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利用开封市1951-2005年气温资料，分析了开封市近55a气温变化特征，结果表明：开封市总体气温变化呈上升趋势，与全球气候变化基本一致；年平均气温前期10a较低，中期30a保持稳定，后期15a明显上升；夏季气温相对稳定，春、秋和冬季气温升高，冬季气温升高尤明显；1-4月及10-12月气温升高，5、8、9月气温相对稳定，6、7月气温略有下降。年极端最高气温明显下降，年平均最高气温保持稳定，年极端最低气温和年平均最低气温都明显升高。极端气温事件减少，发生程度降低。 相似文献
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利用1968～1999午气象资料,选取肥西站作为对比站,分析了合肥市城市发展对气候的影响.结果表明城区热岛效应使近30年城乡年平均气温差值升高到0.5℃,年平均最低气温差值升高到0.8～1.0℃;但白天受下垫面和云量影响,城市最高温度增幅不明显.同时,热岛效应还使城区霜期缩短,30年来霜期缩短20～40天.城区干岛效应也使年降水量逐年相对减少(主要减少在汛期时段),30年来年降水量相对减少60～200 mm;城区空气日益干燥,每年的雾日数相对急剧减少,30年来减少10～20天. 相似文献
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保定市城市热岛效应特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用1970-2007年保定市和周边邻近的徐水、满城、望都、高阳4个气象站的气温资料,应用统计学方法,对保定市热岛效应的年代际、年际、季节和日变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:保定市城市热岛效应十分明显,在最近的38 a中,市区比郊区年平均气温偏高0.7 ℃,且这一现象有增强的趋势,平均增长率为0.18 ℃/10a.保定市城市热岛效应主要表现在对最低气温的影响,对最高气温的影响不明显,市区比郊区年平均最低气温偏高1.5 ℃.保定市城市热岛效应四季差异较大,热岛效应最强的季节是冬季,38 a中冬季的平均气温差达到1.0 ℃,最弱的季节是夏季,夏季平均气温差为0.5 ℃.保定市的热岛强度日变化特征是夜间强、白天弱. 相似文献
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青海省连阴雨天气时空分布特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用连阴雨天气指标，计算了本省40年以来各地连阴雨出现次数，结果表明：连阴雨天气空间分布自东南向西北呈阶梯性递减；年际变化呈显的逐年减少趋势；年内分布以6月为最多，7－9月呈逐月减少趋势。 相似文献
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根据浚县1963－2000年气温资料，利用时间与要素相关法，结合平均气温5年滑动平均值变化曲线和平均气温年际变化曲线，分析了浚县38年来年平均气温以及春、夏、秋、冬各季平均气温变化的特征。结果表明：年平均气温有增高的变化趋势；春季平均气温增高的变化趋势，但年际变幅比较小，增高趋势不十分明显；夏季有逐年减小的变化趋势；秋季有不明显的增加趋势；冬季平均气温有十分明显增高趋势。 相似文献
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采用三亚凤凰国际机场2002～2012年AWOS自动观测站小时观测资料,统计具有季节性代表的1月(冬季)、4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)的西风(风向及风速)、温度、降水数据,得出西风的年际变化、季节变化及日变化特征,对本场飞行跑道更换及趋势预报提供依据.夏季西风频数为全年最高值;同等条件下,西风日数随着温度的降低而减少,反之亦然;夏季西风开始时间最早,结束时间最晚,持续时间最长;春季和冬季14～17时西风对飞行影响较大,夏季为12～17时,秋季在13～16时;西风风速日变化主要为单峰型,在14～15时达到最大值;夏季11时至17时,平均风速均在4m·s-1以上. 相似文献
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传统距平与变年循环参照系下的中国气温变率比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
用功率谱分析、小波分析和经验正交函数(EOF)分析三种方法,对比分析了1953～2002年北京单站以及中国区域地表气温的传统距平与以集合经验模分解(EEMD)的频-幅调制年循环(MAC)为参照的"距平",同时还比较了用传统距平描述的"年际及更长尺度变率"和以MAC为参照的年以上尺度低频分量。通过对比分析,发现传统距平和用传统距平所描述的"年际及更长尺度变率"仍然包含有年周期,而且还包含有小于年尺度的波动;而去除MAC的距平则更好地去除了准年周期,而且以MAC为参照的年以上尺度低频分量只包含有1年以上尺度的波动,因而更适合用来描述"年际及更长尺度变率"。 相似文献
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Zhaohua Wu Edwin K. Schneider Ben P. Kirtman E. S. Sarachik Norden E. Huang Compton J. Tucker 《Climate Dynamics》2008,31(7-8):823-841
In climate science, an anomaly is the deviation of a quantity from its annual cycle. There are many ways to define annual cycle. Traditionally, this annual cycle is taken to be an exact repeat of itself year after year. This stationary annual cycle may not reflect well the intrinsic nonlinearity of the climate system, especially under external forcing. In this paper, we re-examine the reference frame for anomalies by re-examining the annual cycle. We propose an alternative reference frame for climate anomalies, the modulated annual cycle (MAC) that allows the annual cycle to change from year to year, for defining anomalies. In order for this alternative reference frame to