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1.
城市化与北京地区降水分布变化初探 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
根据北京地区城市化进展的程度,以1980年为分界点,将1961～1980年划分为城市化慢速期,1981～2000年划分为城市化快速期。利用北京地区14个标准气象站40年的降水量资料,研究了城市化对北京地区降水分布的可能影响。初步的研究结果表明:北京地区冬季降水量分布发生了显著的系统性的变化,即城市化缓慢期北京地区南部为降水较多地区,北部为降水偏少地区;城市化快速期相对降水量的分布则正好相反,南部地区变为降水较少地区,而北部变为降水偏多地区。其他季节,北京地区的相对降水量分布并未发生整体性的显著变化。造成冬季降水分布变化的原因可能是随着城市规模的扩大,北京冬季"城市热岛"和"城市干岛"效应增强进而使云下蒸发过程增强,造成城区及南部地区地面降水量减少。至于夏季降水分布并未发生系统性的变化,还需深入研究。以上结果与国内外的相关研究结论大相径庭。 相似文献
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利用北京地区14个观测站1990～2007年逐日和2004～2007年逐时的2 m气温观测资料,分析了北京城区、郊区、南部山区以及北部山区4个区域表面气温的年变化、季节变化以及春、夏、秋、冬4个季节的日变化特征,指出4个区域的气温变化特征具有明显的差异.在所有时间尺度上城区气温受城市热岛效应影响最大,表现为温度最高,郊区次之,南部山区较低,北部山区最低.1990～2007年4个区域的气温都表现出增温趋势,其中城区增温最明显,增温率明显大于其他区域.城区与其他区域气温的差异有明显的季节变化,城区与郊区、城区与北部山区气温的差异在冬季最大,夏季最小;城区与南部山区气温的差异在夏季最大,春季最小.在气温的日变化方面,城区气温在各个季节的日较差都是最小的,南部山区最大.通过比较作为北京代表站的北京市观象台的气温与4个区域的差异,发现观象台与城区气温在各个时间尺度上的差异都最小,与其他区域存在显著差异,北京市观象台气温主要代表了城区,对其他区域的代表性较差. 相似文献
3.
利用济南6个气象站1964—2013年的日降水观测资料以及城市发展指标数据,运用线性倾向估计、相关分析等统计方法分析了济南地区降水的时间变化特征,探讨城市化发展对济南降水的影响。结果表明：（1）城区的年平均降水量增加的趋势明显大于郊区;春季和夏季降水量的增加趋势均为城区大于郊区,夏季城区降水的极端性增强,秋冬季城郊之间的变化趋势不明显;（2）降水总日数和小雨日数城区和郊区都表现为减少的趋势,而大雨、暴雨及以上降水日数都表现为增加的趋势,城区比郊区增加的幅度略大,即大雨及以上的降水城区比郊区更容易出现;（3）城市效应对降雨的影响主要表现在大雨和暴雨以上强降水增多。 相似文献
4.
基于小时降水资料研究北京地区降水的精细化特征 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
根据北京全区2007~2014年117个自动气象站逐小时降水资料,在揭示降水总体时空特征的基础上,进一步研究了北京地区各季（以春、夏、秋为主）降水的精细化特征。研究发现:北京全区年均降水量存在两个高值中心（城区和下风方向的降水高值中心）,城市热岛效应可能是城区高值中心形成的重要影响因素之一;北京全区降水的季节分布不均,日分布也不均匀;城市化对北京地区降水的影响具有季节差异,夏季短历时和中历时降水在城区和东北部存在显著的大值区,受到城市热岛效应的影响可能较为明显,长历时降水在城区反而相对偏低,而春季城区短、中历时降水并未偏多,长历时降水却在城区出现明显的高值中心;降水日变化季节差异明显,春、秋两季呈现双峰型变化,而夏季呈现单峰型变化,该日变化的特征与全区降水的空间分布格局关系紧密。 相似文献
5.
