两类El Ni?o对应的印度洋偶极子事件的比较研究     

钱景  李崇银  谭言科  桂发银  黎鑫 《热带气象学报》2017,33(4):467-477

利用多种大气和海洋再分析资料,采用合成分析及2.5层简化海洋模型数值模拟等方法,研究了1951—2012年期间,与东部和中部型El Ni?o事件相伴随的热带印度洋海温偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole,IOD)出现时,热带印度洋海温异常增暖及其上空海气耦合特征的物理机制。结果表明:夏秋季节,伴随东部型El Ni?o而发生的IOD事件(EP-IOD)和伴随中部型El Ni?o而发生的IOD事件(CP-IOD)中,热带印度洋海温正异常的强度与空间分布具有很大差异。对于EP-IOD事件,夏季,海温正异常中心最先出现在热带西北印度洋;随后秋季,海温正异常向东南发展并扩大至热带中南印度洋,强度较强。对于CP-IOD事件,夏季和秋季,海温正异常中心都位于热带中南印度洋,呈东西向带状分布,但海温正异常强度较EP-IOD事件中弱。进一步分析表明,在EP-IOD事件中,夏季,热带西北印度洋海区西南季风偏弱,通过影响夹卷混合过程导致热带西北印度洋海温上升;秋季,热带西北印度洋上空的异常偏东风导致垂向夹卷混合的正异常,对热带西北印度洋增暖的维持起到重要作用;热带中南印度洋的增暖主要受赤道东南印度洋西传的暖性Rossby波影响。而在CP-IOD事件中,夏秋两季,热带中南印度洋海区出现显著的西北风异常,其上空风速的负异常是增温的主要原因;同时赤道东南印度洋西传的暖性Rossby波对热带中南印度洋的增暖也起到重要作用。   相似文献   

印度洋偶极子与两类El Niño的关联及其可能机理     

董笛  何金海 《热带气象学报》2015,31(2):182-192

通过合成三种具有代表性的两类ENSO指数,将El Ni?o事件划分为东部(EP)和中部(CP)型。利用EOF、相关分析、合成分析等方法探究了印度洋偶极子(IOD)与两类El Ni?o事件的关联及其产生的可能机理。研究表明,源于热带太平洋-印度洋尺度海气相互作用的IOD事件由两种型态构成,其分别与EP和CP型El Ni?o事件相联系。与EP型El Ni?o相联系的IOD事件(第一类IOD)在赤道印度洋50~150 m的温跃层附近信号最强,并关于赤道呈南强北弱的准对称海温异常分布;与CP型El Ni?o相联系的IOD事件(第二类IOD)则在热带南印度洋海表层信号最强。在产生机理方面,EP型El Ni?o发展时,异常Walker环流在赤道印度洋海表面产生较强的东风应力,使赤道印度洋东部冷水上翻,西部暖水堆积;同时,赤道外南强北弱的异常反气旋环流造成旋度中心区域暖水堆积,形成第一类IOD事件。CP型El Ni?o发展时,异常Walker环流较弱,中心西移,赤道印度洋东风应力距平较弱,偶极子信号在赤道印度洋不显著;苏门答腊岛南部出现异常反气旋,其东侧偏南风和西侧偏北风分别将高纬冷水和低纬暖水向15~25°S的热带南印度洋输送;同时热带南印度洋东、西部风场分别有较强的辐散、辐合,使东部海温降低、西部升高,形成第二类IOD事件。  相似文献   

