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The accuracy of land surface hydrological simulations using an offline land surface model(LSM) depends largely on the quality of the atmospheric forcing data. In this study, Global Land Data Assimilation System(GLDAS) forcing data and the newly developed China Meteorological Administration Land Data Assimilation System(CLDAS)forcing data are used to drive the Noah LSM with multiple parameterizations(Noah-MP) and to explore how the newly developed CLDAS forcing data improve land surface hydrological simulations over mainland China. The monthly soil moisture(SM) and evapotranspiration(ET) simulations are then compared and evaluated against observations. The results show that the Noah-MP driven by the CLDAS forcing data(referred to as CLDAS_Noah-MP)significantly improves the simulations in most cases over mainland China and its eight river basins. CLDAS_NoahMP increases the correlation coefficient(R) values from 0.451 to 0.534 for the SM simulations at a depth range of 0–10 cm in mainland China, especially in the eastern monsoon area such as the Huang–Huai–Hai Plain, the southern Yangtze River basin, and the Zhujiang River basin. Moreover, the root-mean-square error is reduced from 0.078 to0.068 m~3 m~(-3) for the SM simulations, and from 12.9 to 11.4 mm month~(-1) for the ET simulations over mainland China, especially in the southern Yangtze River basin and Zhujiang River basin. This study demonstrates that, by merging more in situ and remote sensing observations in regional atmospheric forcing data, offline LSM simulations can better simulate regional-scale land surface hydrological processes. 相似文献
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The Xin'anjiang Model is used as the basic model to develop a monthly grid-based macroscalehydrological model for the assessment of the effects of climate change on water resources.Themonthly discharge from 1953 through 1985 in the Huaihe River Basin is simulated.The sensitivityanalysis on runoff is made under assumed climatic scenarios.There is a good agreement betweenthe observed and simulated runoff.Due to the increase of time interval and decrease ofprecipitation intensity on monthly time scale,there is no monthly runoff in some model girds as themomhly hydrological model is applied to the Huaihe River Basin.Two methods of downscalingmonthly precipitation to daily resolution are validated by running the Xin'anjiang model withmonthly data at a daily time step.and the model outputs are more realistic than the monthlyhydrological model.The metbods of downscaling of monthly precipitation to daily resolution mayprovide an idea in solving the problem of the shortage of daily data.In the research of the climatechange on water resources,the daily hydrological model can be used instead of the monthly one. 相似文献
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Numerical Simulation and Evaluation of a New Hydrological Model Coupled with GRAPES 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 ZHENG Ziyan ZHANG Wanchang XU Jingwen ZHAO Linn CHEN Jing YAN Zhongwei 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2012,26(5):653-663
Hydrological processes exert enormous influences on the land surface water and energy balance, and have a close relationship with human society. We have developed a new hydrological runoff parameterization called XXT to improve the performance of a coupled land surface-atmosphere modeling system. The XXT parameterization, which is based upon the Xinanjiang hydrological model and TOPMODEL, includes an optimized function of runoff calculation with a new soil moisture storage capacity distribution curve(SMSCC). We then couple XXT with the Global/Regional Assimilation Prediction System (GRAPES) and compare it to GRAPES coupled with a simple water balance model (SWB).For the model evaluation and comparison, we perform 72-h online simulations using GRAPES-XXT and GRAPES-SWB during two torrential events in August 2007 and July 2008, respectively. The results show that GRAPES can reproduce the rainfall distribution and intensity fairly well in both cases. Differences in the representation of feedback processes between surface hydrology and the atmosphere result in differences in the distributions and amounts of precipitation simulated by GRAPES-XXT and GRAPES-SWB. The runoff simulations are greatly improved by the use of XXT in place of SWB, particularly with respect to the distribution and amount of runoff. The average runoff depth is nearly doubled in the rainbelt area, and unreasonable runoff distributions simulated by GRAPES-SWB are made more realistic by the introduction of XXT. Differences in surface soil moisture between GRAPES-XXT and GRAPES-SWB show that the XXT model changes infiltration and increases surface runoff. We also evaluate river flood discharge in the Yishu River basin. The peak values of flood discharge calculated from the output of GRAPES-XXT agree more closely with observations than those calculated from the output of GRAPES-SWB. 相似文献
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Probabilistic Flood Prediction in the Upper Huaihe Catchment Using TIGGE Data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 ZHAO Linn QI Dan TIAN Fuyou WU Hao DI Jingyue WANG Zhi LI Aihua 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2012,26(1):62-71
