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1.
利用NOAH(The Community Noah Land Surface Model)、SHAW(Simultaneous Heat and Water)和CLM(Community Land Model)3个不同的陆面过程模式及兰州大学(Semi-Arid Climate Observatory and Laboratory,SACOL)2007年的观测资料,对黄土高原半干旱区的陆面过程进行了模拟研究。通过与观测值间的对比,考察不同陆面过程模式在半干旱区的适用性。研究结果表明:3个模式在半干旱区的模拟性能有较大差异。其中,CLM模式模拟的20 cm以上的浅层土壤温度最优,SHAW模式模拟的深层土壤温度最优;SHAW模式模拟的土壤含水量与观测值最为接近,而NOAH和CLM模式模拟值有较大偏差;3个模式均能较好地模拟地表反射辐射,其中SHAW模式模拟值与观测值的偏差最小;对地表长波辐射的模拟,CLM模式的模拟最优;3个模式均能较好地反映感热、潜热通量的变化趋势,其中CLM模式对感热的模拟性能优于其他两个模式,在有降水发生后的湿润条件下,CLM模式对潜热的模拟性能最优,而无降水的干燥条件下,CLM模式的模拟偏差最大,NOAH模式对冬季潜热的模拟最优。总体而言,CLM模式能够更好地再现半干旱区地气之间的相互作用,但模式对土壤含水量及干燥条件下的潜热通量的模拟较差,模式对半干旱区陆气间的水文过程还有待进一步的研究和改进。  相似文献   

2.
SHAW模式的改进及其在黄土高原半干旱区的模拟研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
陆面过程模拟研究中的一个关键问题是如何准确的计算陆气间能量交换,但现有的陆面过程模式模拟的湍流通量与观测值间仍然存在较大偏差,因此改进湍流通量的参数化方案对于提高陆面过程模式模拟能力有重要意义。本研究通过改进陆面过程模式SHAW中的热力粗糙度方案,以及引入干表层蒸发方案,以期改善湍流通量的模拟能力。在此基础上利用黄土高原半干旱区SACOL站观测资料,进行模式改进前后的单点模拟对比试验,研究其参数化方案改进对陆面过程模拟的影响。结果表明:改进后的SHAW模式能够合理地模拟黄土高原半干旱区陆面特征的变化趋势,模拟值与观测值偏差较小。与原来的SHAW模式模拟结果相比,改进后的SHAW_MOD模式显著提高了湍流通量的模拟能力,并改善了净辐射和深层土壤温度的模拟,但对土壤湿度的改进并不明显,这可能与土壤内部水热传输过程及相关参数化方案有关,还有待做进一步研究。  相似文献   

3.
陈海山  孙照渤 《大气科学》2004,28(6):801-819
在现有陆面模式的基础上,详细考虑了地气系统中的积雪、土壤水热传输、植被及湍流边界层中的各种物理过程,发展了一个既能反映积雪变化、干旱/半干旱区地气交换过程,同时又能描述不同陆面状况物理过程的陆面模式(Comprehensive Land Surface Model,简称CLSM),改善了陆面模式对全球范围内不同下垫面条件下的陆面过程及地-气交换过程的模拟能力.  相似文献   

4.
干旱区天气、气候数值模拟的研究进展   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
干旱区的气候模拟有着很强特殊性。气候模式是研究和探讨干旱区形成物理机制的有效手段和工具。介绍了近年来国内外干旱气候数值模拟和试验的研究与进展.总结和评述了陆面过程中地表反照率、土壤湿度、植被状况的参数化和对气候的影响.讨论和阐述陆面过程在气候模拟中的重要性。对干旱区的气候和天气灾害的数值模式模拟研究作了一些评述,并对干旱区数值模拟的有关问题进行了讨论和展望。指出干旱区陆面过程的深入研究和干旱区陆面参数的标定,是改进干旱区气候模拟的重要途径。  相似文献   

