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国家级强对流潜势预报业务进展与检验评估 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
为了推动我国现阶段天气预报业务向专业化和精细化方向发展,国家气象中心自2009年组建了强天气预报中心并开展了国家级强对流落区潜势预报业务。开发了基于加密自动气象站WS报、全国闪电定位监测网、FY系列卫星以及雷达组网等多种实况观测资料的强对流实时监测产品,制定了基于MICAPS 3.0业务平台的《中尺度天气分析规范》,研发了基于全球模式T639以及区域中尺度模式GRAPES-RUC、WRF-EPS等模式输出量的强对流动力热力参数的诊断分析产品及潜势预报方法,建立了国家级强对流天气实时预报业务并发布雷暴、雷雨大风和冰雹、短时强降水等分类落区预报指导产品。对2010年4—9月国家级预报产品进行的客观检验结果表明：6小时间隔雷暴TS评分为18%,短时强降雨为2.6%,冰雹和雷雨大风为2.1%;12小时间隔雷暴TS评分为18.4%,短时强降雨为4.1%,冰雹和雷雨大风为1.3%。 相似文献
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相似预报方法是一种基于历史相似个例的预报方法,在综合考虑天气发生的环境场和气候场的条件下,可实现高时空分辨率强对流天气的客观预报。利用2016—2019年5—9月宝鸡市自动气象监测站逐小时观测资料及ECMWF细网格0.25°×0.25°模式预报资料,应用相似预报方法对宝鸡市2020—2021年5—9月短时暴雨和雷暴大风天气进行预报和检验。结果表明：短时暴雨平均预报成功率和预报成功指数分别为0.852和0.304,14—20时预报效果最好;雷暴大风平均预报成功率和预报成功指数分别为0.837和0.254,20—02时预报效果最好;两类强天气漏报率均低于0.33,空报率均在0.75以下;相较配料法,相似预报法对两类强天气的预报准确率和预报成功指数均有较大提升,且空报率和漏报率也明显降低,能够较好地预报出短时暴雨和雷暴大风未来24 h的对流潜势,在宝鸡地区表现出更高的适用性。 相似文献
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选取2004—2014年江西省11个ADTD雷电探测定位组网系统所得云地闪探测数据、省内多普勒雷达、探空和自动站资料,并结合重要天气报,将此11年的强对流天气分成短时强降水、有短时强降水伴随的雷雹大风和冰雹(以下简称风雹)和无短时强降水伴随的风雹这三种主要类型,分析它们发生前后的地闪活动特征及其与雷达回波的关系,结果发现,(1)江西省短时强降水、雷暴大风和冰雹分别主要发生在5—8、7—8月和3月;仅发生短时强降水时的站次远多于发生风雹天气时;除早春和盛夏无短时强降水伴随的雷暴大风发生站次较多外,风雹天气常与短时强降水相伴发生。(2)仅有短时强降水天气发生时,其站点地理位置越偏北、小时雨量越大,对应的地闪活动就越剧烈。不同小时雨量对应的地闪数存在较明显的季节性差异,表现为3、4月地闪数以小时雨量为50~55mm时最多;5—7月地闪数随着小时雨量增大总体呈增多趋势,尤以小时雨量为55~60mm时最多;8—9月则以小时雨量为40~45mm时最多。(3)就无短时强降水伴随的风雹天气而言,在3—5月雷暴大风和冰雹发生前30min内的地闪数差异不大,但平均电流强度后者大于前者;在6—9月雷暴大风发生前30min内的地闪数则为冰雹发生前的2~4倍,平均电流强度前者大于后者;该类风雹发生前的地闪数多于仅有短时强降水发生前,正地闪的平均电流强度前者也略强。(4)有短时强降水伴随的风雹发生前的平均正地闪数以8月为最多,而负地闪数则在6月最多;冰雹发生前1h内的地闪数随季节变化不大,而雷暴大风发生前的地闪数存在季节差异,夏季多于春季;另外冰雹的地闪数与冰雹直径存在较好的正相关性。(5)3—8月,有短时强降水伴随的风雹地闪数远多于无短时强降水伴随时;其平均电流强度前者大于后者;该类风雹天气发生前,地闪平均电流强度随季节呈先增大后减小的趋势,而无短时强降水伴随的风雹天气则无此特点。(6)强对流天气发生前,较强回波出现前的负地闪活动远比正地闪活跃,但其电流强度弱于正地闪;45dBz以上回波伸展高度越高,伴随的地闪数也越多,但其平均电流强度变化不明显。 相似文献
