆地上的大; 长波射入辐射则是陆地比水域的大,而长波射出辐射则是水域的比陆地的大; 两地的净辐射白天接近,夜间水域地区负的净辐射值明显比陆地的大; 9月份,水陆两地的感热通量相差不大,为150～200 W/m2,而潜热通量比感热通量大,天气晴朗时可达到300 W/m2; 11月份,陆地的感热通量比潜热通量大,为100～120 W/m2,而水域地区的感热通量则与潜热通量相当; 两地的潜热通量相差不大,一般不超过50 W/m2.无论是9月还是11月,水域地区夜间都存在水汽向下输送的逆湿现象,而陆地只在9月份存在逆湿现象.2005年9月份的水温观测结果表明,白洋淀水体平均温度比水表平均温度明显偏高,而且日变化幅度很小,水表平均温度则日变化较大. 相似文献
8.
2008年7—9月中国北方不同下垫面晴空陆面过程特征差异 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
采用2008年7—9月观测的中国干旱/半干旱区实验观测协同与集成研究资料,选取了9个下垫面(包括裸地、草地、森林和农田),分析了中国北方不同下垫面以及不同地区同类下垫面的晴空陆面辐射平衡和热量平衡日变化特征差异。结果表明,不同下垫面以及不同地区同类下垫面的地表辐射和能量过程特征差异明显,而这种差异主要源于下垫面的光学特性、水热特性以及局地陆-气系统中可利用水分的不同。在辐射平衡的比较方面,荒漠沙地发射的长波辐射最大,高寒森林的长波辐射最低,农田下垫面发射的长波辐射总体低于草地;荒漠沙地、草地、农田和高寒森林的反射率依次减弱;荒漠沙地、草地、农田、森林下垫面的净辐射依次增大。在能量平衡方面,荒漠区沙地可利用能量大部分(约80%)用于加热大气,约20%消耗于蒸发和加热土壤;草地下垫面可利用能量中用于加热大气的能量比蒸发水分消耗的能量高,但高寒草甸例外;农田下垫面可利用能量的大部分消耗于蒸发,消耗于加热大气的能量不到20%。水含量越高,潜热通量越大,能量闭合率越低,能量过程也更复杂。 相似文献
9.
黄土高原陆-气相互作用预试验及其晴天地表能量特征分析 总被引：23，自引：8，他引：15
详细介绍了在2004年8月24日～9月11日在甘肃平凉进行的陆-气相互作用野外预试验,对观测仪器进行了对比和标定,并利用观测资料,初步分析了黄土高原塬上裸地、塬上和塬下玉米地的地表净辐射各分量、感热、潜热和地热流的特征。由于作物（玉米）的存在,降低了地表反射率,使白天地面向上短波减少,同时向上长波也减少,增大了地表净辐射,地表潜热明显增大,玉米地白天向下的地热流和夜晚向上的地热流都比裸地小。与塬上相比,塬下玉米地的向下短波略小,向上短波明显偏小,向上长波基本一致;净辐射只在中午附近略小,地热流上午偏小,下午偏大,夜晚基本一致;感热和潜热在白天基本一致;塬下玉米地在凌晨明显存在负感热通量。 相似文献
10.
