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1.
利用1979—2013年内蒙古73个旗县气象站资料、历史干旱资料、马铃薯产量数据和社会属性数据等,通过内蒙古中西部和东部地区全生育期的降水负距平百分率与相对气象产量二者建立的回归方程,结合农业干旱等级和降水距平百分率气象干旱等级国家标准,得到了马铃薯轻旱、中旱和重旱的等级指标,确定了干旱致灾因子的危险性,结合承灾体的脆弱性、孕灾环境的暴露性和地区的防灾减灾能力的评价指标体系,利用地理信息系统（GIS）的空间分析功能,对内蒙古马铃薯干旱风险进行评估与区划。研究结果表明:高风险区主要分布在鄂尔多斯市东北部、呼和浩特市南部和北部、乌兰察布市大部和锡林郭勒盟南部地区,所占面积比例为19.1%;中风险区主要分布在呼和浩特市部分地区、赤峰市中部和南部、通辽市西北部、兴安盟东北部、呼伦贝尔市北部地区,所占面积比例为20.1%;干旱较低风险区主要分布在赤峰市西部和北部、通辽市东南部、兴安盟西南部、呼伦贝尔市东南部地区,分布区域面积最大,所占比例为41.0%;低风险区主要分布在灌溉区域,包括河套灌区和辽河流域,所占面积比例为19.8%。 相似文献
2.
内蒙古地区农业干旱检索查询及旱情实时监测系统 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
针对内蒙古地区农业干旱的特点和旱灾发生频繁的现状，以及干旱对当地农业生产所造成的严重影响，利用地理信息系统(GIS)、Visual Basic和Access等技术方法，编制了内蒙古农业干旱检索查询及旱情实时监测系统。该系统建立了历史上农区干旱信息、农区干旱指标和作物生长季(4～9月)的基本气象资料、干旱实时监测信息等数据库，实现了历史上农区干旱信息(干旱出现年份、发生季节、出现强度、出现区域、受损情况等)的综合检索查询和实时气象资料的自动采集，具有监测信息的统计、检索、旱情分析评估等功能，能实时有效地监测干旱灾害的发生、发展，并提供逐月旱情评估、任意时段旱情分析和不同年份旱情的比较分析，可为相关部门抗旱决策提供可靠的数据资源。 相似文献
3.
内蒙古地区干旱风险评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分析了形成旱灾风险的有关因素,表明旱灾风险不仅与缺雨程度及持续时间有关,而且还有明显的季节性差异。用单位评价期内的降水距平百分率反映缺雨程度,用作物和生态系统不同季节的缺雨敏感度反映干旱影响的季节性差异,并以干旱持续期内单位时段旱灾风险的累加反映其累积效应,从而建立起旱灾风险的识别指数。应用旱灾风险指数对60年来内蒙古的旱灾风险进行了初步评估。给出了各级旱灾发生的概率,并统计出及各级旱灾对应的后果。对影响范围大、跨经两个以上作物生长年份、最大旱灾风险指数双倍于特旱的极端干旱在内蒙古的发生情况进行了分析。结果表明,20世纪80年代中期以来,内蒙古的极端干旱过程在逐渐东扩,内蒙古东部地区的旱灾出现了增多增强的趋势。 相似文献
4.
Vera Potop Luboš Türkott Věra Kožnarová Martin Možný 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,99(3-4):373-388
This paper presents the methodology for assessment of drought episodes and their potential effects on winter and spring cereal crops in the Czech Republic (in the text referred to as Czechia). Historical climate and crop yields data for the period of 47 years (1961–2007) have been integrated into an agrometeorological database. The drought episodes were determined by three methods: according to the values of the standardized precipitation index (SPI), percentage of long-term precipitations (r), and on the basis of the Ped drought index (S i). Consequently, the combined SPI, S i, and r indices have been used as tools in identification of the severity, frequency, and extent of drought episodes. Additionally, the paper also presents the S i drought index and its potential use for real-time monitoring of spatial extension and severity of droughts in Czechia. The drought risk to crops was analyzed by identifying the relationships between the fluctuation of crop yields and drought index (S i) based on the multiple regression analysis with stepwise selection. In general, models explain that a high percentage of the variability of the yield is due to drought (more than 45% of yield variance). 相似文献
5.