初夏孟加拉湾东部降水异常对印度洋海温偶极子的触发作用          下载免费PDF全文

桂发银  谭言科  李崇银  黎鑫  陈雄 《大气科学学报》2016,39(5):589-599

基于1982—2013年逐月NCEP资料及GODAS资料,采用回归分析、合成分析以及2.5层简化海洋模式数值模拟等方法,研究了热带东印度洋的大气和海洋过程对印度洋海温偶极子(IOD,Indian Ocean Dipole)东极(IODE,IOD East pole)海温异常的影响。结果表明,IODE海温异常的演变超前IOD西极(IODW,IOD West pole)海温异常的演变,并对IOD事件的生成和发展起到关键作用。初夏,来自阿拉伯海、中南半岛地区以及孟加拉湾西南部的水汽输送,导致孟加拉湾东部出现强降水。降水释放的潜热在热带东印度形成了一个跨越赤道的经向环流,有利于加强赤道东印度洋的过赤道气流,并在苏门答腊沿岸形成偏南风异常。该异常偏南风通过影响混合层垂向夹卷混合过程和纬向平流过程,导致IODE海温迅速下降。随后赤道东南印度洋异常东南风迅速增强以及赤道中印度洋东风异常的出现,增强了自东南印度洋向西印度洋的水汽输送,削弱了向孟加拉湾的水汽输送,使西南印度洋的降水增强,孟加拉湾东部的降水减弱。因此,IOD达到盛期前孟加拉湾东部的降水通过局地经向环流在苏门答腊沿岸形成偏南风异常,导致苏门答腊沿岸迅速的降温,并最终导致IOD事件的发生。  相似文献   

前期热带海温分布型对6月西北太平洋异常反气旋环流的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王庆元  李琰  张楠  韩雪 《热带气象学报》2013,29(5):874-880

研究了前期热带海温分布型对6月西北太平洋异常环流的影响。结果表明,奇异值分解(SVD)的前期夏季、秋季至冬季热带海洋第一模态呈现出印度洋全海盆一致型海温异常和东太平洋西伸显著的ENSO事件,该模态与6月西北太平洋反气旋(气旋)环流场没有明显的关联。在第二模态中,前期热带太平洋海表温度呈现为ENSO正位相向负位相转换特征,印度洋海表温度变化呈现出赤道东南印度洋（90～110 °E,10 °S～0 °）显著的准IOD事件的变化特征。而这一联合模态与6月西北太平洋异常反气旋(气旋)环流场有显著关联。关联的可能原因是前期海温为El Ni?o和正IOD时,横跨热带印度洋-太平洋的沃克环流的减弱导致在西太平洋-海洋大陆的负降水异常,在Matsuno-Gill效应下西北太平洋形成反气旋异常环流。同时由于两大洋的共同作用和局地海气相互作用使得该环流加强并维持到6月。   相似文献   

热带太平洋、印度洋海温异常对处于厄尔尼诺事件成熟期的东亚Hadley环流的影响     

李琰  朱伟军 《南京气象学院学报》2010,33(3):355-364

分析了热带太平洋El Nino事件和热带印度洋海盆一致的暖海温异常事件（记为暖海盆模态）与东亚Hadley环流的关系及海温异常对东亚Hadley环流的影响。结果表明：（1）东亚Hadley环流与El Nino循环的关系密切,El Nino事件从开始到消亡的不同位相期,东亚地区表现为随位相变化的异常经向垂直环流,在El Nino成熟期由异常顺时针经向环流圈转换为异常逆时针经向环流圈,意味着东亚Hadley环流圈的显著减弱。（2）冬季Nino3指数、赤道印度洋海盆一致型模态指数（IOBMI）与东亚Hadley环流指数间呈负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.42、-0.39,远超过0.01信度的显著性检验,表明当El Nino事件和印度洋暖海盆模事件发生时,东亚Hadley环流减弱。模拟结果与诊断分析结果一致。（3）鉴于印度洋海盆模态和太平洋El Nino事件的密切联系,在考虑冬季东亚Hadley环流变化时,应考虑El Nino事件和印度洋海盆一致型海温异常事件的共同作用。数值试验结果表明两大洋的共同作用会产生更强的东亚异常逆时针经向垂直环流,使得东亚Hadley环流显著减弱。  相似文献   