利用2013年5月20日至7月9日藏东南林芝地区草地下垫面的野外试验站点观测资料,分析了晴雨转换过程中林芝地区草地下垫面的近地层基本气象要素、湍流通量和辐射平衡各分量的变化特征,并着重分析了各个变量之间的相互关系,对比分析它们在典型晴天和阴天条件下的差异。结果表明:(1)草地观测站的各气象要素的变化趋势相互吻合,即相对湿度与降水有着一致的变化趋势,而气温、地面温度和风速均与降水的变化相反;观测期间草地站的潜热交换大于感热交换,在无降水时期,感热明显偏高,潜热偏低,降水时期则相反;感热与向下短波辐射的变化趋势一致,同时,向上短波辐射、向上长波辐射、净辐射、地表反照率和土壤热通量均与向下短波辐射保持同步的变化关系,而向下长波辐射则呈现出相反的变化。(2)典型晴天和阴天的分析结果表明,晴天条件下各变量的日变化均比阴天条件下剧烈,在白天,感热和潜热在典型晴天的值均大于典型阴天天气下的值,除向下长波辐射外,其他地表辐射分量在晴天条件下的值远大于阴天的值;在夜间,晴天的向上长波辐射、净辐射和土壤热通量小于阴天的值。(3)相对湿度最大值出现在早晨,最低值出现在午后;风速的最小值出现在早晨,最大值出现在中午,且基本上都是晴天天气下大于阴天天气下。因此,藏东南林芝地区草地下垫面的感热、潜热、土壤热通量、辐射平衡各分量、基本气象要素均与晴、雨的转化有着非常密切的协同变化关系,这些变量之间相关系数高,吻合度好,表明了该边界层观测数据的可靠性,该观测试验数据可为数值模式在藏东南林芝地区地气交换过程的模拟提供重要的数据基础。 相似文献
11.
Horizontal and Vertical Co2 Advection In A Sloping Forest 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
A system measuring the horizontal and vertical advection was devised and installed in a sloping forest at the Vielsalm site, Belgium. The measurements showed that under stable conditions a flow regime established below the canopy: air flowed horizontally along the slope and entrained the air above the canopy vertically. This movement occurs during stable nights characterised by strongly negative net radiation. It creates negative air concentration gradients in both the vertical and horizontal directions. The advection fluxes associated with these movements are opposite and of a similar order of magnitude. This implies that the horizontal advection cannot be ignored in the carbon budget equation at night. Unfortunately, the large variability of, and considerable uncertainty about, advection fluxes does not enable one to produce estimates of the source term from these equations. Advection measurement systems should be improved in order to enable such estimates to be made. Particular attention should be paid to the estimation of the vertical velocity above the canopy and to the vertical profiles of the horizontal velocity and horizontal CO2 gradient below the canopy. 相似文献
12.
Mass and energy fluxes between the atmosphere and vegetation are driven by meteorological variables, and controlled by plant
water status, which may change more markedly diurnally than soil water. We tested the hypothesis that integration of dynamic
changes in leaf water potential may improve the simulation of CO2 and water fluxes over a wheat canopy. Simulation of leaf water potential was integrated into a comprehensive model (the ChinaAgrosys)
of heat, water and CO2 fluxes and crop growth. Photosynthesis from individual leaves was integrated to the canopy by taking into consideration the
attenuation of radiation when penetrating the canopy. Transpiration was calculated with the Shuttleworth-Wallace model in
which canopy resistance was taken as a link between energy balance and physiological regulation. A revised version of the
Ball-Woodrow-Berry stomatal model was applied to produce a new canopy resistance model, which was validated against measured
CO2 and water vapour fluxes over winter wheat fields in Yucheng (36°57′ N, 116°36′ E, 28 m above sea level) in the North China
Plain during 1997, 2001 and 2004. Leaf water potential played an important role in causing stomatal conductance to fall at
midday, which caused diurnal changes in photosynthesis and transpiration. Changes in soil water potential were less important.
Inclusion of the dynamics of leaf water potential can improve the precision of the simulation of CO2 and water vapour fluxes, especially in the afternoon under water stress conditions. 相似文献
13.
Abstract Dawn‐to‐dusk evolution of air turbulence, sensible heat and latent heat above a forest during cloud‐free or near‐cloud‐free summer conditions is modelled by way of a system of differential equations. Temperatures in and above the canopy, near canopy‐top wind velocities, early morning leaf moisture (dew) and afternoon canopy ventilation (i.e. heat released from the canopy and from below the canopy) are included in the mathematical treatment. Computed results are compared with field data for atmospheric temperature and wind speed profiles up to 1200 m, within‐canopy temperature, and canopy‐level radiation, turbulent fluxes and wind speeds. Data were collected at a central New Brunswick mixed‐wood forest site dominated by spruce (Picea spp. ) and shade‐tolerant hardwoods for four representative summer days. It was found that the effective canopy temperature was not only affected by insolation, but also by the extent of canopy ventilation and the amount of dew on the foliage. The growth of the mixing layer was affected by canopy ventilation and by above‐canopy wind speeds. Model calculations closely simulated the meteorological observations. 相似文献
14.