Jinwei Dong Jiyuan Liu Geli Zhang Jeffrey B. Basara Scott Greene Xiangming Xiao 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,113(3-4):561-572
Recent climate change is substantially affecting the spatial pattern of geographical zones, and the temporal and spatial inconsistency of climatic warming and drying patterns contributes to the complexity of the shifting of temperature and aridity zones. Eastern Inner Mongolia, China, located in the interface region of different biomes and ecogeographic zones, has experienced dramatic drying and warming over the past several decades. In this study, the annual accumulated temperature above 10 °C (AAT10) and the aridity index, two key indicators in geographical regionalization, are used to assess warming and drying processes and track the movements of temperature and aridity zones from 1960 to 2008. The results show a significant warming at the regional level from 1960 to 2008 with an AAT10 increase rate of 7.89 °C·d/year (p?<?0.001) in Eastern Inner Mongolia, while the drying trend was not significant during this period. Spatial heterogeneity of warming and drying distributions was also evident. Analysis of warming and drying via piecewise regression revealed two separate, specific trends between the first 31 years (1960–1990) and the subsequent 18 years (1991–2008). Generally, mild warming and very slight wetting occurred prior to 1990, while after 1991 both warming and drying were significant and enhanced. Continuous warming drove a northward shift of temperature zones from the 1960s to 2000s, while aridity zones displayed enhanced temporal and spatial variability. Climate change effects on temperature and aridity zones imply that the patterns of cropping systems, macro-ecosystems, and human land use modes are potentially undergoing migration and modification due to climate change. 相似文献
6.
我国北方地区冬小麦干旱灾害风险评估 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
选取我国粮食重要生产区——北方冬麦区作为研究区,基于干旱灾害对作物产量的影响开展冬小麦干旱灾害风险评估和区划。在确定干旱灾害危险性指标过程中,通过对比分析MCI、CWDIa、CI、Pa及Ma干旱指数的适应性,确定了干旱灾害风险危险性指数;在分析北方冬麦区干旱背景和脆弱性时,考虑了冬麦区的地形、土壤类型、土壤有效持水量、河网水系、灌溉条件、降水量及干燥度等环境因素,以及冬小麦的耕地面积、播种面积、主要生育期的水分敏感系数、历史产量等。与以往致灾因子危险性分析方法不同,本文首先建立了干旱指标与冬小麦减产率之间的关系,通过减产率等级来确定干旱致灾临界阈值,在此基础上计算分析了冬小麦全生育期和6个关键生育期不同等级干旱发生的频率。综合考虑干旱发生的危险性、不同地区干旱背景和脆弱性,建立了我国北方冬麦区全生育期和6个关键生育期的干旱灾害风险评估模型和区划方法,实现了我国北方冬麦区干旱灾害的风险评估和区划。结果表明,MCI更能反映北方冬麦区干旱的特征,故以MCI指数作为干旱灾害风险危险性指数;我国北方冬麦区中北部的干旱灾害风险较高,应该加强防旱抗旱能力建设,南部地区包括苏皖和河南东南部的干旱灾害风险较小。本文建立的北方冬麦区不同生育期干旱灾害风险评估模型可应用于干旱灾害风险动态评估实时业务中。 相似文献
7.
内蒙古夏季干旱的水汽输送特征分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
对于大气中水汽的定性、定量测量是提高内蒙古干旱研究与预测的有效手段。利用NCEP再分析资料和内蒙古地区实测降水资料（1961-2000年），定性、定量地分析东亚水汽分布、水汽输送与内蒙古夏季干旱的关系。得出内蒙古地区上空低层大气的含水量偏少是内蒙古夏季干旱的一个重要因素。由于青藏高原大地形作用，孟加拉湾和南海的水汽北上受阻，不能达到内蒙古高原是形成内蒙古干旱的又一原因。受大气环流影响，内蒙古高原水汽辐合偏弱是内蒙古夏季干旱的重要原因。青藏高原的水汽通量与内蒙古东西部降水都存在明显负相关；孟加拉湾至内蒙古西部是内蒙古西部地区降水的水汽通道，南海至中国东北地区为内蒙古东部降水的水汽通道。 相似文献
8.