ENSO对印度洋偶极子非对称性的影响及机制研究北大核心          下载免费PDF全文

黄怡陶  张文君  薛奥运 《气象科学》2023,43(1):1-14

利用海表温度再分析资料、NCEP/NCAR大气环流再分析资料以及MPI-ESM1-2-LR气候模式PI-Control试验输出数据等,通过对不同强度的厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Nino-Southern Oscillation, ENSO)事件所对应的印度洋偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole, IOD)事件的分析,探讨了ENSO对IOD偏度的调制作用。结果表明,伴随着赤道中东太平洋明显的正海温偏度,秋季印度洋海表温度存在西正东负的偏度。IOD与ENSO之间呈现出较强的非线性关系,且大部分强的正IOD事件对应着强El Nino事件。强El Nino位相下,IOD事件相关的海温与风场表现出很强的响应,强于La Nina事件产生的响应,表现为强的非对称性;相比较而言,弱El Nino事件与La Nina事件下引起的印度洋海温和风场的强度相当,并没有显著的非对称性。因此,ENSO可通过激发非对称的大气遥相关对IOD强度非对称性产生调制作用,印度洋海表温度偏度很大程度上是由强El Nino事件导致的强正IOD事件所贡献。  相似文献   

用OPA9全球海洋环流模式模拟不同类型El Nino事件     

张志华  张人禾  黄刚 《南京气象学院学报》2009,32(2)

根据El Nino事件中正的海表面温度异常(sea surface temperature anomaly,简称SSTA)首先出现的区域及其传播特征,将El Nino事件分成3种类型,即东部型、西部型和驻波型.为了研究不同类型El Nino事件物理机制的差异,首先利用高分辨率全球海洋环流模式OPA9,对这3种不同类型的El Nino事件进行模拟.在逐月海表面风应力和热通量的驱动下,模式模拟出了1950-2005年问全球海温演变.模拟结果表明,模式可以很好地模拟出海洋的气候态,并且对El Nino事件期间的正SSTA首先出现的区域以及对正SSTA的传播特征都做出了很好的模拟,成功地模拟了不同El Nino事件的发展类型.  相似文献   

一个可描写ENSO循环基本特点的简单热带海气耦合模式   总被引：4，自引：5，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

严邦良  黄荣辉  张人禾 《大气科学》2002,26(2):193-205

在所构造的海气耦合模式中,采用Zebiak海洋模式框架,并重建了一个海洋数值模式,大气模式采用了Gill模式.在大气模式中保留了时间发展项,潜热加热采用了Kleeman方案.对模式的积分结果表明,海温异常具有3～7年的准周期振荡.在模式El Nino事件的初始阶段,西风异常,海温正距平(SSTA)首先在赤道西太平洋发生,然后向东传播、加强.在模式ENSO循环的位相转换过程中,SSTA的空间分布共有4种不同类型.模式模拟的El Nino事件的初始阶段有两种发展类型,它们是:在初始阶段中西太平洋和东太平洋沿岸各有海表温度的正异常发生.在以后的发展中,一种情况是这两块正SSTA都发展连成一片,形成El Nino事件;另一种情况是中西太平洋地区的正SSTA衰减,中东太平洋地区的正SSTA加强,向西传播,形成El Nino事件.模式模拟的La Nina事件的初始阶段也有两科发展类型,它们的发展过程和El Nino事件初始阶段的发展过程相似.  相似文献   

热带印度洋海温的年际变化与ENSO   总被引：22，自引：3，他引：22  

谭言科  张人禾  何金海  邹力 《气象学报》2004,62(6):832-840

文中讨论了热带印度洋海表温度距平空间分布的年际变化与赤道中东太平洋海温的关系。EOF分析的结果表明 ,印度洋海温的变化主要存在全区符号一致的单极型和西部与东南部符号相反的偶极型 ,它们具有显著的年际变化。小波凝聚谱揭示了单极、偶极的变化与Nino3区海表温度距平存在密切关系 ,印度洋海温距平从偶极到单极的变化对应着ElNi no事件从发展到衰减的过程。平均而言 ,印度洋偶极超前Nino3区海温距平约 4个月 ,单极滞后约 6个月。整个热带印度洋 -太平洋地区海气耦合特征的演变表明 ,与ElNino从发展到衰减相联系的热带西太平洋海气耦合相互作用在印度洋海温距平从偶极到单极的演变过程中起着非常重要的作用。  相似文献   