Based on the precipitation and temperature data obtained from THORPEX (The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment) Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE)-China Meteorological Administration (CMA) archiving center and the raingauge data,the three-layer variable infiltration capacity (VIC-3L) land surface model was employed to carry out probabilistic hydrological forecast experiments over the upper Huaihe River catchment from 20 July to 3 August 2008.The results show that the performance of the ensemble probabilistic prediction from each ensemble prediction system (EPS) is better than that of the deterministic prediction.Especially,the 72-h prediction has been improved obviously.The ensemble spread goes widely with increasing lead time and more observed discharge is bracketed in the 5th-99th quantile.The accuracy of river discharge prediction driven by the European Centre (EC)-EPS is higher than that driven by the CMA-EPS and the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)-EPS,and the grand-ensemble prediction is the best for hydrological prediction using the VIC model.With regard to Wangjiaba station,all predictions made with a single EPS are close to the observation between the 25th and 75th quantile.The onset of the flood ascending and the river discharge thresholds are predicted well,and so is the second rising limb.Nevertheless,the flood recession is not well predicted. 相似文献
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The changes in hydrological processes in the Yellow River basin were simulated by using the Community Land Model(CLM,version 3.5),driven by historical climate data observed from 1951 to 2008.A comparison of modeled soil moisture and runoff with limited observations in the basin suggests a general drying trend in simulated soil moisture,runoff,and precipitation-evaporation balance(P-E) in most areas of the Yellow River basin during the observation period.Furthermore,annual soil moisture,runoff,and P-E averaged over the entire basin have declined by 3.3%,82.2%,and 32.1%,respectively.Significant drying trends in soil moisture appear in the upper and middle reaches of the basin,whereas a significant trend in declining surface runoff and P-E occurred in the middle reaches and the southeastern part of the upper reaches.The overall decreasing water availability is characterized by large spatial and temporal variability. 相似文献
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The relationship between the radar reflectivity factor(Z) and the rainfall rate(R) is recalculated based on radar observations from 10 Doppler radars and hourly rainfall measurements at 6529 automatic weather stations over the Yangtze–Huaihe River basin. The data were collected by the National 973 Project from June to July 2013 for severe convective weather events. The Z–R relationship is combined with an empirical qr–R relationship to obtain a new Z–qr relationship, which is then used to correct the observational operator for radar reflectivity in the three-dimensional variational(3 DVar) data assimilation system of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model to improve the analysis and prediction of severe convective weather over the Yangtze–Huaihe River basin. The performance of the corrected reflectivity operator used in the WRF 3 DVar data assimilation system is tested with a heavy rain event that occurred over Jiangsu and Anhui provinces and the surrounding regions on 23 June 2013. It is noted that the observations for this event are not included in the calculation of the Z–R relationship. Three experiments are conducted with the WRF model and its 3 DVar system, including a control run without the assimilation of reflectivity data and two assimilation experiments with the original and corrected reflectivity operators. The experimental results show that the assimilation of radar reflectivity data has a positive impact on the rainfall forecast within a few hours with either the original or corrected reflectivity operators, but the corrected reflectivity operator achieves a better performance on the rainfall forecast than the original operator. The corrected reflectivity operator extends the effective time of radar data assimilation for the prediction of strong reflectivity. The physical variables analyzed with the corrected reflectivity operator present more reasonable mesoscale structures than those obtained with the original reflectivity operator. This suggests that the new statistical Z–R relationship is more suitable for predicting severe convective weather over the Yangtze–Huaihe River basin than the Z–R relationships currently in use. 相似文献
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Relationship between winter snow cover days in Northeast China and rainfall near the Yangtze River basin in the following summer 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Based on observed snow and precipitation data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data,the relationship between the number of winter snow cover days in Northeast China and the following summer’s rainfall in the northern part of southern China is analyzed and the possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.The results indicate that a negative relationship is significant throughout the study period,especially more obvious after the 1980s.The pre-winter circulation patterns in years with more snow cover days and less summer rainfall in the south bank of the Yangtze River are almost the same.In years with more snow cover days,lower temperatures at the lower level over Northeast China are found in winter and