be useful, we need to be able to define the instantaneous annual cycle: we therefore also introduce a new method to extract the MAC from climatic data. In the presence of a MAC, modulated in both amplitude and frequency, we can then define an alternative version of an anomaly, this time with respect to the instantaneous MAC rather than a permanent and unchanging AC. Based on this alternative definition of anomalies, we re-examine some familiar physical processes: in particular SST re-emergence and ENSO phase locking to the annual cycle. We find that the re-emergence mechanism may be alternatively interpreted as an explanation of the change of the annual cycle instead of an explanation of the interannual to interdecadal persistence of SST anomalies. We also find that the ENSO phase locking can largely be attributed to the residual annual cycle (the difference of the MAC and the corresponding traditional annual cycle) contained in the traditional anomaly, and, therefore, can be alternatively interpreted as a part of the annual cycle phase locked to the annual cycle itself. In addition to the examples of reinterpretation of physics of well known climate phenomena, we also present an example of the implications of using a MAC against which to define anomalies. We show that using MAC as a reference framework for anomaly can bypass the difficulty brought by concepts such as “decadal variability of summer (or winter) climate” for understanding the low-frequency variability of the climate system. The concept of an amplitude and frequency modulated annual cycle, a method to extract it, and its implications for the interpretation of physical processes, all may contribute potentially to a more consistent and fruitful way of examining past and future climate variability and change. 相似文献
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Atmospheric and Coupled Model Intercomparison in Terms of Amplitude Phase Characteristics of Surface Air Temperature Annual Cycle 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alexey V. ELISEEV Igor I. MOKHOV Konstantin G. RUBINSTEIN Maria S. GUSEVA 《大气科学进展》2004,21(6):837-847
A model intercomparison in terms of surface air temperature annual cycle ampitude-phase characteristics(SAT AC APC)is performed. The models included in the intercomparison belong to two groups:five atmospheric models with prescribed sea surface temperature and sea ice cover and four coupled models forced by the atmospheric abundances of anthropogenic consituents (in total six coupled model simulations). Over land, the models, simulating higher than observed time averaged SAT,also tend to simulate smaller than observed amplitude of its annual and semiannual harmonics and (outside the Tropics laterthan-observed spring and autumn moments. The models with larger(smaller) time averaged amplitudes of annual and semiannual harmonics also tend to simulate larger(smaller)interannual standard deviations. Over the oceans, the coupled models with larger interannual standard deviations of annual mean SAT tend to simulate larger interannual standard deviations of both annual and semiannual SAT harmonics amplitudes. Most model errors are