共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 609 毫秒
1.
Masoomeh Delbari Peyman Afrasiab Samane Jahani 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2013,122(1-2):103-113
Precipitation maps are the key input to many hydrological models. In this paper different univariate (inverse distance weighing and ordinary kriging) and multivariate (linear regression, ordinary cokriging, simple kriging with varying local mean and kriging with an external drift) interpolation methods are used to map monthly and annual rainfall from sparse data measurements. The study area is Golestan Province, located in northeast of Iran. A digital elevation model is used as complementary information for multivariate approaches. The prediction performance of each method is evaluated through cross-validation and visual examination of the precipitation maps produced. Results indicate that geostatistical algorithms clearly outperform inverse distance weighting and linear regression. Among multivariate techniques, ordinary cokriging or kriging with an external drift yields the smallest error of prediction for months April to October (autumn and winter) for which the correlation between rainfall and elevation is greater than 0.54. For all other months and annual rainfall, ordinary kriging provides the most accurate estimates. 相似文献
2.
Spatial interpolation of monthly climate data for Finland: comparing the performance of kriging and generalized additive models 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Juha Aalto Pentti Pirinen Juha Heikkinen Ari Venäläinen 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,112(1-2):99-111
The Finnish Meteorological Institute has calculated statistics for the new reference period of 1981–2010. During this project, the grid size has been reduced from 10 to 1 km, the evaluation of the interpolation has been improved, and comparisons between different methods has been performed. The climate variables of interest were monthly mean temperature and mean precipitation, for which the spatial variability was explained using auxiliary information: mean elevation, sea percentage, and lake percentage. We compared three methods for spatial prediction: kriging with external drift (KED), generalized additive models (GAM), and GAM combined with residual kriging (GK). Every interpolation file now has attached statistical key figures describing the bias and the normality of the prediction error. According to the cross-validation results, GAM was the best method for predicting mean temperatures, with only very small differences relative to the other methods. For mean precipitation, KED produced the most accurate predictions, followed by GK. In both cases, there was notable seasonal variation in the statistical skill scores. For the new reference period and future interpolations, KED was chosen as the primary method due to its robustness and accuracy. 相似文献
3.
Branislav Bajat Milutin Pejović Jelena Luković Predrag Manojlović Vladan Ducić Sanja Mustafić 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,112(1-2):1-13
The appearence of geostatistics and geographical information systems has made it possible to analyze complex spatial patterns of meteorological elements over large areas in the applied climatology. The objective of this study is to use geostatistics to characterize the spatial structure and map the spatial variation of average values of precipitation for a 30-year period in Serbia. New, recently introduced, geostatistical algorithms facilitate utilization of auxiliary variables especially remote sensing data or freely available global datasets. The data from Advanced Spaceborn Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer global digital elevation model are incorporated as ancillary variables into spatial prediction of average annual precipitation using geostatistical method known as regression kriging. The R 2 value of 0.842 proves high performance result of the prediction of the proposed method. 相似文献
4.
There is still considerable uncertainty about precipitation at high elevation in mountain terrain due to the relatively few in situ measurements available and to the particular variability of the parameter. In this study, several spatialization techniques were tested, some for climatological time scale and others for daily fields, for precipitation over the western Alps for the period of 1990–2012. The study domain and period were chosen for the quality of available in situ observations and density of the network. First, a weather-type classification was established with a technique based on canonical correlation analysis combining large- and regional-scale data. The spatialization techniques applied for the climatological time scale were adapted from the Aurelhy method which uses elevation and principal components of the topography as predictors. The spatialization techniques applied to daily fields were based on kriging of daily rain gauges and used the climatological fields as predictors. This study aims to validate the advantage of using the climatology of the weather type of the day as predictor for daily fields over a monthly climatology. The climatology of the weather type of the day seems to demonstrate some small improvement.Finally, annual means over the period of 1990–2012 were produced using several methods, including some from accumulation of daily fields and others from the spatialization of in situ station means. Precipitation at high elevations and vertical climatological gradients were particularly scrutinized. Annual means based on sums of daily fields seem to have better performances.This paper only presents results for precipitation but temperature was also analysed. 相似文献
5.