基于CLDAS资料的内蒙古干旱监测分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
以内蒙古地区为研究区域,对中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CMA Land Data Assimilation System,CLDAS）的土壤湿度和降水数据进行了评估,使用土壤相对湿度法和连续无降水日数法监测2014年夏季干旱,并选择干旱年（2014年）和湿润年（2013年）与标准化降水指数和降水百分位指数法进行验证分析。结果表明：CLDAS资料能够很好地再现日土壤相对湿度动态变化情况和降水落区与量级,能够满足干旱监测的需求;基于CLDAS数据的土壤相对湿度法可以方便、快捷地监测干旱日变化和区域性变化,连续无有效降水日数法对评估长时间、持续性干旱较为有效;CLDAS同化数据在时效性、分辨率、代表性上能够满足气象服务的需求,可作为观测资料的重要补充广泛应用于业务和科研,特别是对于地广人稀且气象站点相对较少的内蒙古地区气象服务潜力巨大。 相似文献
9.
内蒙古典型农牧交错区作物优化布局决策分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用线性规划方法,以赤峰地区的巴林左旗为例,分析了内蒙古典型农牧交错区在各种干旱年型以及干旱年型未定的情况下,农作物的最优种植方案。并将此优化方案结果与实际作物种植情况进行效益分析评价,以验证此方案的增产效益,降低种植风险。结果表明:使用确定型或随机型优化方案,实际产量均有明显增产,并且确定型优化方案的增产效益高于随机型方案。但由于受到长期天气预报技术水平的限制,有时未来的干旱年型难以准确判定,此时使用随机型方案,粮食作物增产效益稳定,风险性低。 相似文献
10.
根据新修订的《气象干旱等级》(GB/T 20481—2017)国家标准,计算了内蒙古82个气象站1962—2017年4月至10月逐日气象干旱综合指数(MCI),利用相关性分析、M-K检验、EOF分解、Morlet小波等方法,分析了内蒙古不同区域干旱强度时空分布及变化特征,为开展基于MCI的气象干旱监测业务提供科学依据。结果表明:内蒙古地区MCI的监测结果与农业旱灾综合减产成数(C指标)具有较高的相关性。内蒙古春季干旱强度普遍较重,夏季干旱强度受地形影响明显,阴山以北、贺兰山以西干旱强度较重,秋季干旱强度相对较轻。从干旱的年际变化来看,春季干旱强度有减弱趋势,秋季有增强趋势,夏季干旱强度与年平均干旱强度无明显变化。EOF分析的前三个主要模态为全区一致、东西部相反和中部与东西部相反,其贡献率分别为55.2%、8.2%和5.0%。春季和夏季干旱强度的主要变化周期为3～4 a和6～7 a,秋季除短周期外还存在17～19 a的长周期,各季节在1995—2005年间还存在显著的1～2 a短周期变化,说明该时期内蒙古地区年际间的旱涝变化剧烈。 相似文献
11.
12.
This study investigated the spatial–temporal patterns and trends of potential evapotranspiration (ET0) and aridity index (AI) over Southwest China during 1960–2013 based on daily temperature, precipitation, wind speed, sunshine duration, total solar radiation, and relative humidity data from 108 meteorological stations. The Penman–Monteith model, Mann–Kendall (M–K) test, moving t test, and Morlet wavelet method were used. The results indicated that ET0 and AI across the region displayed decreasing trends, but the former was significant. After 2000, regionally average trends in ET0 and AI increased rapidly, indicating that droughts increased over Southwest China in recent years. Spatially, the changes of ET0 and AI were dissimilar and not clustered, either. Temporally, both ET0 and AI displayed obvious abrupt change points over different timescales and that of AI was during the winter monsoon period. Significant periodic variations with periods of 27, 13, and 5 years were found in ET0, but only of 13 and 5 years existed in AI. Correlation analysis revealed that the sunshine duration and wind speed were the dominant factors affecting ET0 and that AI showed strong negative correlation with precipitation. The findings of this study enhance the understanding of the relationship between climate change and drought in Southwest China, while the mechanism controlling the variation in drought requires further study. 相似文献
13.
