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1.
通过分析中国内陆高原西藏那曲、 青海大通、 甘肃中川和平凉4个不同海拔高度地区雷暴的电学特征发现， 不同地区间雷暴电学特征有其共性， 但也存在一定的差异。根据过顶雷暴的地面电场演变特征， 内陆高原地区雷暴可以分为特殊型和常规型两类\.特殊型雷暴在当顶阶段地面电场呈正极性， 即雷暴下部存在范围较大的正电荷区（LPCC）， 且特殊型雷暴所占比例随海拔高度的增加有所增加； 常规型雷暴在当顶阶段地面电场为负极性， 与低海拔地区常规雷暴引起的地面电场类似。结合4个地区的地面气象要素以及探空资料的分析， 发现不同地区对应的部分热动力参量以及大气层结参数存在显著差异\.分析表明, 地气温差和暖云区厚度对雷暴云LPCC的强弱有显著的指示意义， 当地气温差越大、 暖云区厚度越薄时， 雷暴云LPCC的强度相对较大； 反之， 雷暴云LPCC的强度及范围都较小。数值模拟结果表明， 特殊型雷暴云内最大上升气流区存在的范围以及总比含水量大于常规型雷暴， 上升气流的强弱以及WCD的大小在很大程度上决定了云内水成物粒子的浓度。 相似文献
2.
利用2002年夏季在青海省大通县进行的雷暴及闪电综合观测实验中所获取的6站GPS同步闪电电场变化资料，对8月4日一次下部具有大范围正电荷区的典型性雷暴过程的雷电特征进行详细研究。利用点电荷模式对16次负地闪和2次正地闪所包含的共65次回击所中和电荷源进行的非线性最小二乘法拟合研究发现，负地闪所中和的负电荷距离地面的相对高度在3~5 km，而两次正地闪所中和的雷暴云电荷在5~6 km的高度，表明该雷暴云呈三极性电荷结构。负地闪单次回击所中和电荷量平均为1.48 C，而两次正地闪都为单次回击且中和的电荷量分别为1.37 C和2.68 C。 相似文献
3.
利用海南省气象局在海南岛内布设的地闪定位网、海口地区组网大气平均电场仪及雷达对超强台风"威马逊"过程的监测资料,分析了该过程在海南岛过境(2014年18日12时至19日12时)时陆地及附近海域的地闪活动的时空分布特征。闪电监测结果显示,18日18时起,发生的地闪数目开始增多,至18日22时达到顶峰,至19日8时以前仍保持较强的频数。地电主要发生在东方市境内及近海,最大密度值出现于洋面,达到了4.7次/km2(海面),陆地最大地闪密度为1.6次/km2。通过对地面电场的演变特征分析来看,嵌于台风外围雨带里的对流云具有三极性电荷结构特征,这与大部分常规夏季雷暴云具有一致性。 相似文献
4.
青藏高原雷暴云降水与地面电场的观测和数值模拟 总被引：4，自引：7，他引：4
在2003年青藏高原那曲地区夏季雷暴云的观测试验中,三次伴有降水的过程中都出现了地面电场(Egnd)随降水的漂移现象,而且固态和液态降水对Egnd的极性改变并不相同。为了模拟再现高原雷暴云降水和Egnd之间的关系,选取了8月13日这次具有高原雷暴代表性特征的过程,模拟了雷暴云移经观测点上空期间,测站固、液态降水与Egnd的变化以及雷暴云下部正电荷区的空间分布。模拟的Egnd及固、液态降水与其的对应关系与观测事实较一致。分析结果表明,固态降水主要携带正电荷,液态降水主要携带负电荷,各类带不同极性和数量电荷的降水粒子常共存在雷暴云中,Egnd主要受携带电荷量占主导地位的降水粒子的影响,地面出现强正电场时正好是云在当顶并且地面出现强固态降水的时间。 相似文献
5.
1988年9—11月西太平洋海区大气电场特征分析 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
本文利用西太平洋海区平均电场资料分析晴天和雷暴天气下地面电场特征。分析指出:雷暴下海面电场多正极性。极性通常与云顶温度有关,弱雷暴的云下部带正电荷。海洋雷暴闪电频数很低,且正闪多于负闪。分析又指出:晴天海面电场的脉动变化和近海面湍流活动有很好的对应关系,利用电场峰值宽度和间隔来估算湍流尺度和间隔距离,和湍流活动的实测结果有较好的一致性。 相似文献
6.
从一般雷暴、灾害性雷暴和台风的闪电活动特征以及雷暴闪电尺度特征四个方面对相关研究进行梳理。一般雷暴通常具有正常极性电荷结构,云/地闪比例在3左右(中纬度地区),地闪中正地闪占比为10%左右,负地闪位置往往更集中于对流区。灾害性雷暴倾向具有活跃的云闪,低比例的地闪,易出现反极性电荷结构,正地闪比例偏高。闪电活动与灾害性天气现象之间存在关联性,部分雹暴过程具有两次闪电活跃阶段。台风中大部分闪电发生在外雨带,眼壁/外雨带闪电爆发很可能预示气旋强度的增强以及路径的改变。由闪电持续时间、通道空间扩展所表征的闪电尺度与雷暴对流强度相关。弱对流雷暴或雷暴的弱对流区域可能由水平扩展、垂直分层的电荷分布形态主导,闪电频次低,闪电空间尺度大;强对流雷暴或雷暴的强对流区域可能由交错分布的小电荷区主导,闪电频次高,闪电尺度小。 相似文献
7.