青藏高原不同地区夏季近地层能量输送与微气象特征比较分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2009年7月在青藏高原理塘、林芝、海北、拉萨获得的气象观测资料,对比分析了这些地区近地层气象要素、辐射收支及湍流通量日变化特征。结果表明:无论是高原东部、中部还是北部,无论是高原台地还是高山峡谷区,7月份近地层各气象要素、湍流通量、辐射收支都有明显的日变化。各地区的地表辐射、感热、潜热等最高值都出现在中午,最低值出现在早晨。地表反照率日变化均呈早晚高中午低的“U”型分布。地面热源强度在白天均为热源,正午为强热源,在夜间表现为弱的冷、热源交替出现。7月份近地层地气热量交换中,感热输送作用小,潜热输送占主导地位。动量通量和摩擦速度均在风速较大的下午较大,风速小的早晨小。 相似文献
15.
Imtiaz Rangwala Joseph Barsugli Karen Cozzetto Jason Neff James Prairie 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(7-8):1823-1840
This study analyzes mid-21st century projections of daily surface air minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperatures, by season and elevation, over the southern range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. The projections are from four regional climate models (RCMs) that are part of the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP). All four RCMs project 2°C or higher increases in Tmin and Tmax for all seasons. However, there are much greater (>3°C) increases in Tmax during summer at higher elevations and in Tmin during winter at lower elevations. Tmax increases during summer are associated with drying conditions. The models simulate large reductions in latent heat fluxes and increases in sensible heat fluxes that are, in part, caused by decreases in precipitation and soil moisture. Tmin increases during winter are found to be associated with decreases in surface snow cover, and increases in soil moisture and atmospheric water vapor. The increased moistening of the soil and atmosphere facilitates a greater diurnal retention of the daytime solar energy in the land surface and amplifies the longwave heating of the land surface at night. We hypothesize that the presence of significant surface moisture fluxes can modify the effects of snow-albedo feedback and results in greater wintertime warming at night than during the day. 相似文献
16.
Pablo E. S. Oliveira Ot��vio C. Acevedo Osvaldo L. L. Moraes Hans R. Zimermann Claudio Teichrieb 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,146(1):45-64
A 1-year set of measurements of CO2 and energy turbulent fluxes above and within a 25-m pine forest in southern Brazil is analyzed. The study focuses on the coupling state between two levels and its impact on flux determination by the eddy-covariance method. The turbulent series are split in their typical temporal scales using the multiresolution decomposition, a method that allows proper identification of the time scales of the turbulent events. Initially, four case studies are presented: a continually turbulent, a continually calm, a calm then turbulent, and an intermittent night. During transitions from calm to turbulent, large scalar fluxes of opposing signs occur at both levels, suggesting the transference of air accumulated in the canopy during the stagnant period both upwards and downwards. Average fluxes are shown for the entire period as a function of turbulence intensity and a canopy Richardson number, used as an indicator of the canopy coupling state. Above the canopy, CO2 and sensible heat fluxes decrease in magnitude both at the neutral and at the very stable limit, while below the canopy they increase monotonically with the canopy Richardson number. Latent heat fluxes decrease at both levels as the canopy air becomes more stable. The average temporal scales of the turbulent fluxes at both levels approach each other in neutral conditions, indicating that the levels are coupled in that case. Average CO2 fluxes during turbulent periods that succeed very calm ones are appreciably larger than the overall average above the canopy and smaller than the average or negative within the canopy, indicating that the transfer of air accumulated during calm portions at later turbulent intervals affects the flux average. The implications of this process for mean flux determination are discussed. 相似文献
17.