影响江南春雨年际变化的前期海洋信号及可能机理     

胡雅君  刘屹岷  吴琼  王晓春 《大气科学》2017,41(2):395-408

基于诊断,本文计算了1982~2014年江南春雨的开始时间、结束时间和总降水量,分析了江南春雨的气候特征和年际变化,探讨了前冬Nino3.4区域海温异常与江南春雨的联系及可能机理。结果表明,江南春雨的起止时间和总降水量都具有显著的年际变化,前冬赤道东太平洋海温与江南春雨总量存在显著的正相关。前冬Nino3.4指数为正时,一方面通过Walker环流在赤道120°E附近区域激发出异常下沉运动以及低层异常反气旋,增强了南海地区低层西南气流以及水汽输送,另一方面与东太平洋海温变化相联系的印度洋增暖在赤道印度洋引发低层东风和孟加拉湾北部反气旋环流异常,进一步增强了江南地区的水汽输送;高层南亚地区则存在西风异常,对应江南上空辐散和抽吸作用加强,导致上升运动进一步增强,使得江南春雨总量增加;前冬Nino3.4指数为负时则次年春雨偏少;并且前冬El Ni?o事件的强度对春雨异常也有影响,前冬El Ni?o强（弱）的年份,海温异常的信号能（不能）持续到春季,江南春雨总量通常偏多（偏少）。另外,加入了前冬南极涛动指数和印度洋海盆一致模所建立的江南春雨总量的多元线性回归方程,其回归结果比基于单独的Nino3.4指数能更好地反映江南春雨的异常,可用于季节预测。  相似文献   

LINKAGE BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND TWO TYPES OF El NI?O AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISMS     

董笛  何金海  李建平 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2016,22(2):172-181

After compositing three representative ENSO indices,El Nio events have been divided into an eastern pattern(EP) and a central pattern(CP).By using EOF,correlation and composite analysis,the relationship and possible mechanisms between Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD) and two types of El Nio were investigated.IOD events,originating from Indo-Pacific scale air-sea interaction,are composed of two modes,which are associated with EP and CP El Ni o respectively.The IOD mode related to EP El Nio events(named as IOD1) is strongest at the depth of 50 to 150 m along the equatorial Indian Ocean.Besides,it shows a quasi-symmetric distribution,stronger in the south of the Equator.The IOD mode associated with CP El Nio(named as IOD2) has strongest signal in tropical southern Indian Ocean surface.In terms of mechanisms,before EP El Nio peaks,anomalous Walker circulation produces strong anomalous easterlies in equatorial Indian Ocean,resulting in upwelling in the east,decreasing sea temperature there;a couple of anomalous anticyclones(stronger in the south) form off the Equator where warm water accumulates,and thus the IOD1 occurs.When CP El Nio develops,anomalous Walker circulation is weaker and shifts its center to the west,therefore anomalous easterlies in equatorial Indian Ocean is less strong.Besides,the anticyclone south of Sumatra strengthens,and the southerlies east of it bring cold water from higher latitudes and northerlies west of it bring warm water from lower latitudes to the 15° to 25°S zone.Meanwhile,there exists strong divergence in the east and convergence in the west part of tropical southern Indian Ocean,making sea temperature fall and rise separately.Therefore,IOD2 lies farther south.  相似文献   

两类厄尔尼诺事件发展年秋季印度洋海温异常特征对比   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

何珊珊  张文君  祁莉  何金海 《气象学报》2015,73(3):515-528

基于1951—2010年逐月海气多要素观测资料,对比分析了两类厄尔尼诺事件发展年秋季印度洋的海温异常及大气响应特征,探讨了印度洋偶极子的发生与两类厄尔尼诺事件特征的可能联系。结果表明,两类厄尔尼诺事件的发展年均会出现印度洋偶极子,但出现的概率不同:大多数东部型厄尔尼诺事件都会伴有正位相印度洋偶极子发生;而仅一半的中部型厄尔尼诺事件期间会出现正位相印度洋偶极子的异常海温型,且强度较弱。从印度洋偶极子与两类厄尔尼诺事件的物理联系上看,东部型厄尔尼诺事件期间,印度洋偶极子的发生与其强度联系密切:印度洋偶极子发生在东部型厄尔尼诺事件较强期间,两者通过海洋大陆的异常强下沉运动及大范围负异常降水相联系;东部型厄尔尼诺事件偏弱时并无印度洋偶极子出现,海洋大陆异常下沉运动及负异常降水很弱。然而,中部型厄尔尼诺事件期间印度洋偶极子的发生与其强度并无显著的关系,而与太平洋高海温区的位置存在一定的可能联系:在有印度洋偶极子发生的中部型厄尔尼诺事件发展年秋季,热带太平洋异常高海温区的位置相对偏东,海洋大陆出现显著下沉运动和大范围负异常降水,热带东印度洋为大范围强异常东风控制;但无印度洋偶极子发生的中部型厄尔尼诺事件时,热带太平洋高海温区位置相对偏西,极弱的海洋大陆下沉支对热带印度洋异常海温作用非常有限。  相似文献   