5.
复杂地形区陆面资料对WRF模式模拟性能的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文利用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式耦合Noah陆面过程模式,对比研究了使用不同精度陆面资料:WRF默认陆面资料、中国1 km分辨率数字高程模型数据集、2006年MODIS(MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)土地利用和植被覆盖度资料,WRF模式对兰州地区冬季气象场模拟结果的差异。结果表明,近地面气温对陆面资料的精度非常敏感,而风场对陆面资料的精度不敏感,WRF模式对气温的模拟效果好于对风场模拟。采用高精度且时效性好的陆面资料后,WRF模拟的近地面气温准确率提高了15.8%,模拟的夜间气温改进幅度较白天大。陆面资料可影响整个边界层温度场分布,准确的陆面资料对提高WRF模式模拟近地面乃至整个边界层气象场至关重要。尽管风速模拟误差较大,但总体上WRF模式能较准确地模拟出研究区的风场演变特征。使用新的陆面资料后WRF模拟的风速误差略有减小,风向误差略有增加。干旱半干旱区冬季数值模拟需要注意土壤湿度初值和模式初始积分时刻对模拟结果的影响。  相似文献   

6.
随着全球气候变化和伴随而来的日益严重的干旱化问题,干旱/半干旱地区的陆气相互作用引起了越来越多的重视。利用国际协同强化观测期(CEOP)观测资料对3个不同的陆面过程模式BATS、LSM和CoLM在半干旱区通榆站进行了模拟检验与对比,考察了不同陆面过程模式对半干旱地区的模拟性能。结果表明,3个模式都可以较好地模拟出半干旱地区地气间的能量通量的季节和日变化,但模拟性能存在较大差异。对于地表温度和出射长波辐射的模拟,BATS表现最优;而对于感热和潜热通量的模拟,CoLM和LSM要好于BATS,其中CoLM的表现最好。各模式的模拟性能随着季节不同存在着很大的差异,夏季的模拟要好于冬季,3个模式都不能很好地模拟冬季该地区的潜热通量,说明对半干旱地区冬季地表过程的刻画还有待进一步提高。  相似文献   

7.
西北干旱区荒漠戈壁陆面过程的数值模拟   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
曹晓彦  张强 《气象学报》2003,61(2):219-225
首先利用“中国西北干旱区陆 气相互作用试验”2 0 0 0年 5~ 6月在甘肃敦煌进行的陆 气相互作用野外试验的观测资料 ,确定了西北干旱区荒漠戈壁的陆面过程参数 ,并用这些参数改进了已有的陆面过程模式。然后用该陆面过程模式对敦煌陆 气相互作用野外试验荒漠戈壁上的大气感热通量、潜热通量、摩擦速度以及净辐射、地表和土壤温度、土壤水份等重要陆面变量进行了模拟 ,结果表明 ,模拟值与观测值非常接近 ,这说明改进后的模式对干旱区陆面过程有较强的模拟能力  相似文献   

8.
敦煌干旱区一次降水过程陆面特征模拟   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用“我国西北干旱区陆—气相互作用观测试验”在敦煌双墩子戈壁站取得的观测资料及最近的一些研究成果,对陆面模式进行了改进,然后对一次典型较大降水过程的陆面特征及近地层的风、温、湿进行了模拟,结果表明:改进的模式能对降水条件下的干旱区陆面特征进行较好的模拟。其中对辐射、地表温度的模拟相当好,能量的模拟总体结果令人满意;另外由于本模式专门考虑了近地层的影响,所以对近地层的风速、温度和湿度的模拟结果相当好。  相似文献   

9.
利用2000年9月至2001年8月"我国西北干旱区陆-气相互作用试验(NWC-ALIEX)"敦煌站的陆面过程观测资料,基于已有的参数化结果,模拟了敦煌主要陆面特征。结果表明:典型干旱区敦煌夏季感热通量与潜热通量差异显著,感热几乎是潜热的4倍,冬季二者都很小。模式对地表温度模拟较好,但高估了浅层土壤湿度峰值;对向上辐射模拟较好,但对净辐射的模拟存在较大偏差;同时高估了地表能量的峰值。模式结果表明参数化方案对干旱区陆面过程模式具有一定的改进作用。  相似文献   