spring.The winter monsoon is weaker and retreats later in these years than in those with fewer snow cover days.In spring of years with more snow cover days,anomalous cyclonic circulation is observed over Northeast China,and anomalous northerly wind is found in eastern China.In summer of these years,anomalous northeasterly wind at the lower level is found from the area south of the Yangtze River to the East China Sea and Yellow Sea;and with less southwesterly water vapor transport,the rainfall in the area south of the Yangtze River is less than normal,and the opposite patterns are true in years with fewer snow cover days.In recent years,the stable relationship between winter snow cover in Northeast China and summer rainfall in the Yangtze River basin can be used for summer rainfall prediction.The results are of great importance to short-term climate prediction for summer rainfall. 相似文献
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GUO Jianping NIU Tao Pooyan RAHIMY WANG Fu ZHAO Haiying ZHANG Jiahua 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2013,27(1):98-109
Soil erosion is one of the most serious land degradation problems all over the world,causing irreversible land quality reduction.In this paper,we modify the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) model by replacing the factors of slope length and gradient with Sediment Transport Index(STI).The Digital Elevation Model,terrain parameters,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),and rainfall data are used as inputs to the model.Along with the application of remote sensing techniques and ground survey measurements,erosion susceptibility maps are produced.The revised models are then used to obtain the optimal estimate of soil erosion susceptibility at Alianello of southern Italy,which is prone to soil erosion.The soil loss estimated from the modified RUSLE model shows a large spatial variance,ranging from 10 to as much as 7000 ton ha 1 yr 1.The high erosion susceptible area constitutes about 46.8% of the total erosion area,and when classified by land cover type,33% is "mixed bare with shrubs and grass",followed by 5.29% of "mixture of shrubs and trees",with "shrubs" having the lowest percentage of 0.06%.In terms of slope types,very steep slope accounts for a total of 40.90% and belongs to high susceptibility,whereas flat slope accounts for only 0.12%,indicating that flat topography has little effect on the erosion hazard.As far as the geomorphologic types are concerned,the type of "moderate steep-steep slopes with moderate to severe erosion" is most favorable to high soil erosion,which comprises about 9.34%.Finally,we validate the soil erosion map from the adapted RUSLE model against the visual interpretation map,and find a similarity degree of 71.9%,reflecting the efficiency of the adapted RUSLE model in mapping the soil erosion in this study area. 相似文献
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Yufei XIN Yongjiu DAI Jian LI Xinyao RONG Guo ZHANG 《Journal of Meteorological Research》2019,(2):251-263
The ECHAM5 model is coupled with the widely used Common Land Model(CoLM). ECHAM5 is a state-of-theart atmospheric general circulation model incorporated into the integrated weather and climate model of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS-CSM). Land surface schemes in ECHAM5 are simple and do not provide an adequate representation of the vegetation canopy and snow/frozen soil processes. Two AMIP(Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project)-type experiments using ECHAM5 and ECHAM5-CoLM are run over 30 yr and the results are compared with reanalysis and observational data. It is found that the pattern of land surface temperature simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM is significantly improved relative to ECHAM5. Specifically, the cold bias over Eurasia is removed and the root-mean-square error is reduced in most regions. The seasonal variation in the zonal mean land surface temperature and the in situ soil temperature at 20-and 80-cm depths are both better simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM. ECHAM5-CoLM produces a more reasonable spatial pattern in the soil moisture content, whereas ECHAM5 predicts much drier soils. The seasonal cycle of soil moisture content from ECHAM5-CoLM is a better match to the observational data in six specific regions. ECHAM5-CoLM reproduces the observed spatial patterns of both sensible and latent heat fluxes. The strong positive bias in precipitation over land is reduced in ECHAM5-CoLM, especially over the southern Tibetan Plateau and middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the summer monsoon rainy season. 相似文献
11.
土地利用变化对长江流域气候及水文过程影响的敏感性研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
使用区域气候模式(RegCM3)和大尺度汇流模型(LRM), 研究土地利用/植被覆盖变化对长江流域气候及水文过程的影响。RegCM3嵌套于欧洲数值预报中心 (ECMWF) 再分析资料ERA40, 分别进行了中国区域在实际植被和理想植被分布情况下两个各15年 (1987～2001年) 时间长度的积分试验。随后, RegCM3 两个试验的输出径流结果分别用来驱动LRM, 研究土地利用/植被覆盖变化对长江流域河川径流的影响。研究结果指出, 中国当代土地利用变化对长江流域降水、蒸散发、径流深及河川径流等水文气候要素的改变较大, 对气温的改变并不明显。土地利用变化引起长江干流河川径流量在夏季(6～8月)有所增加, 并且越向下游增加幅度越大, 其中大通站径流量增加接近15%。总体而言, 土地利用改变加剧了长江流域夏季水循环过程, 使得夏季长江中下游地区降水增多, 径流增大。 相似文献
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应用Terra和Aqua卫星的MODIS资料和三维叶分布模式,结合MODIS陆地植被覆盖产品数据,估算了6种生物群落的LAI,并与我国西北地区叶面积仪观测结果进行了对比和分析。结果表明,从两颗卫星连续8天的观测资料可以估算出LAI,反演结果的相对误差基本在±20%以内,平均相对误差为13.7%,说明该方法可以反演实际植被的LAI;根据植被类型的差异,建立了6种生物群落LAI与NDVI的指数关系,相关性较好;青藏高原东部的LAI时间变化有不一致性的特征,反映了不同生物群落的生物学特性的差异;不同季节的LAI变化在空间上有很大差异,说明本研究区域西部冷、干和高原东部相对暖、湿的复杂气候特征。 相似文献