Impacts of extreme weather on wheat and maize in France: evaluating regional crop simulations against observed data 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Marijn van der Velde Francesco N. Tubiello Anton Vrieling Fay?al Bouraoui 《Climatic change》2012,113(3-4):751-765
Extreme weather conditions can strongly affect agricultural production, with negative impacts that can at times be detected at regional scales. In France, crop yields were greatly influenced by drought and heat stress in 2003 and by extremely wet conditions in 2007. Reported regional maize and wheat yields where historically low in 2003; in 2007 wheat yields were lower and maize yields higher than long-term averages. An analysis with a spatial version (10?×?10?km) of the EPIC crop model was tested with regards to regional crop yield anomalies of wheat and maize resulting from extreme weather events in France in 2003 and 2007, by comparing simulated results against reported regional crops statistics, as well as using remotely sensed soil moisture data. Causal relations between soil moisture and crop yields were specifically analyzed. Remotely sensed (AMSR-E) JJA soil moisture correlated significantly with reported regional crop yield for 2002–2007. The spatial correlation between JJA soil moisture and wheat yield anomalies was positive in dry 2003 and negative in wet 2007. Biweekly soil moisture data correlated positively with wheat yield anomalies from the first half of June until the second half of July in 2003. In 2007, the relation was negative the first half of June until the second half of August. EPIC reproduced observed soil dynamics well, and it reproduced the negative wheat and maize yield anomalies of the 2003 heat wave and drought, as well as the positive maize yield anomalies in wet 2007. However, it did not reproduce the negative wheat yield anomalies due to excessive rains and wetness in 2007. Results indicated that EPIC, in line with other crop models widely used at regional level in climate change studies, is capable of capturing the negative impacts of droughts on crop yields, while it fails to reproduce negative impacts of heavy rain and excessively wet conditions on wheat yield, due to poor representations of critical factors affecting plant growth and management. Given that extreme weather events are expected to increase in frequency and perhaps severity in coming decades, improved model representation of crop damage due to extreme events is warranted in order to better quantify future climate change impacts and inform appropriate adaptation responses. 相似文献
14.
采用FAO Penman-Monteith模型, 并利用安徽省辐射观测资料对其净辐射项进行修正, 计算近30年安徽省的参考作物蒸散量。用此计算值和相应时段的降水量计算干燥度 (Ia), 并进行了基于干燥度指标不同时间尺度的区域地表干湿状况变化分析。分析表明:1971—2000年安徽省年干燥度平均值Ia=1的等值线为湿润区和半湿润区的分界线, 该分界线与1000 mm的年雨量线有很好的一致性, 同时也具有清晰的农业意义。20世纪70—90年代Ia=1的等值线南北波动, 其波动区域正是安徽省江淮分水岭易旱区。在此基础上分析了半湿润区、波动区域和湿润区降水量、参考作物蒸散量和干燥度年代际、年际和半年际的变化趋势及变异率以及逐月干旱频率及其对农业的影响。 相似文献
15.
内蒙古地区极端降水事件分布特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
基于内蒙古地区94个气象站1961—2007年逐日降水量资料,利用累积频率法,分析了极端降水事件变化特征。结果表明：（1）近50年内蒙古地区极端降水事件和极端强降水事件发生的强度和出现的频次均呈现出增多趋势,尤其在1977年降水发生突变之后,增加趋势更为明显。（2）近50年内蒙古地区最长连续无降水日数和最长连续降水日数持续时间缩短,表明连续性干旱和降水的持续性减弱,尤其是进入本世纪后,最长连续无降水日数陡升和最长连续降水日数陡降,气候湿润程度下降,加之全球气候变暖,使内蒙古地区进入本世纪后暖而干的气候特征更为明显,这对农牧业生产和生态环境保护极为不利。（3）内蒙古地区近50年小雨和暴雨日数的减少,降水强度的加大,使全区降水不稳定性增加,降水有极端化发展趋势,尤其是在1987年气温发生突变之后,降水强度变化更大。 相似文献
16.
This study reveals the impacts of climatic variable trends on drought severity in Xinjiang, China. Four drought indices, including the self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index (sc-PDSI), Erinç’s index (I m), Sahin’s index (I sh), and UNEP aridity index (AI), were used to compare drought severity. The ensemble empirical mode decomposition and the modified Mann-Kendall trend test were applied to analyze the nonlinear components and trends of the climatic variable and drought indices. Four and six climatic scenarios were generated in sc-PDSI, I m, I sh, and AI with different combinations of the observed and detrended climatic variables, respectively. In Xinjiang, generally increasing trends in minimal, average, and maximal air temperature (T min, T ave, T max) and precipitation (P) were found, whereas a decreasing trend in wind speed at 2 m height (U 2) was observed. There were significantly increasing trends in all of the four studied drought indices. Drought relief was more obvious in northern Xinjiang than in southern Xinjiang. The strong influences of increased P on drought relief and the weak influences of increased T min, T ave, and T max on drought aggravation were shown by comparing four drought indices under different climate scenarios. Decreased U 2 had a weak influence on drought, as shown by the AI in different climate scenarios. The weak influences of T and U 2 were considered to be masked by the strong influences of P on droughts. Droughts were expected to be more severe if P did not increase, but were likely milder without an increase in air temperature and with a decrease in U 2. 相似文献
17.