E. Sh. Elizbarashvili M. R. Tatishvili M. E. Elizbarashvili Sh. E. Elizbarashvili R. Sh. Meskhia V. E. Gorgisheli K. A. Lashauri 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2013,38(9):633-637
Created are the grid datasets of monthly mean and annual mean temperature as well of monthly, seasonal, and annual values of the total precipitation with the resolution of 25 km for the period of 1936–2011. The obtained datasets characterize the real picture of the spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation on the territory of Georgia; therefore, they are used for working out geoinformative maps of temperature and precipitation variations. Revealed are the areas and centers with different intensity of warming and cooling. It is found that the annual temperature and total annual precipitation averaged for the territory do not vary considerably under conditions of the global warming. 相似文献
6.
Summary Surface air temperature in central Japan was predicted from the temperature recordings from sensors in the Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS), using seven different procedures: the usual simple and universal kriging and cokriging estimators, the traditional regression analysis and the inverse distance weighted method. The cokriging estimator integrated digital elevation data as well as the air temperature readings. The performance of the procedures was evaluated and compared using cross-validation.The kriging estimator provided a better estimate than the traditional regression analysis that treated the data as spatially independent observations. The kriging estimate was also better than the inverse distance weighted method. Further improvement in the estimation accuracy was achieved by using cokriging procedures because of high correlation of air temperature with elevation. The accuracy of spatial prediction decreased due to nocturnal cooling in winter and daytime heating in summer. This decrease implies that a strong radiation balance at the surface, whether positive or negative, causes a relatively short-range variation in surface air temperature through the effects of local environments.With 8 Figures 相似文献
7.
将自然正交分解 (EOF) 和数字高程模型 (DEM) 相结合, 利用新疆区域144个气象站和水文站的1961—2005年降水量资料, 计算得到新疆区域面雨量年、季分布特征和变化规律。分析结果表明:新疆区域年平均面雨量约为2724.6×108t, 年平均降水量为165.5 mm。从空间分布来看, 天山山区面雨量最大, 约占全疆面雨量的40.4%, 该区域年平均降水量为409.1 mm; 北疆地区次之占34.3%, 年降水量为277.3 mm; 南疆地区最少约为25.3%, 年平均降水量仅有66.2 mm。从季节分布来看:夏季面雨量最大, 约占全年面雨量的54.4%;春季次之为23.6%;秋季为16.5 %; 冬季最少, 约为5.5%。新疆区域面雨量年际变化呈现出增多的趋势, 1987年存在突变, 在此之后降水量明显增多。 相似文献
8.
In mountainous region with heterogeneous topography, the geostatistical modeling of the rainfall using global data set may not confirm to the intrinsic hypothesis of stationarity. This study was focused on improving the precision of the interpolated rainfall maps by spatial stratification in complex terrain. Predictions of the normal annual rainfall data were carried out by ordinary kriging, universal kriging, and co-kriging, using 80-point observations in the Indian Himalayas extending over an area of 53,484 km2. A two-step spatial clustering approach is proposed. In the first step, the study area was delineated into two regions namely lowland and upland based on the elevation derived from the digital elevation model. The delineation was based on the natural break classification method. In the next step, the rainfall data was clustered into two groups based on its spatial location in lowland or upland. The terrain ruggedness index (TRI) was incorporated as a co-variable in co-kriging interpolation algorithm. The precision of the kriged and co-kriged maps was assessed by two accuracy measures, root mean square error and Chatfield’s percent better. It was observed that the stratification of rainfall data resulted in 5–20 % of increase in the performance efficiency of interpolation methods. Co-kriging outperformed the kriging models at annual and seasonal scale. The result illustrates that the stratification of the study area improves the stationarity characteristic of the point data, thus enhancing the precision of the interpolated rainfall maps derived using geostatistical methods. 相似文献
9.
Evaluation of spatial and spatiotemporal estimation methods in simulation of precipitation variability patterns 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Bardia Bayat Banafsheh Zahraie Farahnaz Taghavi Mohsen Nasseri 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,113(3-4):429-444
Identification of spatial and spatiotemporal precipitation variations plays an important role in different hydrological applications such as missing data estimation. In this paper, the results of Bayesian maximum entropy (BME) and ordinary kriging (OK) are compared for modeling spatial and spatiotemporal variations of annual precipitation with and without incorporating elevation variations. The study area of this research is Namak Lake watershed located in the central part of Iran with an area of approximately 90,000 km2. The BME and OK methods have been used to model the spatial and spatiotemporal variations of precipitation in this watershed, and their performances have been evaluated using cross-validation statistics. The results of the case study have shown the superiority of BME over OK in both spatial and spatiotemporal modes. The results have shown that BME estimates are less biased and more accurate than OK. The improvements in the BME estimates are mostly related to incorporating hard and soft data in the estimation process, which resulted in more detailed and reliable results. Estimation error variance for BME results is less than OK estimations in the study area in both spatial and spatiotemporal modes. 相似文献
10.