10.
利用NCEP每6 h一次的1°×1°格点资料和中尺度模式WRF(V3.2),选用不同的陆面参数化方案,对2010年8月7—8日发生在甘肃舟曲的一次西北地区特大暴雨天气过程进行数值模拟试验。结果表明,此次暴雨过程数值模拟的准确率对陆面参数化方案的选择比较敏感。在WRF模式中,耦合陆面方案比不耦合陆面方案对暴雨的模拟效果更好,耦合陆面方案所模拟的降水分布、地表通量以及地面气象要素都与实况更加接近。耦合不同的陆面方案模拟的降水以及感热通量、潜热通量都存在较大的差别,但是采用不同的陆面方案模拟的地表温度和水汽差别并不大。总体而言,采用PX陆面方案对降水的模拟效果比采用其他方案都合理,与实况最接近。  相似文献   

11.
Based on measurements at Sodankylä Meteorological Observatory the regional (aggregated) momentum and sensible heat fluxes are estimated for two days over a site in Finnish Lapland during late winter. The forest covers 49% of the area. The study shows that the forest dominates and controls the regional fluxes of momentum and sensible heat in different ways. The regional momentum flux is found to be 10–20% smaller than the measured momentum flux over the forest, and the regional sensible heat flux is estimated to be 30–50% of the values measured over a coniferous forest.The regional momentum flux is determined in two ways, both based on blending height theory. One is a parameterised method, the other represents a numerical solution of an aggregation model. The regional sensible heat flux is determined from the theory of mixed-layer growth. At near neutral conditions the regional momentum flux can be determined independently of the regional sensible heat flux. At unstable conditions the two models become coupled.The information that is needed by the parameterised blending height method and by the mixed-layer evolution method in order to derive the regional fluxes of momentum and sensible heat can be obtained from radiosonde profiles of wind speed and temperature.  相似文献   

12.
长三角城市群下垫面变化气候效应的模拟研究   总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
利用法国动力气象实验室发展的高分辨可变网格大气环流模式LMDZ,分别通过LMDZ的高分辨可变网格区域版及其全球版模式的数值模拟,研究长三角城市群下垫面变化带来的夏季气候效应,并尝试探讨大尺度环流的响应.其中LMDZ高分辨区域模式的模拟结果表明长三角城市群下垫面变化可导致夏季长三角地区接受的净辐射明显增加,感热通量上升,潜热通量下降,引起局地地表温度显著上升.同时西太平洋副热带高压西伸北抬控制长三角地区,反气旋性水汽通量异常,导致该地区降水异常减少.进一步对LMDZ全球模式的模拟结果分析,发现长三角城市群下垫面变化可能会引起大气基本模态的变化,进而引起南北半球中高纬异常波列结构的出现.  相似文献   

13.
The formation mechanism of a cold sea-fog case observed over the Yellow Sea near the western coastal area of the Korean Peninsula is investigated using numerical simulation with a one-dimensional turbulence model coupled with a three-dimensional regional model. The simulation was carried out using both Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches; both approaches produced sea fog in a manner consistent with observation. For the selected cold sea-fog case, the model results suggested the following: as warm and moist air flows over a cold sea surface, the lower part of the air column is modified by the turbulent exchange of heat and moisture and the diurnal variation in radiation. The modified boundary-layer structure represents a typical stable thermally internal boundary layer. Within the stable thermally internal boundary layer, the air temperature is decreased by radiative cooling and turbulent heat exchange but the moisture loss due to the downward vapour flux in the lowest part of the air column is compensated by moisture advection and therefore the dewpoint temperature does not decrease as rapidly as does the air temperature. Eventually water vapour saturation is achieved and the cold sea fog forms in the thermal internal boundary layer.  相似文献   