将北京分为城区、郊区、南部山区及北部山区4个区域,利用14个观测站1978—2010年共33年的月降水量资料,分析了不同区域降水年变化和夏季降水特征及其差异。结果表明:各区域年平均降水量存在较大差异,郊区降水量最多 (620 mm),城区与南部山区降水量较少,而北部山区降水量最少 (476 mm);城区与南部山区的年降水量较接近,二者与郊区和北部山区都有显著差异。4个区域的降水量都表现出减少趋势,郊区最明显 (47 mm/10 a),北部山区的减少趋势最小 (0.7 mm/10 a)。对4个区域夏季 (6—9月) 降水量分析发现,城区与南部山区具有较好的一致性,二者与郊区和北部山区具有显著差异。均方根偏差和相关系数的计算结果表明:北京市观象台与城区和南部山区的降水年变化和夏季降水特征差异均不显著,而与郊区和北部山区有显著差异,说明北京市观象台降水资料对城区和南部山区具有最优代表性,而对北部山区和郊区的代表性较差。 相似文献
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本文利用湛江、北海、钦州三个观测站1960-2000年日降水资料分析三个站点降水量及日数的年际和季节变化,结果表明钦州的年平均降水量及降水日数均多于其它两站,北海平均年降水量多于湛江,但年平均降水日数少于湛江。三站季平均降水夏季最多,春秋季降水相当,冬季最少。降水日数也是夏季最多,湛江及北海春季多于秋季,冬季最少;钦州冬季平均降水日数少于秋季。 相似文献
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采用近60年西北地区364站逐日降水观测数据,从降水量和降水日的角度对比研究了西北地区夏季降水趋势时空变化特征。结果表明：平均而言,西北地区夏季降水量占全年总降水量的50-70%。整体上西北地区降水量呈现显著增多的线性趋势,但并非全区一致性增多。降水量增多（减少）的站数约占区域内总站数的57%（43%）,降水日数呈现增多（减少）的站数约占总站数的43%（57%）。两者同时增加的站点主要位于南疆盆地、北疆西部及青海中部和北部等地,两者同时减少的站点主要位于甘肃东南部、宁夏、陕西中部偏东等地,而两者反相变化的站点主要位于新疆北疆地区、青海省西南部边缘地区和陕西南部。近60年西北地区极端降水量和降水日数也呈现出线性增加的趋势。西北地区各个区域降水量和降水日数除年际变化外,还存在年代际变化特征,但不同区域变化位相存在一定差异。 相似文献
8.
采用近60年西北地区364站逐日降水观测数据,从降水量和降水日的角度对比研究了西北地区夏季降水趋势时空变化特征。结果表明：平均而言,西北地区夏季降水量占全年总降水量的50-70%。整体上西北地区降水量呈现显著增多的线性趋势,但并非全区一致性增多。降水量增多（减少）的站数约占区域内总站数的57%（43%）,降水日数呈现增多（减少）的站数约占总站数的43%（57%）。两者同时增加的站点主要位于南疆盆地、北疆西部及青海中部和北部等地,两者同时减少的站点主要位于甘肃东南部、宁夏、陕西中部偏东等地,而两者反相变化的站点主要位于新疆北疆地区、青海省西南部边缘地区和陕西南部。近60年西北地区极端降水量和降水日数也呈现出线性增加的趋势。西北地区各个区域降水量和降水日数除年际变化外,还存在年代际变化特征,但不同区域变化位相存在一定差异。 相似文献
9.
华北中部近45a极端降水事件变化特征 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
利用华北中部41个气象台站1961—2005年逐日降水资料，采用通用的极端气候指数，分析了近45a来华北中部极端降水事件频率变化的时空特征。结果表明：华北中部平均年最大日降水量呈下降趋势，南部平原地区一般减少，北部山地区域多有增加，降水日数有较明显减少，强降水日数和暴雨日数变化趋势不明显，降水日数的减少主要是中、小雨（雪）日数减少造成的。暴雨日数和强度在20世纪90年代中后期显著增加。华北中部强降水日数和暴雨日数在降水日数中的比重有增大趋势，强降水量和暴雨降水量在总降水量中的比重可能也增加了。这种相对增加趋势主要发生在20世纪90年代中期以后。 相似文献
10.
城市化进程对北京地区降水的影响分析 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
用北京20个基本气象站1978—2009年的日降水观测资料以及北京地区水文总站遍布全市的82个雨量站资料,讨论了北京地区降水分布的特征及其城市效应的影响。得到如下结论：（1）北京地区降水量的贡献以中雨以上降水为主。30多年来各级降水除了中雨趋势不明显以外,其他都呈现减小趋势。北京地区降雨量的减少,主要是由于大雨以上量级雨量减少所造成的。（2）近30 a来整个区域降水日数呈减少趋势：西部、西北部及北部山区降水日数较多,越靠近城区降水日数越少。（3）当大尺度降水系统较弱或者局地性强降水系统时,城市效应明显,即相对于区域平均而言,城区及下风方局地降雨增加;而大尺度天气系统较强时,城市效应基本被掩盖。（4）从强降水分布看,1980s以后随着城市化进城加快,短时强降雨局地性特征明显,降雨分布不均,降雨中心的面积和强度明显缩小。这种分布可以在城市热岛分布特征上得到一些合理的解释。 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
14.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
15.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献
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《大气科学进展》2014,(6)
正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
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DING Yihui WU Guoxiong Da-Lin ZHANG ZHANG Renhe Co-Chief Editors 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2014,28(5):669-670
As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields. 相似文献