共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
1.
利用位于青藏高原东侧理塘大气综合观测站2008年观测资料,分析了高寒草甸下垫面上地表通量的时间变化特征,确定了温度、水汽和CO2的归一化标准差在不稳定情况下随稳定度变化的通量方差关系,应用通量方差法对感热、潜热和CO2通量进行了计算,并与涡旋相关系统的观测结果进行了比较。结果表明：地表通量月平均日变化呈较为规则的日循环特征,季节变化特征也很明显,雨季（5-9月）潜热大于感热,干季则以感热为主,CO2通量以6-9月值最大。在不稳定条件下,温度、水汽和CO2的归一化标准差随稳定度的变化均满足-1/3规律,其通量方差相似性常数分别为1.2,1.4和0.9。通量方差法估算出的通量值与涡旋相关观测得到的通量值有较好的一致性,但感热通量的效果优于潜热通量和CO2通量。该方法高估了感热通量尤其是潜热通量,而低估了CO2通量。采用直接观测的感热通量值计算潜热通量和CO2通量可改善计算结果。 相似文献
2.
以地表能量收支平衡方程为基础，将地表通量同近地层内的常规气象资料联系起来，模式要求输入地面风速、温度和总云量等常规气象观测资料，输出近地层的湍流特征参数U* 、θ* 、L和参数化的地表通量（净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量），澳大利亚Wangara试验资料被用来检验了该模式。计算结果和实际资料吻合较好。 相似文献
3.
基于陆面模式Noah-MP的不同参数化方案在半干旱区的适用性 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
针对陆面模式Noah-MP对兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站（SACOL）2009年8月地表热通量模拟值偏差大的问题,通过分析相关物理过程和模拟试验来探究偏差的来源,并确定合适的参数化方案:采用Chen97方案计算感热输送系数可以改善感热通量的模拟;采用Jarvis气孔阻抗方案能增大植被蒸腾,改进模式对潜热通量的模拟效果,同时也使热通量在感热和潜热间的分配比例合理;采用LP92方案可减小土壤蒸发阻抗并有利于土壤蒸发,使得模式对潜热通量的模拟效果变好。不同参数化方案的组合试验表明:同时采用2组或3组新的参数化方案组合可以进一步减小模拟的地表感热和潜热通量的均方根误差,但是土壤湿度和温度的模拟效果并没有同步改善。 相似文献
4.
利用长白山森林生态系统定位研究站观测资料,及2003年8月和9月涡旋相关资料,分析和比较了该地区近地层包括风速、风向、大气稳定度在内的平均场特征,以及湍流强度、无量纲化风脉动方差相似性和地表通量变化特征。结果表明:(1)8月和9月稳定度都基本集中在0附近;(2)风速2 m·s-1的环境中,湍流发展最为旺盛,随着风速的增大湍流强度先迅速减小,当风速增大到3 m·s-1后,湍流强度偏离0值变大了一些,再继续增大到一定风速大小以后,湍流强度基本不随风速变化;(3)无量纲化三维风脉动方差符合Monin-Obukhov相似理论的"1/3"定律,其最佳通用相似函数在稳定和不稳定条件下都可以拟合得到;(4)地表通量均表现出明显的日变化特征,8月以潜热为主,感热较小;9月仍以潜热为主,但是相比8月明显偏小,感热变化不大。 相似文献
5.
介绍了广州增城丘陵灌木林通量站的地理环境、仪器布设,并利用该站2014年12月—2015年2月的观测资料,分析冬季华南丘陵灌木林下垫面近地层的风、温度、气压、湿度和大气稳定度等基本气象要素特征,以及湍流强度、风速归一化标准差的统计特征及通量特征。结果表明:（1）冬季增城站以北向小风为主,风速多小于4 m/s,日平均温度变化剧烈,平均相对湿度为67.94%;（2）大气稳定度集中于“±” 0.5之间,以近中性为主;冬季平均湍流强度Iu、Iv和Iw分别为0.37、0.31和0.19;在风速小于1 m/s时湍流发展旺盛,随风速增大,湍流强度减小并趋于稳定;（3）风速分量归一化标准差δu/u*、δv/u*、δw/u*与稳定度Z/L之间满足莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论,并呈1/3次方关系,且随|Z/L|的减小而减小,在中性层结（Z/L→0）均匀下垫面,其值为常数,分别为2.286、1.757和1.174;（4）冬季增城站的能量耗散以感热为主,晴天尤为显著;阴天感热与潜热大小相当;平均日间吸收CO2极值为0.236 mg/(m2·s)。 相似文献
6.