前冬印度洋海盆一致模对ENSO衰减期华南春季降水的影响          下载免费PDF全文

殷鑫  吴小飞 《高原山地气象研究》2022,42(4):49-59

利用逐月台站观测降水、HadISST1.1海温和ERA5大气再分析资料,研究了前冬印度洋海盆一致模（Indian Ocean Basin,IOB）对华南春季降水（SCSR）与ENSO关系的影响,并分析了IOB通过调控ENSO环流异常进而影响SCSR的可能机制。结果表明:当前冬El Ni?o（La Ni?a）与IOB暖（冷）位相同时发生时,SCSR显著增多（减少）;而当El Ni?o或La Ni?a单独发生而IOB处于中性时,SCSR并无明显多寡倾向。其原因在于,当El Ni?o与IOB暖相位并存时,前冬热带印度洋和赤道中东太平洋均为正海温异常（Sea-Surface Temperature Anomaly,SSTA）,且印度洋SSTA强度可一直维持至春季。在对流层低层,春季赤道中东太平洋的正SSTA激发出异常西北太平洋反气旋（Western North Pacific Anticyclone,WNPAC）。而热带印度洋的正SSTA在副热带印度洋激发出赤道南北反对称环流,赤道以北的东风异常有利于异常WNPAC西伸;赤道以南的西风异常与来自赤道西太平洋的东风异常在东印度洋辐合上升,气流至西北太平洋下沉,形成经向垂直环流,有利于春季WNPAC维持。在对流层高层,印度洋的正SSTA在热带印度洋上空激发出位势高度正异常,随之形成的气压经向梯度加强了东亚高空副热带西风急流,进而在华南上空形成异常辐散环流。WNPAC的西伸和加强可为华南提供充足的水汽,同时高空辐散在华南引发水汽上升运动,共同导致SCSR正异常。而若El Ni?o发生时IOB处于中性状态,El Ni?o相关的SSTA衰减较快,春季WNPAC不显著,SCSR无明显多寡趋势。   相似文献   

Decadal Changes in Interannual Dependence of the Bay of Bengal Summer Monsoon Onset on ENSO Modulated by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation     

Xiaofei WU  Jiangyu MAO 《大气科学进展》2019,36(12):1404-1416

Interannual variations of the Bay of Bengal summer monsoon (BOBSM) onset in association with El Ni?o?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are reexamined using NCEP1, JRA-55 and ERA20C atmospheric and Hadley sea surface temperature (SST) reanalysis datasets over the period 1900?2017. Decadal changes exist in the dependence of the BOBSM onset on ENSO, varying with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). A higher correlation between the BOBSM onset and ENSO arises during the warm PDO epochs, with distinct late (early) onsets following El Ni?o (La Ni?a) events. In contrast, less significant correlations occur during the cold PDO epochs. The mechanism for the PDO modulating the ENSO?BOBSM onset relationship is through the variations in SST anomaly (SSTA) patterns. During the warm PDO epochs, the superimpositions of the PDO-related and ENSO-related SSTAs lead to the SSTA distribution of an El Ni?o (La Ni?a) event exhibiting significant positive (negative) SSTAs over the tropical central?eastern Pacific and Indian Ocean along with negative (positive) SSTAs, especially over the tropical western Pacific (TWP), forming a strong zonal interoceanic SSTA gradient between the TWP and tropical Indian Ocean. Significant anomalous lower tropospheric easterlies (westerlies) together with upper-tropospheric westerlies (easterlies) are thus induced over the BOB, favoring an abnormally late (early) BOBSM onset. During the cold PDO epochs, however, the superimpositions of PDO-related SSTAs with El Ni?o-related (La Ni?a-related) SSTAs lead to insignificant SSTAs over the TWP and a weak zonal SSTA gradient, without distinct circulation anomalies over the BOB favoring early or late BOBSM onsets.  相似文献   