14.
Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the mixed layer temperature in the Southern South China Sea (SSCS) is investigated using a regional ocean circulation model simulation. The mixed layer depth (MLD) over the SSCS exhibits a strong seasonal signal with deeper MLDs during the northeast and southwest monsoons. The main factor that drives the mixed layer temperature variation in the SSCS is the air-sea heat fluxes, with vertical ocean processes acting as a relatively weak negative feedback. In general, the budget analysis demonstrates a net balance between the vertical ocean processes and surface heat flux during the pre-monsoon and southwest monsoon. Northeast monsoon period is noted by an offsetting of surface heat flux, horizontal and vertical ocean processes. The first dominant mode of mixed layer temperature inter-annual variability in the SSCS shows significant correlation (0.34) with the El Nino phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean and is best correlated (0.67) with a lag of 5 months.  相似文献   

15.
The authors examine the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature(SST) biases simulated by a Flexible Regional Ocean Atmosphere Land System(FROALS) model.The regional coupled model exhibits pronounced cold SST biases in a large portion of the Indian Ocean warm pool.Negative biases in the net surface heat fluxes are evident in the model,leading to the cold biases of the SST.Further analysis indicates that the negative biases in the net surface heat fluxes are mainly contributed by the biases of sensible heat and latent heat flux.Near-surface meteorological variables that could contribute to the SST biases are also examined.It is found that the biases of sensible heat and latent heat flux are caused by the colder and dryer near-surface air in the model.  相似文献   

16.
曾剑  张强  王春玲 《气象学报》2016,74(6):876-888
东亚夏季风边缘摆动区既是气候敏感区,也是生态脆弱区和农牧交错带,其特殊陆面能量空间分布格局和演变特征对理解该区域天气和气候变化有重要意义。然而受限于陆面观测资料缺乏,对这部分陆面特征的认识仍非常有限。通过对34 a陆面模拟集成产品的分析,发现夏季风边缘摆动区内潜热和感热通量在空间上表现出明显的过渡特征,由摆动区外的相对均衡状态进入到摆动区内的“突变转换”;陆面能量平衡具有明显的区域特征,能量平衡各分量在纬向和经向都表现出了“阶梯型”的变化。就演变而言,区域平均感热和潜热没有表现出规律性的递减或递增趋势,波动幅度在±20%以内,但在20世纪末存在一个较为明显的摆动相位转换:1997年之前夏季风边缘摆动区夏季风相对活跃,潜热通量总体高于其气候值而感热通量则低于其气候值,之后出现了相反的现象。此外,区内感热和潜热通量对气候环境干湿性质非常敏感,两者存在明显的线性关系。   相似文献   

17.
对临海沙漠地区非均匀地表区域地表能量通量和蒸发(蒸散)的研究,是一个十分重要但又是一个难点问题。本文提出了1个基于卫星遥感和地面观测的参数化方案,并把其应用于沙特阿拉伯吉达地区,利用1个景的陆地资源卫星Landsat-7E^TM^ 资料进行了分析研究,得到了一些有关临海沙漠地区非均匀地表区域地表特征参数、植被参数和地表能量通量的新概念。最后讨论了所提出的参数化方案的适用范围和需改进之处。  相似文献   

18.
Heat balance and eddies in the Peru-Chile current system   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
The Peru-Chile current System (PCS) is a region of persistent biases in global climate models. It has strong coastal upwelling, alongshore boundary currents, and mesoscale eddies. These oceanic phenomena provide essential heat transport to maintain a cool oceanic surface underneath the prevalent atmospheric stratus cloud deck, through a combination of mean circulation and eddy flux. We demonstrate these behaviors in a regional, quasi-equilibrium oceanic model that adequately resolves the mesoscale eddies with climatological forcing. The key result is that the atmospheric heating is large (>50 W m?2) over a substantial strip >500 km wide off the coast of Peru, and the balancing lateral oceanic flux is much larger than provided by the offshore Ekman flux alone. The atmospheric heating is weaker and the coastally influenced strip is narrower off Chile, but again the Ekman flux is not sufficient for heat balance. The eddy contribution to the oceanic flux is substantial. Analysis of eddy properties shows strong surface temperature fronts and associated large vorticity, especially off Peru. Cyclonic eddies moderately dominate the surface layer, and anticyclonic eddies, originating from the nearshore poleward Peru-Chile Undercurrent (PCUC), dominate the subsurface, especially off Chile. The sensitivity of the PCS heat balance to equatorial intra-seasonal oscillations is found to be small. We demonstrate that forcing the regional model with a representative, coarse-resolution global reanalysis wind product has dramatic and deleterious consequences for the oceanic circulation and climate heat balance, the eddy heat flux in particular.  相似文献   