利用2012年11月11日至2013年1月20日上海秋冬季涡动相关通量观测资料,对比分析地表能量平衡和CO2通量在不同天气条件下的日变化特征。结果表明：2012-2013年上海晴天和多云天气条件下,最大能量通量为储热项,其次为感热项;用于蒸发的潜热通量项最小,低于50 w·m-2。储热项日峰值出现在11时,出现时间早于净辐射通量,而在日落前转为负值。感热项日变化曲线并不以12时为中心呈对称分布,日落后感热项仍为明显正值。中午至日落时波文比值为3以上。感热通量受风向影响最大,在主导风向为西北风时,感热通量日峰值从其他风向的175 w·m-2左右减小至120 w·m-2左右。霾和云对短波辐射均表现为衰减作用,云的衰减作用明显大于霾。云使地表向上长波辐射和净长波辐射明显减少,而使大气逆辐射增加。晴天条件下,全天表现为CO2排放源,且日变化呈双峰型,两个峰值出现时间正好对应上下班高峰时段,傍晚峰值大于早上峰值。 相似文献
7.
利用中国科学院2005年珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察期间 (4月2日至6月7日) 收集的大气观测资料，分析了珠峰绒布河谷近地层水平风速、温度、湍流强度、湍流通量日变化及地表能量平衡特征。通过分析得出近地层三维风速方差与稳定度的关系基本满足1/3次方规律；珠峰绒布河谷近地层大气水平风速、温度、动量通量、感热通量和潜热通量均存在明显的日变化；地表获得的能量很大一部分以感热形式散失掉了，潜热所占比重很小。另外，还发现绒布河谷地区地表能量通量各分量并不满足能量平衡方程Rn=Hs+Le+G。通过对地面加热场的分析发现珠峰地表白天是强热源，晚上转变为弱冷源。 相似文献
8.
本文利用位于青藏高原东南缘的温江和大理大气边界层野外观测资料,对比分析了两站包括风温湿、辐射、湍流通量等在内的近地层微气象学特征,主要结果如下：（1）两站风速值均随着高度的增加而增大,但温江站冬季4～10 m风速在白天出现随高度减小的现象.温江站冬季以东北风为主,夏季以西北风和南风为主;大理站冬季以东南风为主,其次为西南风,夏季则以东风和东南风为主.两站近地层逆温和逆湿现象都非常显著.（2）同一季节温江站大气逆辐射和地表长波辐射大于大理站,向下短波辐射小于大理站.温江站地表长波辐射总是大于大气逆辐射,而大理站白天地表长波辐射大于大气逆辐射,晚上则相反.（3）温江站感热通量冬季大于大理站,夏季小于大理站,而潜热通量无论冬夏都要小于大理站.两站潜热通量均大于感热通量,并且大理站潜热通量月平均日变化值全天始终大于零.无论冬夏,温江站土壤热通量都要小于大理站,随着深度的增加两站土壤热通量均有位相上的延迟. 相似文献
9.
西北地区一次沙尘暴过程的地表热通量特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用NCEP日平均全球再分析网格点资料,对我国西北地区晴天日与沙尘暴日地表感热通量及潜热通量的差异进行了对比分析.结果表明:沙尘暴爆发前和爆发时,地表感热通量迅速增大,潜热通量急剧减小,地面空气处于一种干热状态,为一热源区,有能量的散失. 相似文献
10.
为了研究湍涡对中尺度绿洲灌溉的响应,利用WRF模式大涡模拟模块（WRF-LES）在西北半干旱区绿洲区开展灌溉前和灌溉后两个大涡模拟试验（分别简称为BI和AI）,其中灌溉可能会改变绿洲非均匀强度。利用面积平均的办法计算湍流热通量并利用小波分析将湍流热通量模态分解到不同的尺度。结果表明灌溉增加了土壤湿度,引起绿洲内部非均匀强度增加,灌溉对垂直热通量以及通量频散都有较大影响。AI中的湍涡为网状,与BI中一致。AI与BI中的感热通量的频散高度都随着感热通量的减小而减小。AI与BI中感热通量小波能量谱尺度一致,但是BI中强度比AI小。潜热通量的频散高度依赖于感热通量,且潜热通量能量谱随高度减小。空间滞后相关系数的结果表明由于灌溉前地表加热较强,感热通量对地表热通量的响应高度在灌溉之前（BI）比灌溉后（AI）更高。灌溉后的通量模态的飘移距离小于灌溉前的。 相似文献
11.