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This study intends to disclose orographic effects on climate and climatic impacts on hydrological regimes in Qinling Mountains under global change background. We integrate a meteorological model (MM5 model, PSU/NCAR, 2005) and a hydrological model (SWAT model, 2005) to couple hydrological dynamic with climate change in Qinling Mountains. Models are calibrated and validated based on the simulation of different combined schemes. Following findings were achieved. Firstly, Qinling Mountains dominantly influence climate, and hydrological process in Weihe River and upper Hanjiang River. Results show that Qinling Mountains lead to a strong north–south gradient precipitation distribution over Qinling Mountains due to orographic effects, and it reduces precipitation from 10–25 mm (December) to 55–80 mm (August) in Weihe River basin, and adds 25–50 mm (December) or 65–112 mm (August) in upper Hanjiang River basin; evapotranspiration (ET) decrease of 21% in Weihe River (August) and increase 10.5% in upper Hanjiang River (July). The Qinling Mountains reduce water yields of 23.5% in Weihe River, and decrease of 11.3% in upper Hanjiang River. Secondly, climate change is responsible for the changes of coupling effects of rainfall, land use and cover, river flow and water resources. It shows that average temperature significantly increased, and precipitation substantially reduced which leads to hydrological process changed greatly from 1950 to 2005: temperature increased and precipitation decreased, climate became drier in the past two decades (1980–2005), high levels of precipitation exists in mid-1950, mid-1970, while other studied periods are in low level states. The inter-annual variation in water yield correlates with surface runoff with an R 2 value of 0.63 (Weihe River) and 0.87 (upper Hanjiang River). It shows that variation of annual precipitation was smaller than that of seasonal precipitation. 相似文献
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Trends in evaporation of a large subtropical lake 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In order to further investigate the capability of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to identify flood/drought events, monthly precipitation data from 26 precipitation stations and monthly discharge data from four hydrological stations from 1960 to 2006 in the Minjiang River basin were used to analyze the correlations between multiple time scales of the SPI and river discharge. The SPI series that had a maximum correlation with discharge was chosen to detect flood/drought events in the basin, and the results were compared to historical flood/drought events. The results indicated the following. (1) High Pearson correlations between the SPI and discharge were identified at shorter time scales (1 to 3 months), and the maximum correlation was found on the time scale of 2 months. (2) Five floods among the six largest historical flood events in the Minjiang River basin were identified with the 2-month SPI, but the SPI does have shortcomings in identifying more general floods. The SPI also identified major drought events that were consistent with historical data. This demonstrates that the 2-month SPI is an effective indicator for the identification of major flood/drought events in the Minjiang River basin. 相似文献
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Brazilian strategic interest in the Madeira River basin, one of the most important of the southern Amazon tributaries, includes the development of hydropower to satisfy the country’s growing energy needs and new waterways to boost regional trade and economic development. Because of evidences that climate change impacts the hydrological regime of rivers, the aim of this study was to assess how global climate change and regional land cover change caused by deforestation could affect the river’s hydrological regime. To achieve this goal, we calibrated a large-scale hydrological model for the period from 1970–1990 and analyzed the ability of the model to simulate the present hydrological regime when climate model simulations were used as input. Climate change projections produced by climate models were used in the hydrological model to generate scenarios with and without regional land-use and land-cover changes induced by forest conversion to pasture for the period from 2011–2099. Although results show variability among models, consensus scenarios indicated a decrease in the low-flow regime. When the simulations included forest conversion to pasture, climate change impacts on low flows were reduced in the upper basin, while, in the lower basin, discharges were affected along the whole year due to the more vigorous land-use conversion in the Brazilian region of the basin. 相似文献
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和田河夏季流量对区域0℃层高度变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用和田市气象站的0℃层高度,和田河上游乌鲁瓦提和同古孜洛克水文站的实测流量资料,以及NCEP/NCAR 500 hPa月平均温度资料,分析了和田河夏季流量的变化、同期流域内0℃层高度情况以及500 hPa温度的特征。结果显示：1961-2004年,和田河夏季流量、和田站0℃层高度均呈不显著的线性下降趋势,在1979年分别出现了由丰到枯、由高到低的突变。和田河夏季流量典型偏丰、偏枯年同期500 hPa温度距平场有显著差异。在年代际和年际尺度上,和田河夏季流量对流域内0℃层高度变化都有明显的响应。 相似文献
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利用和田市气象站的0℃层高度,和田河上游乌鲁瓦提和同古孜洛克水文站的实测流量资料,以及NCEP/NCAR 500 hPa月平均温度资料,分析了和田河夏季流量的变化、同期流域内0℃层高度情况以及500 hPa温度的特征。结果显示：1961-2004年,和田河夏季流量、和田站0℃层高度均呈不显著的线性下降趋势,在1979年分别出现了由丰到枯、由高到低的突变。和田河夏季流量典型偏丰、偏枯年同期500 hPa温度距平场有显著差异。在年代际和年际尺度上,和田河夏季流量对流域内0℃层高度变化都有明显的响应。 相似文献