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《气象与环境学报》2016,(6)
利用常规探空观测和WRF分析场等资料,分析了2005—2014年沈阳地区强对流天气的气候背景特征、演变规律及日变化特征等,将强对流天气划分为冰雹、雷暴大风(≥17.2 m·s-1)、短时强降水(≥20 mm·h-1)和混合型4种类型;并分析探空资料在强对流天气潜势预报中的作用,着重探讨14时(02时)探空资料对沈阳地区强对流天气短时临近潜势预报的作用。结果表明:2005—2014年沈阳地区4种强对流天气中,以短时强降水天气发生次数最多,其次为雷暴大风天气,冰雹天气的发生次数最少,多数强对流天气发生在午后至傍晚。由合成T-Log P图的温湿廓线可知,沈阳地区短时强降水天气发生时中低层存在显著湿区,与雷暴大风和冰雹为主的强对流天气温湿廓线明显不同,多数合成T-Log P图的显著特点为中层大气干燥。冰雹型强对流天气的0℃层和-20℃层高度明显低于其他强对流天气类型的高度;冰雹型强对流天气T700-T500和T850-T500显著大于短时强降水型及雷暴大风型强对流天气,且T850-T500的指示意义更好;4种强对流天气类型平均SI均出现了正值,说明SI失去了不稳定性的指示意义;短时强降水天气的K指数明显高于冰雹天气;雷暴大风天气发生时对流有效位能明显小于其他强对流天气类型。可见,WRF中尺度模式中的T-Log P预报图对沈阳地区强对流天气的预报具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
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利用2016—2021年ECWMF集合预报资料、浙江自动站实况资料等，计算浙江短时强降水、雷暴大风和冰雹等强对流天气相关物理量的极端天气预报指数（EFI：Extreme Forecast Index），分析EFI分布特征，并构建了分类强对流预报模型。结果表明：强对流天气与物理量的EFI有密切联系，发生短时强降水时，对流有效位能、整层可降水量、850 hPa与500 hPa温差和位温差的EFI较大，而垂直风切变的EFI为负值，因而较小的垂直风切变更有利于出现极端降水；发生雷暴大风和冰雹时，对流有效位能、850 hPa与500 hPa温差和位温差以及850 hPa温度露点差的EFI较大，700 hPa露点温度的EFI为负值，与上层干冷下层暖湿的有利层结条件有关。利用支持向量机多分类方法，将强对流天气相关物理量的EFI作为特征值开展训练，构建的预报模型对于非局地强对流天气有较好的预报效果，其中短时强降水的误判率明显低于雷暴大风。 相似文献
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使用2015—2019年6—9月08:00（北京时）我国119个探空站的大气层结和对流参数作为特征参数,基于XGBoost集成学习方法,建立短时强降水事件预报模型。同时,提出一种面向高影响天气的模型优化思路,通过使用分段权重损失函数,进行模型调优,在空报率不超过一定阈值的情况下,可提升模型预报的命中率和TS评分。设计分段权重损失函数权重敏感性试验和损失函数对比试验,选取7个区域中心探空站对比分析模型优化方法的有效性和泛化性。利用2019年6—9月全国探空数据针对短时强降水预报开展批量独立检验和个例分析,结果表明:改进后的预报模型TS评分提高0.05~0.1,命中率提高0.15以上,空报率提高0.05~0.1,表现出明显的“宁空勿漏”预报倾向,模型预报能力得到明显提升;在全国短时强降水预报试验中,预报模型命中率为0.65,空报率为0.37,漏报率为0.34,TS评分为0.47,说明该模型对短时强降水天气具有一定预报能力。 相似文献
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基于天气雷达、地面和探空观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、FNL 数值预报产品,应用强对流天气分类识别技术和短时临近预报技术,开展风暴临近预报、强对流天气分类预警、基于数值预报的强风暴潜势诊断等研究,获得大理、丽江、西双版纳等高原山地机场及周边区域强降水、雷暴、大风、冰雹等灾害性天气的0～2h实时定量预报产品和0～12h强对流天气潜势预报产品,建立可业务运行的机场强对流天气短时临近预报系统。通过检验,证明该预报系统有较好的强对流天气预报预警能力,满足机场业务需求。 相似文献