中国南北方雷暴及人工触发闪电电特性对比分析 总被引：13，自引：17，他引：13
通过对我国南北方雷暴及人工触发闪电电特性的对比分析，发现南北方雷暴及人工触发闪是电特性有很大差异。北方雷暴电荷结构呈三极性，人工触发闪电是在地面电场为正的情况下成功的。主要由连续电流和双极性电流脉冲组成，最大放电电流为１ｋＡ，中和电葆量只有几库仑；南方雷暴则为偶极性，触发闪电由连续电流和我次回击组成，电流峰值在于１０ｋＡ。触发闪电时地面电场均为负极性，其中在４ｋＶ／ｍ以上；触发高度在北方最低为２６ 相似文献
8.
雷电是电荷聚集到一定程度的放电现象,当雷暴云中电荷累积,在地面附近大气就会有相应的感应电场,因此通过大气电场脉冲波形变化,结合雷达回波资料,可以判断雷暴云的发展阶段。本文分析了2010年8月11~12日陕西省有闪电定位监测网络以来最强的一次雷电天气过程。该过程全省范围内共发生闪电23 570次,8月11日单日闪电14 470次,整个过程以负闪为主,闪电频数高,同时伴随强降水发生。分析发现,此次强雷电天气过程与大气环境场具有以下对应关系:强雷电的发生与西太平洋副热带高压强盛控制陕西大部分地区且呈东西带状分布、西风槽东移南压关系密切;另外还与潜在对流性稳定度指数、抬升指数、能量场和位势稳定度具有较好的相关性;高雷电密度区域与区域性暴雨的强降水落区有一定的对应关系,但强雷电往往先于强降水出现,雨量最大区域与雷电强度最大区域并不对应。 相似文献
9.
青藏高原东北部地区夏季雷电特征的观测研究 总被引：28，自引：9，他引：19
介绍了2002年夏季在海拔2650m的青海东部地区所进行的雷电综合观测实验及初步研究结果。实验中采用了GPS同步的6个站闪电快、慢电场变化和平均电场的同步观测,配合1ms的高速摄像对该地的雷暴电荷结构、闪电放电特征等进行了研究。初步研究结果表明,青海东部的雷暴云当顶时,地面电场既可受云内的负电荷所控制,也可能受正电荷所控制,揭示了雷暴电荷结构的复杂性。同时,闪电特征也存在一定的特殊性,所发生的地闪先导常以多分叉的形式慢速向地面行进,并在地面形成两个或两个以上的接地点;梯级先导的发展速度约为0.8～1.18×105m·s-1。同时在地闪发生之前和之后常有持续时间较长、闪道清晰的云内放电过程发生。高速摄像观测首次发现,在一次云内正电荷控制地面电场的雷暴条件下,云内放电过程呈现出双层结构特征。放电首先从上部负电荷区和下部正电荷之间的地方激发,然后上、下同时发展。在开始阶段只能看到向下的负流光通道,当上、下发展的通道分别到达负、正电荷区时,明亮的的主通道形成。之后放电在下部正电荷区以多分叉的形式水平扩展,下部的水平扩展停止后,主通道上部的放电开始水平扩展,是一种反极性的云内放电过程。 相似文献
10.
针对中国内陆高原地区雷暴多为孤立且尺度较小的特征,假定孤立雷暴在闪电发生前,当地面电场处于平稳状态时,云内的电荷区在水平方向上均匀分布,且只与垂直高度有关。根据云厚可将雷暴云在垂直方向上分为若干个厚度相等的区域,地面电场值即为雷暴云内多个水平均匀分布的电荷区域共同作用的结果。在此理论假设基础上,利用甘肃中川地区一次典型雷暴过程引起的多站地面电场观测资料,对该雷暴过程的电荷结构及其演变特征进行最小二乘法的拟合研究。结果表明,在雷暴发展演变过程中,其下部始终存在一范围和强度都较大的正电荷区,同时在雷暴云顶部存在强度较小的负电荷区,使得雷暴整体上呈四极性电荷结构。通过与雷达回波的对比,发现雷暴电荷中心与雷达强回波中心位置大体一致。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
13.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region. 相似文献
14.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(4):227
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. 相似文献
15.
Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China. 相似文献
16.
<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>
<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p> 相似文献
17.
By using the gauged rainfall in 160 stations within mainland China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the impacts of anomalous SST in Kuroshio and its extension on precipitation in Northeast China were investigated. The results show that a difference in the meridional circulation such as the East Asia/Pacific teleconnection pattern(EAP)may be responsible for the difference in rainfall between 1998 and 2010. In comparison with 1998, the anomalous meridional circulation pattern in 2010 shifted northeastward, and then the western subtropical high, the mid-latitudinal trough and the northeastern Asia blocking high also shifted northeastward, causing intensified convergence of the cold and warm air masses at the southern region and thus more rainfall in the southwestern region and less in the northwestern region. In 1998, the anomalous cyclone, one component of the meridional pattern, located at the Songhuajiang-Nengjiang River basin, resulted in more rainfall in the majority of the area. The results of observation and the model show that the difference in SSTA in Kuroshio and its extension under the background of different El Ni觡o events is the key point:(1) The anomalous warmth moved westward from the mid-Pacific to the east of the Philippine Sea during the central event, which led the heat resources shifting to the northeast in 2010; subsequently, a shift occurred to the north of the anomalous ascent and decent, followed by a warm SSTA in the region of Kuroshio's extension in 2010 and Kuroshio in 1998.(2) The warm SSTA in the Kuroshio extension causing the Rossby wave activity flux strengthened in 2010, and then the westerly jet shifted northward and extended eastward. A warm SSTA in Kuroshio and cold SSTA in its extension in 1998 caused the westerly jet to shift southward and weaken. As a result,the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone shifted northward in 2010, and the blocking high also shifted northward. 相似文献
18.
基于最新的GTAP8(Global Trade Analysis Project)数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。 相似文献
19.
Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future. 相似文献