Optical remote sensing data collected during the Monsoon '90 experiment in the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed in southern Arizona were used to estimate basin-scale surface temperature, net radiation (R
n) and soil heat flux (G). These were combined with several atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) models to allow computation of basin-scale surface fluxes of sensible (H) and latent heat (LE). The calculated fluxes were compared to averages from a network of surface flux stations. One ABL model calculatedH using a bulk similarity approach for wind and temperature with remotely sensed surface temperature as the lower boundary condition. With basin-scale estimates ofR
n andG, LE was solved as a residual. The other ABL model applied atmospheric profiles from a series of soundings in the conservation equations of temperature and humidity in the mixed layer to computeH andLE directly. By combining theseH values withR
n andG, calculation ofLE by residual also was performed. The ABL-derivedH values differed from the averages from the surface network by roughly 20 and 30% for the bulk similarity and conservation approaches, respectively. ForLE, these same differences were around 10 and 70%. The disparity was reduced to nearly 30% for the conservation approach whenLE was solved as a residual. Days with significant spatial variation in surface soil moisture and/or cloud cover were associated with most of the disagreement between the ABL-derived and surface-based values. This was particularly true for conservation estimates ofLE. The bulk similarity method appeared less sensitive non-ideal environmental conditions. This may in part be due to the use of remotely sensed information, which provided a lower boundary value of surface temperature and estimates ofR
n andG over the study area, thereby allowing for residual calculations ofLE. Such information clearly has utility for assessing the surface energy and water balance at basin scale. 相似文献
12.
卫星遥感结合气象资料计算的青藏高原地面感热特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文选取1981年7月至2012年12月美国国家航空和航天局（NASA）制作的归一化的动态植被指数（NDVI）资料、根据NDVI值计算地表热力输送系数（CH）的参数化关系式（CH-INDV）和青藏高原70个常规气象观测资料,计算了青藏高原全区的逐月地表热力输送系数（CH）,讨论了其时空分布特征,并在此基础上计算了高原70个常规台站的感热通量（SSHF）序列,并与已有感热资料进行了对比。随后,探讨了地面感热通量的气候特征及其年际变化与气候因子的关系。结果表明:高原地区的CH值具有明显的空间差异和季节差异,表现为东高西低、夏季大、冬季小的特点。感热的年际变化在冬季主要响应于地气温差的变化,夏季则受地面风速影响较大;由于风速减小趋缓,地气温差增大,变化趋势在2003年前后由减弱趋势转变为增强趋势,这种趋势的转变最早发生在2001年秋季,且在高原全区具有较好的一致性。 相似文献
13.
This paper reports on measurements of sensible and latent heat and CO2 fluxes made over an irrigated potato field, growing next to a patch of desert. The study was conducted using two eddy correlation systems. One measurement system was located within the equilibrium boundary layer 800 m downwind from the edge of the potato field. The other measurement system was mobile and was placed at various downwind positions to probe the horizontal transition of vertical scalar fluxes. Latent (LE) and sensible (H) heat fluxes, measured at 4 m above the surface, exhibited marked variations with downwind distance over the field. Only after the fetch to height ratio exceeded 75 to 1 didLE andH become invariant with downwind distance. When latent and sensible heat fluxes were measured upwind of this threshold, significant advection of humidity-deficit occurred, causing a vertical flux divergence ofH andLE.The measured fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture were compared with predictions from a second-order closure two-dimensional atmospheric boundary layer model. There is good agreement between measurements and model predictions. A soil-plant-atmosphere model was used to examine nonlinear feedbacks between humidity-deficits, stomatal conductance and evaporation. Data interpretation with this model revealed that the advection of hot dry air did not enhance surface evaporation rates near the upwind edge of the potato field, because of negative feedbacks among stomatal conductance, humidity-deficits, andLE. This finding is consistent with results from several recent studies. 相似文献
14.