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基于业务观测、历史灾情及互联网媒体等多源数据整编形成强对流天气人工智能应用训练基础数据集（Severe Convective Weather DataSet for AI application,SCWDS）。SCWDS包括2012—2019年中国大陆区域的雷暴、雷暴大风、短时强降水、冰雹及龙卷5种强对流天气,共184865个个例（站次）,9256405个样本,每个样本包含强对流天气过程标注及对应时空窗口范围内的地面观测数据、探空数据、闪电定位数据、雷达基数据、卫星多通道数据和再分析产品等。雷暴、短时强降水、冰雹主要出现在6—8月,雷暴大风主要出现在4—5月,龙卷主要出现在6—8月和4月。短时强降水发生时间呈03:00—04:00（北京时,下同）和15:00—16:00时段双峰分布,雷暴、雷暴大风、冰雹、龙卷主要发生在13:00—19:00时段。雷暴主要出现在华南、江南及青藏高原、云贵高原,雷暴大风主要出现在华北北部及江南沿海,短时强降水主要出现在西南、华南、江南及黄淮江淮地区,冰雹主要出现在青藏高原、云贵高原及华北北部。SCWDS作为机器学习模型训练的基础数据,为强对流天气智能识别和预报应用提供数据支撑。 相似文献
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《贵州气象》2019,(6)
该文利用2005-2014年丰都县地面天气、探空数据、NCEP 1°×1°FNL再分析资料等,对丰都地区冰雹、雷暴大风、短时强降水这3类强对流天气特征进行统计分析,得出这3类强对流天气的时空分布特征,并从天气个例出发,利用实况资料对强对流天气的差异进行分析,为强对流天气的预警预报提供参考。得到如下结果:短时强降水通常出现在5-9月,大风通常出现在5—8月,冰雹通常出现南部的七跃山脉和北部的蒋家山和黄草山脉附近~([1]),2005—2014年间共出现了7次,3—8月均有发生。通过计算3种强对流天气环境场参量,归纳出3种物理量参数的差异:大气可降水量、AT500-T850,K指数、抬升指数(LI)、相对湿度、散度场分布等在冰雹、短时强降水和大风天气中有明显的差异,冰雹和短时强降水的AT500-T850相差了近5℃,大风天气的值介于冰雹和短时强降水之间。大气可降水量分布上,短时强降水的大气可降水量(PW)平均值为58 mm,比冰雹值大约多了10 mm,比大风值多了14 mm。短时强降水出现时几乎整层都是处于饱和的状态,冰雹和大风天气几乎只在中低层有较饱和的水汽,而高层的相对湿度平均值在40%～50%左右。对流指数方面,K指数和LI指数都很好的指示了强对流天气的发生,K指数在短时强降水发生时其平均值在39.8℃左右,较冰雹和大风分别高1.6℃和3℃。短时强降水出现环流位置大多位于600 hPa以下,而冰雹则在300 hPa左右,大风在400 hPa左右。 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
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Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
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Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
16.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献
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<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea. 相似文献
19.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
20.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献