19.
Estimation of the Distribution of Global Anthropogenic Heat Flux   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
The radiance lights data in 2006 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) and authoritative energy data distributed by the United State Energy Information Administration were applied to estimate the global distribution of anthropogenic heat flux.A strong linear relationship was found to exist between the anthropogenic heat flux and the DMSP/OLS radiance data.On a global scale,the average value of anthropogenic heat flux is approximately 0.03 W m 2 and 0.10 W m 2 for global land area.The results indicate that global anthropogenic heat flux was geographically concentrated and distributed,fundamentally correlating to the economical activities.The anthropogenic heat flux concentrated in the economically developed areas including East Asia,Europe,and eastern North America.The anthropogenic heat flux in the concentrated regions,including the northeastern United States,Central Europe,United Kingdom,Japan,India,and East and South China is much larger than global average level,reaching a large enough value that could affect regional climate.In the center of the concentrated area,the anthropogenic heat flux density may exceed 100 W m 2,according to the results of the model.In developing areas,including South America,Central and North China,India,East Europe,and Middle East,the anthropogenic heat flux can reach a level of more than 10 W m 2 ;however,the anthropogenic heat flux in a vast area,including Africa,Central and North Asia,and South America,is low.With the development of global economy and urban agglomerations,the effect on climate of anthropogenic heat is essential for the research of climate change.  相似文献   

20.
Summary A diagnostic model for complete heat budgets in the free atmosphere is presented and is applied to the African-Atlantic sector between 35°S–30°N for May 1979. The model is based on the conservation equations for latent and sensible heat. These are evaluated in a form integrated over 24 hours in time and over atmospheric boxes of 2.5°×2.5° in horizontal and 100 hPa in vertical direction. Grid-scale input data are the 3D-ECMWF-diagnoses of the FGGE period plus parameterized fields of surface rain, evaporation and sensible Heat flux. This leads to an overspecification of latent and sensible heat budgets for any atmospheric column between surface and top of the atmosphere and thus yields an objective column imbalance. In order to separate the vertical subscale fluxes of rain, moisture and heat in the free atmosphere the model uses a closure assumption for the coupling between moisture and sensible heat flux as well as one for the vertical imbalance profiles; it is demonstrated that the budgets are not too sensitive with respect to these parameterizations.Results are presented in terms of vertical profiles of the subscale vertical fluxes of rain, moisture and heat. These are interpeted as measures of convective activity, with particular emphasis on the ITCZ. May 1979 averages as well as results for a respresentative single day are discussed. The imbalance (=the error) can be sufficiently well separated from the signal. It is shown that the low-level mass flux divergence does not coincide with the position of the ITCZ while the maximum of the subscale fluxes does coincide. Over the continent, it is not the horizontal mass flux convergence which feeds the ITCZ and the rainbelt but rather the subscale moisture flux and its convergence in the vertical. Over the Saharan latitudes, there is considerable convective flux of sensible heat, but not of latent heat. Over the ocean, deep convection in the ITCZ is weaker than over Africa, and it is consistently correlated with upward converging subscale moisture flux. The fields of the subscale vertical fluxes are coherent in space and time. It is argued from these results that the presented diagnostic model is potentially useful for testing parameterizations of convection in general circulation and climate models.With 19 Figures  相似文献   

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