Denny P. Alappattu D. Bala Subrahamanyam P. K. Kunhikrishnan Radhika Ramachandran K. M. Somayaji R. Venkatesh G. S. Bhat A. Bhagavath Singh 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,126(2):297-309
We report the spatio-temporal variability of surface-layer turbulent fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum over the Bay of
Bengal (BoB) and the Arabian Sea (AS) during the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases Radiation Budget (ICARB) field experiment.
The meteorological component of ICARB conducted during March – May 2006 onboard the oceanic research vessel Sagar Kanya forms
the database for the present study. The bulk transfer coefficients and the surface-layer fluxes are estimated using a modified
bulk aerodynamic method, and then the spatio-temporal variability of these air-sea interface fluxes is discussed in detail.
It is observed that the sensible and latent heat fluxes over the AS are marginally higher than those over the BoB, which we
attribute to differences in the prevailing meteorological conditions over the two oceanic regions. The values of the wind
stress, sensible and latent heat fluxes are compared with those obtained for the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) period.
The variation of drag coefficient (C
D
), exchange coefficients of sensible heat and moisture (C
H
= C
E
) and neutral drag coefficient (C
DN
) with wind speed is also discussed.
相似文献
15.
Kusuma G. Rao 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,111(2):247-273
For the first time, the exchange coefficient of heat CH has been estimated from eddy correlation of velocity and virtual temperature fluctuations using sonic anemometer measurements made at low wind speeds over the monsoon land atJodhpur (26°18' N, 73°04' E), a semi arid station. It shows strong dependence on wind speed, increasing rapidly with decreasing wind speed, and scales according to a power law CH = 0.025U10
-0.7 (where U10 is the mean wind speed at 10-m height). A similar but more rapid increase in the drag coefficient CDhas already been reported in an earlier study. Low winds (<4 m s-1) are associated with both near neutral and strong unstable situations. It is noted that CH increases with increasing instability. The present observations best describe a low wind convective regime as revealed in the scaling behaviour of drag, sensible heat flux and the non-dimensional temperature gradient. Neutral drag and heat cofficients,corrected using Monin–Obukhov (M–O) theory, show a more uniform behaviour at low wind speeds in convective conditions, when compared with the observed coefficients discussed in a coming paper.At low wind convective conditions, M-O theory is unable to capture the observed linear dependence of drag on wind speed, unlike during forced convections. The non-dimensional shear inferred from the present data shows noticeable deviations from Businger's formulation, a forced convection similarity. Heat flux is insensitive to drag associated with weak winds superposed on true free convection. With heat flux as the primary variable, definition of new velocity scales leads to a new drag parameterization scheme at low wind speeds during convective conditionsdiscussed in a coming paper. 相似文献
16.
利用珠海凤凰山陆气相互作用观测塔站2014年11月至2016年5月的观测数据,对比分析了干湿季森林下垫面能量通量和气象要素的变化特征,分析了在不同稳定度下3个风向范围（315°～45°、45°～135°和135°～225°）的动量和感热交换系数随冠层表面风速的变化特征,并对动量和感热交换系数进行了参数化研究。结果表明:干季感热和潜热通量值相当,湿季潜热远大于感热。干季和湿季的夜晚都出现负感热现象,感热从大气向森林输送。相对湿度的变化幅度大,与该地气象状况密切相关,相对湿度的垂直梯度夜晚较大,白天较小。干季的气温垂直梯度比湿季的明显。风速在冬季变化平缓,夏季变化剧烈,低层风速随高度变化梯度明显,高层较紊乱。各高度风向差异不大。中性和近中性状态下,在风向为315°～45°、45°～135°和135°～225°时,动量交换系数Cdn分别为0.05、0.0055和0.022,感热交换系数Chn分别为0.0055、0.003和0.004。在稳定和不稳定状态下,动量交换系数Cd、感热交换系数Ch随冠层表面风速v明显发生变化,稳定条件下,Cd、Ch随v的增大而增大;不稳定条件下,Cd、Ch随v的增大而减小。分不同风向对森林冠层Cd、Ch在稳定和不稳定条件下与v的关系进行了拟合,得到了参数化公式。 相似文献
17.