On the Second-Year Warming in Late 2019 over the Tropical Pacific and Its Attribution to an Indian Ocean Dipole Event※     

Licheng FENG  Fei LIU  Rong-Hua ZHANG  Xue HAN  Bo YU  Chuan GAO 《大气科学进展》2021,38(12):2153-2166

After its maturity, El Ni?o usually decays rapidly in the following summer and evolves into a La Ni?a pattern. However, this was not the case for the 2018/19 El Ni?o event. Based on multiple reanalysis data sets, the space-time evolution and triggering mechanism for the unusual second-year warming in late 2019, after the 2018/19 El Ni?o event, are investigated in the tropical Pacific. After a short decaying period associated with the 2018/19 El Ni?o condition, positive sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) re-intensified in the eastern equatorial Pacific in late 2019. Compared with the composite pattern of El Ni?o in the following year, two key differences are evident in the evolution of SSTAs in 2019. First, is the persistence of the surface warming over the central equatorial Pacific in May, and second, is the re-intensification of the positive SSTAs over the eastern equatorial Pacific in September. Observational results suggest that the re-intensification of anomalous westerly winds over the western and central Pacific, induced remotely by an extreme Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event, acted as a triggering mechanism for the second-year warming in late 2019. That is, the IOD-related cold SSTAs in the eastern Indian Ocean established and sustained anomalous surface westerly winds over the western equatorial Pacific, which induced downwelling Kelvin waves propagating eastward along the equator. At the same time, the subsurface ocean provided plenty of warm water in the western and central equatorial Pacific. Mixed-layer heat budget analyses further confirm that positive zonal advection, induced by the anomalous westerly winds, and thermocline feedback played important roles in leading to the second-year warming in late 2019. This study provides new insights into the processes responsible for the diversity of El Ni?o evolution, which is important for improving the physical understanding and seasonal prediction of El Ni?o events.  相似文献   

Seasonality in the relationship between El Nino and Indian Ocean dipole     

Mathew Roxy  Silvio Gualdi  Hae-Kyung Lee Drbohlav  Antonio Navarra 《Climate Dynamics》2011,37(1-2):221-236

The seasonal change in the relationship between El Nino and Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) is examined using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40), and the twentieth century simulations (20c3m) from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Coupled Model, version 2.1. It is found that, both in ERA-40 and the model simulations, the correlation between El Nino (Nino3 index) and the eastern part of the IOD (90?C110°E; 10°S-equator) is predominantly positive from January to June, and then changes to negative from July to December. Correlation maps of atmospheric and oceanic variables with respect to the Nino3 index are constructed for each season in order to examine the spatial structure of their seasonal response to El Nino. The occurrence of El Nino conditions during January to March induces low-level anti-cyclonic circulation anomalies over the southeastern Indian Ocean, which counteracts the climatological cyclonic circulation in that region. As a result, evaporation decreases and the southeastern Indian Ocean warms up as the El Nino proceeds, and weaken the development of a positive phase of an IOD. This warming of the southeastern Indian Ocean associated with the El Nino does not exist past June because the climatological winds there develop into the monsoon-type flow, enhancing the anomalous circulation over the region. Furthermore, the development of El Nino from July to September induces upwelling in the southeastern Indian Ocean, thereby contributing to further cooling of the region during the summer season. This results in the enhancement of a positive phase of an IOD. Once the climatological circulation shifts from the boreal summer to winter mode, the negative correlation between El Nino and SST of the southeastern Indian Ocean changes back to a positive one.  相似文献   

Influence of the Eastern Pacific and Central Pacific Types of ENSO on the South Asian Summer Monsoon   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Fangxing FAN  Renping LIN  Xianghui FANG  Feng XUE  Fei ZHENG  Jiang ZHU 《大气科学进展》2021,38(1):12-28