Compared to the 50-year mean climatological value (1961–2010), the precipitation of middle-eastern Inner Mongolia exhibited a significant decrease during the past 10 years (2001–2010). To identify the climatic causes, a comprehensive investigation was conducted by inspecting climatic factors from this 50-year period, which appear to work together in connecting closely to the precipitation. Significant positive correlations with precipitation were found in sea level pressure (SLP) difference between the area of (30° N–20° S; 50–160° E) and the northeastern Pacific Ocean, between the Northern Atlantic and the northeastern Pacific Oceans, and sea surface temperature difference between the northeastern and northwestern Pacific in the previous year, while negative connections were found in the 500-hPa temperature difference between the Antarctic and the belt region around 60° S. During the period of 2001–2010, East Asia was prevailingly controlled by a huge high, which was regarded as one of unfavorable factors for producing rain or snow. Other factors were the enlarged 500 hPa temperature differences between the Antarctic and the zones around 60° S and the Equator, the negative SLP difference between the East Asia, northern Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans. Finally, the unique wind flows and associated moisture transports also played a key role in the precipitation reduction for the first decade of the twenty-first century. 相似文献
18.
There is great interest in understanding how climate change will impact aridity through the interaction of precipitation changes with rising temperatures. The Aridity Index (AI), Climatic Moisture Deficit (CMD), and Climatic Moisture Surplus (CMS) are metrics commonly used to quantify and map patterns in aridity and water cycling. Here we show that these metrics have different patterns of change under future climate—based on an ensemble of nine general circulation climate models—and the different metrics are appropriate for different purposes. Based on these differences between the metrics, we propose that aridity can be dissected into three different types—hydrological (CMS), agricultural (CMD), and meteorological. In doing this, we propose a novel modified version of the Aridity Index, called AI+, that can be useful for assessing changes in meteorological aridity. The AI?+?is based on the same ratio between precipitation and evapotranspiration as the traditional AI, but unlike the traditional AI, the AI?+?only accounts for changes to precipitation during months when precipitation is less than reference/potential evapotranspiration (i.e. there is a deficit). Moreover, we show that the traditional AI provides a better estimate of change in moisture surplus driven by changes to precipitation during the wet season, rather than changes in deficit that occur during the drier seasons. These results show that it is important to select the most appropriate metric for assessing climate driven changes in aridity. 相似文献
19.
利用ERA-Interim的海平面气压(Sea Level Pressure,SLP)再分析资料和中国160站的降水观测资料,分析了冬季各月(当年12月、次年1月和2月)北太平洋涛动(North Pacific Oscillation,NPO)的年际变化特征,及其与我国同期降水异常之间的联系。结果表明:1)冬季各月NPO指数的年际变化较为显著,但各月NPO指数年际变化之间的相关性较差,1979—2012年冬季12月与1月NPO指数年际变化之间的相关系数为0.09,而1月与2月NPO指数的相关系数仅为-0.003,均没有通过信度检验。2)1月和12月NPO指数年际变化与同期我国黄淮流域降水异常之间存在明显的正相关,而2月NPO指数年际变化与同期我国华北降水异常之间为明显的负相关。3)当1月(12月)NPO指数增加1个标准差时,我国黄淮流域降水量比多年平均值增加约50%(40%);而当2月NPO指数增加1个标准差时,我国华北降水量比多年平均值减少约30%。 相似文献
20.
基于2000—2014年4—10月西藏气象站遥感干旱指数 (条件植被指数,VCI) 和气象干旱指数 (标准降水指数,SPI) 之间的相关性,评估植被对气象干旱的响应特征,通过分析气候环境要素对响应特征的影响并归纳相应规则,获取西藏地区植被对气象干旱有明显响应的区域分布。结果显示:VCI与12周时间尺度的SPI具有较强相关性,说明西藏地区植被生长对降水的响应大约滞后12周;植被对气象干旱响应不敏感的原因主要包括气候极度干燥或极度湿润、土地覆盖类型为森林、年平均归一化植被指数 (NDVI) 值过小、多年NDVI变化标准差过小、有降水之外的其他水源补给等;基于对区域气候环境要素特征的分析,可以得出西藏中部偏南地区植被对气象干旱有明显响应,主要包括拉萨地区、山南地区北部、日喀则地区东部、那曲地区中部和西南部、阿里地区的东南部。 相似文献