Time variations in the number of days with heavy precipitation based on data of 93 stations on the territory of Russia are
analyzed. Time series of precipitation, corrected by the elimination of main systematic errors of their measurement at the
level of their diurnal sums, are used, when computing. The diurnal precipitation sum, exceeding the average long-term diurnal
precipitation maximum by three times, was taken as the threshold quantitative criterion, defining “the day with heavy precipitation”
concept. This value varies within 10–15 mm/day on the territory of Russia. Extremums fluctuate from 5 to 40 mm/day. Absolute
values of linear trends of the annual number of days with heavy precipitation are comparatively small, they fluctuate within
±4 days on the whole territory of Russia. In relative terms, these variations are rather significant, reaching ±40% and more
of the corresponding average value for 65 years. The comparison of the spatial distribution of characteristics of linear trends
of the annual number of days with heavy precipitation and annual precipitation sum indicates their close conformity. 相似文献
11.
针对动力气候模式对区域或更小空间尺度内的日降水预测技巧偏低的问题,应用最优子集回归 (OSR) 方法对国家气候中心业务化的月动力气候模式 (DERF) 输出的高度场、风场和海平面气压场进行降尺度处理用于降水预测,旨在提高预测准确率。1982—2006年交叉检验结果表明:OSR方法能显著提高降水预测技巧,其中11~40 d改善效果最为显著。在此基础上,应用一步法和两步法两种统计降尺度方法预测极端降水日数,交叉检验结果表明:两种方法均优于随机预测,冬季两步法预测技巧略高于一步法,夏季一步法略优于两步法。综合认为OSR,OSR结合随机天气发生器 (WG) 两种统计降尺度方法对月尺度降水或极端降水日数的预测均具有较高的技巧,可作为短期气候预测的重要参考信息。 相似文献
12.
近47年哈密地区气候变化 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
利用新疆哈密地区5个气象台站1961~2007年气候资料,采用线性回归、Morlet小波和Mann-Kendall突变检测等方法,对哈密地区近47年的年平均气温、降水量、日照时数、年平均风速和相对湿度等气候要素以及年潜在蒸散量和地表干燥度的变化趋势和变化特征进行了研究。结果表明：①近47年哈密地区年平均气温、降水量和相对湿度呈升高趋势,日照时数和年平均风速呈减小趋势;②潜在蒸散量与年平均气温、日照时数和平均风速呈极显著的正相关关系,而与年降水量和相对湿度呈极显著的负相关关系。受上述各气候要素变化的综合影响,近47年,哈密地区潜在蒸散量和地表干燥度呈极显著的减小趋势;③突变检测表明,哈密地区年平均气温、降水量分别在1973年、1965年发生了突变性的升高,而风速、潜在蒸散量和地表干燥度分别于1980年、1980年和1975年发生了极显著的突变性减小,综合气温和地表干燥度的突变特征,可以认为,哈密地区气候在1973~1975年发生了＂暖湿化＂的突变;④各气候要素和潜在蒸散量、地表干燥度分别存在不同时间尺度的周期性变化。 相似文献
13.
Predictor selection is a critical factor affecting the statistical downscaling of daily precipitation. This study provides a general comparison between uncertainties in downscaled results from three commonly used predictor selection methods (correlation analysis, partial correlation analysis, and stepwise regression analysis). Uncertainty is analyzed by comparing statistical indices, including the mean, variance, and the distribution of monthly mean daily precipitation, wet spell length, and the number of wet days. The downscaled results are produced by the artificial neural network (ANN) statistical downscaling model and 50 years (1961–2010) of observed daily precipitation together with reanalysis predictors. Although results show little difference between downscaling methods, stepwise regression analysis is generally the best method for selecting predictors for the ANN statistical downscaling model of daily precipitation, followed by partial correlation analysis and then correlation analysis. 相似文献
14.
15.
华南暴雨的气候特征及变化 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
利用华南110个测站1961—2008年逐日降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验、小波分析、计算趋势系数等统计诊断方法,分析了华南年和前、后汛期的暴雨日数、强度、贡献率等的气候特征及变化。结果表明,近48年来,华南年平均暴雨日数的地理分布总体上呈由沿海向内陆递减的趋势,最多中心在广西东兴（14.9d）,最少中心在广西隆林（3.2 d）。华南的暴雨72%发生在汛期,其中前汛期占45%,后汛期占27%。华南平均年和前、后汛期暴雨日数呈微弱上升趋势,但不明显。年和前、后汛期暴雨日数具有明显的年际、年代际变化特征。华南平均年和前汛期的暴雨强度有微弱增加趋势,特别是2005年以来升幅明显,而后汛期暴雨强度有不明显减少趋势。华南年暴雨贡献率增加明显,而前、后汛期暴雨贡献率增加并不明显。小波分析表明：2000年以来,华南年、前、后汛期暴雨日数具有2～3 a和3～4 a准周期振荡。 相似文献
16.