The dependence of radiometric surface temperature (s) on view angle and the unclear definition of the aerodynamic temperature, which is the temperature that gives the correct sensible heat flux estimate at a specified roughness length, bring about a challenge in estimating sensible heat flux from s. An analytical-land-atmosphere-radiometer model (ALARM) has been developed to convert s taken at any zenith view angle to a clearly defined equivalent isothermal surface temperature, i, at a defined scalar roughness length. ALARM is an analytical model based on K-theory that links the foliage temperature profile to the radiometric surface temperature and the temperature felt by the turbulent lower atmosphere. ALARM has previously been applied with slightly different values of its parameters to several grassland sites of varying canopy density. Our objective in this study was to apply ALARM to these and to one additional dataset with a single parameterization. When compared to the reference (measured) values of sensible heat flux H, ALARM estimates of H had root mean square errors of about 35 W m-2. These results were comparable to those from two other simple canopy models also tested with these datasets. 相似文献
18.
High frequency temperature measurements were recorded at five heights and surface renewal (SR) analysis was used to estimate sensible heat flux density (H) over 0.1 m tall grass. Traces of the temperature data showed ramp-like structures, and the mean amplitude and duration of these ramps were used to calculate H using structure functions. Data were compared with H values measured with a sonic anemometer. Latent heat flux density (E) was calculated using an energy balance and the results were compared with E computed from the sonic anemometer data. SR analysis provided good estimates of H for data recorded at all heights but the canopy top and at the highest measurement level, which was above the fully adjusted boundary layer. 相似文献
19.
Based on data obtained during the Hualhe River Basin Experiment （HUBEX） in 1999, this study intends to detect the quantitative discrepancies in the momentum （τ0）, sensible heat （H0） and latent heat （E0） fluxes among six sets of similarity functions with the aerodynamic method. It also aims to clarify the applicability of the functions under stable conditions. The relative discrepancy was studied with the normalized transfer coefficients for τ0, H0 and E0, namely CD, CH and CQ, respectively. Except for one set of functions that adopted a rather small von Kármán＇s constant （0.365）, the relative discrepancy in τ0 among the other functions was less than 10%, while that in H0（E0） sometimes reached 25% when the bulk Richardson number （R/B） was less than 0.07. The absolute discrepancy in the fluxes was studied with statistical computations. Among the six sets of functions, the discrepancy in τ0, H0 and E0 sometimes reached 0.03 kg m^-1 s^-2, 4 W m^-2 and 10 W m^-2, respectively, and the discrepancy in the energy balance ratio sometimes exceeded 0.1. Furthermore, when RiB exceeded the critical value （Ric） for a specific set of functions, no fluxes could be derived with the functions. It is therefore suggested that RiB be compared with Ric before computing the fluxes if RiB is less than Ric. Finally, two sets of nonlinear similarity functions are recommended, due to their unlimited applicability in terms of RiB. 相似文献
20.
Buoyancy and The Sensible Heat Flux Budget Within Dense Canopies 总被引：1，自引：8，他引：1
D. Cava G. G. Katul A. Scrimieri D. Poggi A. Cescatti U. Giostra 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,118(1):217-240
In contrast to atmospheric surface-layer (ASL) turbulence, a linear relationship between turbulent heat fluxes (FT) and vertical gradients of mean air temperature within canopies is frustrated by numerous factors, including local variation
in heat sources and sinks and large-scale eddy motion whose signature is often linked with the ejection-sweep cycle. Furthermore,
how atmospheric stability modifies such a relationship remains poorly understood, especially in stable canopy flows. To date,
no explicit model exists for relating FT to the mean air temperature gradient, buoyancy, and the statistical properties of the ejection-sweep cycle within the canopy
volume. Using third-order cumulant expansion methods (CEM) and the heat flux budget equation, a “diagnostic” analytical relationship
that links ejections and sweeps and the sensible heat flux for a wide range of atmospheric stability classes is derived. Closure
model assumptions that relate scalar dissipation rates with sensible heat flux, and the validity of CEM in linking ejections
and sweeps with the triple scalar-velocity correlations, were tested for a mixed hardwood forest in Lavarone, Italy. We showed
that when the heat sources (ST) and FT have the same sign (i.e. the canopy is heating and sensible heat flux is positive), sweeps dominate the sensible heat flux.
Conversely, if ST and FT are opposite in sign, standard gradient-diffusion closure model predict that ejections must dominate the sensible heat flux. 相似文献