A Eulerian-Lagrangian canopy microclimate model wasdeveloped with the aim of discerning physical frombiophysical controls of CO2 and H2O fluxes. The model couples radiation attenuation with mass,energy, and momentum exchange at different canopylevels. A unique feature of the model is its abilityto combine higher order Eulerian closure approachesthat compute velocity statistics with Lagrangianscalar dispersion approaches within the canopy volume. Explicit accounting for within-canopy CO2,H2O, and heat storage is resolved by consideringnon-steadiness in mean scalar concentration andtemperature. A seven-day experiment was conducted inAugust 1998 to investigate whether the proposedmodel can reproduce temporal evolution of scalar(CO2, H2O and heat) fluxes, sources andsinks, and concentration profiles within and above auniform 15-year old pine forest. The modelreproduced well the measured depth-averaged canopy surfacetemperature, CO2 and H2O concentrationprofiles within the canopy volume, CO2 storageflux, net radiation above the canopy, and heat andmass fluxes above the canopy, as well as the velocitystatistics near the canopy-atmosphere interface. Implications for scaling measured leaf-levelbiophysical functions to ecosystem scale are alsodiscussed. 相似文献
18.
农田近地面层CO2和湍流通量特征研究 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
利用１９８５年５月至６月在北京郊区中国科学院农业生态试验研究站的麦田中实测的小麦不同生长期的ＣＯ２浓度梯度、光合有效辐射、净辐射、土壤热通量和温度、湿度及风速梯度等量的数据，采用空气动力学方法，计算了ＣＯ２通量、感热通量、潜热通量和动量通量。并对观测场地、仪器设备、校准方法及误差分析进行了描述。结果表明：从５月１４日到６月１５日，在１ｍ，２ｍ和１０ｍ处，ＣＯ２浓度振幅的日变化分别为１０３．４到２７．５，８７．５到２７．３和６９．８到１１．５ｐｐｍ；光合型和呼吸型的平均ＣＯ２浓度分别为３４５．３，３５０．６，３５７．５ｐｐｍ和３７３．９，３６９．７，３６２．１ｐｐｍ。在白天，ＣＯ２通量和梯度的输送方向是从大气向植被，在中午（１１时到１３时）输送达到负的最大值。在夜间，ＣＯ２通量和梯度输送的方向与白天相反，并且，在早晨（４时到６时）达到正的最大值。ＣＯ２通量与净辐射（Ｒｎ）、可利用能（Ｈ＋ＬＥ）、光合有效辐射和动量通量之间有较好的相关关系 相似文献
19.
Insect outbreaks are major disturbances that affect a land area similar to that of forest fires across North America. The recent mountain pine bark beetle (D endroctonus ponderosae) outbreak and its associated blue stain fungi (Grosmannia clavigera) are impacting water partitioning processes of forests in the Rocky Mountain region as the spatially heterogeneous disturbance spreads across the landscape. Water cycling may dramatically change due to increasing spatial heterogeneity from uneven mortality. Water and energy storage within trees and soils may also decrease, due to hydraulic failure and mortality caused by blue stain fungi followed by shifts in the water budget. This forest disturbance was unique in comparison to fire or timber harvesting because water fluxes were altered before significant structural change occurred to the canopy. We investigated the impacts of bark beetles on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stand and ecosystem level hydrologic processes and the resulting vertical and horizontal spatial variability in energy storage. Bark beetle-impacted stands had on average 57 % higher soil moisture, 1.5 °C higher soil temperature, and 0.8 °C higher tree bole temperature over four growing seasons compared to unimpacted stands. Seasonal latent heat flux was highly correlated with soil moisture. Thus, high mortality levels led to an increase in ecosystem level Bowen ratio as sensible heat fluxes increased yearly and latent heat fluxes varied with soil moisture levels. Decline in canopy biomass (leaf, stem, and branch) was not seen, but ground-to-atmosphere longwave radiation flux increased, as the ground surface was a larger component of the longwave radiation. Variability in soil, latent, and sensible heat flux and radiation measurements increased during the disturbance. Accounting for stand level variability in water and energy fluxes will provide a method to quantify potential drivers of ecosystem processes and services as well as lead to greater confidence in measurements for all dynamic disturbances. 相似文献