1961—2014年广东小时强降水的变化特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用1961—2014年广东32个气象观测站逐小时降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann Kendall检验、功率谱分析、计算趋势系数等统计诊断方法,分析了广东小时强降水在年以及前、后汛期的气候特征及变化。结果表明,广东年、前、后汛期多年平均小时强降水的次数、强度、降水量和贡献率的空间分布均呈沿海向内陆递减。近54年来,广东平均小时强降水的次数、强度、降水量和贡献率在年以及前、后汛期的时间尺度上均为显著上升的趋势,与同期广东年暴雨次数和年降水变化不明显有明显差异。广东大部分测站小时强降水量均呈增加的趋势,其中珠三角增加最为显著。近54年来广东年和前汛期小时强降水次数存在3.7年和22年、后汛期存在3年左右的显著周期震荡。广东年和后汛期小时强降水次数在1993—1994年发生增加的突变,前汛期小时强降水次数没有突变发生。 相似文献
17.
18.
香山红叶变色日气象统计预测方法研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
采用香山公园逐日黄栌树叶变色率以及相应的气象资料研究了黄栌树叶变色的气象条件,并建立了香山红叶变色日的气象统计预测模型。(1)黄栌树叶变色与临近几天的温度变化关系非常密切,根据气象条件闭值回报变色目的可信度比较高。(2)黄栌树叶平均变色日是10月4—5日,最早为9月27日,最晚为10月13日。(3)黄栌树叶变色日与7月的最低气温、平均气温和最高气温均存在显著的负相关。值得注意的是,黄栌树叶变色日的年际增量与7月降水的年际增量之间存在显著的正相关。(4)选择7月的平均温度和最高温度的年际增量作为预报因子建立模型,1999—2010年回报的平均误差为3d左右。(5)通过2011年独立样本检验和2012年预报试验的结果,可以认为香山红叶变色日气象统计模型具有比较高的准确率和可操作性。 相似文献
19.
The paper deals with a selection of the climatological baseline, GCM validity and construction of the climate change scenarios for an impact assessment in the Czech territory. The period of 1961–1990 has been selected as the climatological baseline. The corresponding database includes more than 50 monthly mean temperature and precipitation series, and 16 time series of daily meteorological data that contain also the solar radiation data. The 1× CO2 outputs produced by four GCMs, provided by the CSMT (GISS, GFD30, GFD01, and CCCM), were compared with observed temperature and precipitation conditions in western and central Europe with a particular attention devoted to the Czech territory. The GCM ability to simulate annual cycles of temperature, precipitation and radiation was thoroughly examined. The GISS and CCCM were selected as a basis for constructing climate change scenarios as they simulated reasonably the observed patterns. According to the GISS variant, 2× CO2 climate assumes a higher winter and lower summer warming, and an increase in annual precipitation amounts. A dangerous combination of the summer temperature increase and declining precipitation amounts is a specific feature of the CCCM scenario. An incremental scenario for temperature and precipitation is based on the combination of prescribed changes in both annual means and annual courses. 相似文献
20.
本文采用了逐步迴归技术,可以在一大堆预报因子中选择出迴归方程中的主要变量,组成一个最后的迴归方程——预报方程。 为了具体说明逐步迴归方法应用于长期预报的计算情况,将1932—1962年华北五站(北京、天津、保定、石家庄、营口)7,8月份平均降水总量的资料作为因变量y,以表征太阳辐射影响的因子、前期环流影响的因子和其它若干气象要素等作为自变量进行分析研究。 对我国若干重点地区的月、季降水的迴归分析指出,各地区与降水有关的预报因子是不完全相同的。就1963年夏季和6—10月份月的降水长期预报进行检查。各重点地区42次预报的结果说明,用这个方法所作的降水趋势预报尚好,比偶然性预报约高10％。 最后,作者就迴归分析的改进作了简略的讨论,并提出今后除了用于长期预报的研究和业务工作外,对中、短期和专业天气预报以及气候学方面等的研究工作也将会是一个有用工具。 相似文献