Based on observational and reanalysis data,the relationships between the eastern Pacific(EP)and central Pacific(CP)types of El Ni?o?Southern Oscillation(ENSO)during the developing summer and the South Asian summer monsoon(SASM)are examined.The roles of these two types of ENSO on the SASM experienced notable multidecadal modulation in the late 1970s.While the inverse relationship between the EP type of ENSO and the SASM has weakened dramatically,the CP type of ENSO plays a far more prominent role in producing anomalous Indian monsoon rainfall after the late 1970s.The drought-producing El Ni?o warming of both the EP and CP types can excite anomalous rising motion of the Walker circulation concentrated in the equatorial central Pacific around 160°W to the date line.Accordingly,compensatory subsidence anomalies are evident from the Maritime Continent to the Indian subcontinent,leading to suppressed convection and decreased precipitation over these regions.Moreover,anomalously less moisture flux into South Asia associated with developing EP El Ni?o and significant northwesterly anomalies dominating over southern India accompanied by developing CP El Ni?o,may also have been responsible for the Indian monsoon droughts during the pre-1979 and post-1979 sub-periods,respectively.El Ni?o events with the same“flavor”may not necessarily produce consistent Indian monsoon rainfall anomalies,while similar Indian monsoon droughts may be induced by different types of El Ni?o,implying high sensitivity of monsoonal precipitation to the detailed configuration of ENSO forcing imposed on the tropical Pacific.  相似文献   

A dynamic link between the basin-scale and zonal modes in the Tropical Indian Ocean     

Soon-Il An 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2004,78(4):203-215

Summary The interannual variability of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean is dominated mainly by a basin-scale mode (BM) and partly by an east–west contrast mode (zonal mode, ZM). The BM reflects the basin-scale warming or cooling and is highly correlated with El Nino with 3- to 6-month lags, while the ZM is marginally correlated with El Nino with 9-month lags.During an El Nino, large-scale anomalous subsidence over the maritime continent occurs as a result of an eastward shift in the rising branch of the Walker circulation suppresses convection over the eastern Indian Ocean, allowing more solar radiation over the eastern Indian Ocean. At the same time, the anomalous southeasterly wind over the equatorial Indian Ocean forces the thermocline over the western Indian Ocean to deepen, especially in the southern part. As a result, SST over the whole basin increases. As El Nino decays, the subsidence over the maritime continent ceases and so does the anomalous southeasterly wind. However, the thermocline perturbation does not quickly shoal back to normal because of inertia and it disperses as Rossby waves. These Rossby waves are reflected back as an equatorial Kelvin wave, causing deepening of the thermocline in the eastern Indian Ocean, and preventing SSTs from cooling in that region. Moreover, the weaker wind speed of the monsoon circulation results in less latent heat loss, and thus warms the eastern Indian Ocean. These two processes therefore help to maintain warm SSTs over the eastern Indian Ocean until fall. During the fall, the warm SST over the eastern Indian Ocean and the cold SST over the western Indian Ocean are enhanced by air–sea interaction and the ZM returns. The ZM dissipates through the seasonal reversal of the monsoon atmospheric circulation and the boundary-reflected Kelvin wave. In the same manner, a basin-scale cooling in the tropical Indian Ocean can induce the ZM warming in the west and cooling in the east.  相似文献   

Warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean associated with the El Niño event     

횣톭뮪  쇵뒺퇒  袁媛  周文 《大气科学进展》2008,25(2):246-252

This paper investigates possible warming effects of an E1 Nifio event on the sea surface temperature anomaly （SSTA） in the northwestern Indian Ocean. Most pure positive Indian Ocean dipole （IOD） events （without an E1 Nifio event co-occurring） have a maximum positive SSTA mainly in the central Indian Ocean south of the equator, while most co-occurrences with an E1 Nifio event exhibit a northwest-southeast typical dipole mode. It is therefore inferred that warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean is closely related to the E1 Nifio event. Based on the atmospheric bridge theory, warming in the northwestern Indian Ocean during co-occurring cases may be primarily caused by relatively less latent heat loss from the ocean due to reduced wind speed. The deepened thermocline also contributes to the warming along the east coast of Africa through the suppressed upwelling of the cold water. Therefore, the E1 Nifio event is suggested to have a modulating effect on the structure of the dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean.  相似文献