located in the belts 60°-70°N and 60°-70°S and over Antarctica. These errors are larger for those coupled models which do not employ dynamical modules for sea ice.No systematic differences are found in the simulated time averaged fields of the surface air temperature annual cycle characteristics for atmospheric models on one hand and for the coupled models on the other. But the coupled models generally simulate interannual variability of SAT AC APC better than the atmospheric models (which tend to underestimate it). For the coupled models, the results are not very sensitive to the choice of the particular scenario of anthropogenic forcing.There is a strong linear positive relationship between the model simulated time averaged semiannual SAT harmonics amplitude and interannual standard deviation of annual mean SAT.It is stronger over the tropical oceans and is weaker in the extratropics. In the tropical oceanic areas, it is stronger for the coupled than for the atmospheric models. 相似文献
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Amplitude—Phase Characteristics of the Annual Cycle of Surface Air Temperature in the Northern Hemisphere 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The amplitude-phase characteristics(APC)of surface air temperature(SAT)annual cycle(AC)in the Northern Hemisphere are analyzed.From meteorological observations for the 20th century and meteorological reanalyses for its second half,it is found that over land negative correlation of SAT ACamplitude with annual mean SAT dominates.Nevertheless,some exceptions exist.The positive correlationbetween these two variables is found over the two desert regions:in northern Africa and in Central America.Areas of positive correlations are also found for the northern Pacific and for the tropical Indian and PacificOceans.Southward of the characteristic annual mean snow-ice boundary (SIB) position,the shape ofthe SAT AC becomes more sinusoidal under climate warming.In contrast,northward of it,this shapebecomes less sinusoidal.The latter iS also found for the above-mentioned two desert regions.In theFar East(southward of about 50°N),the SAT AC shifts as a whole:here its spring and autumn phasesoccur earlier if the annual 相似文献
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分海洋和陆地两种情况来讨论IAP/LASG全球海-陆-气耦合系统模式（GOAL）四个版本的结果,并与观测资料进行对比分析。一些重要的大气变量包括表面空气温度,海平面气压和降水率用来评估GOALS模式模拟当代气候和气候变率的能力。总的来说,GOALS模式的四个版本都能够合理地再现观测到的平均气候态和季节变化的主要特征。同时评估也揭示了模式的一些缺陷。可以清楚地看到模拟的全球平均海平面气压的主要误差是在陆地上。陆地上表面空气温度模拟偏高主要是由于陆面过程的影响。值得注意的是降水率模拟偏低主要是在海洋上,而中高纬的陆地降水在北半球冬天却比观测偏高。 通过模式不同版本之间的相互比较研究,可以发现模式中太阳辐射日变化物理过程的引入明显地改善了表面空气温度的模拟,尤其是在中低纬度的陆地上。太阳辐射日变化的引入对热带陆地的降水和中高纬度的冬季降水也有较大改进。而且,由于使用了逐日通量距平交换方案（DFA）,GOALS模式新版本模拟的海洋上的温度变率在中低纬度有了改善。 比较观测和模拟的年平均表面空气温度的标准差,可以发现GOALS模式四个版本都低估了海洋和陆地上的温度变率,文中还对影响观测和模拟温度变率差异的可能原因进行了探讨。 相似文献
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IAP/LASG全球海-陆-气耦合系统模式的纬向平均大气气候态分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分海洋和陆地两种情况来讨论IAP／LASG全球海－陆－气耦合系统模式（GOALS）四个版本的结果，并与观测资料进行对比分析，一些重要的大气变量包括表面空气温度，海平面气压和降水率用来评估GOALS模式模拟当代气候和气候变率的能力，总的来说，GOALS模式的四个版本都能够合理地再现观测到的平均气候态和季节变化的主要特征，同时评估也揭示了模式的一些缺陷，可以清楚地看到模拟的全球平均海平面气压的主要误差是在陆地上，陆地上表面空气温度模拟偏高主要是由于陆南过程的影响，值得注意的是降水率模拟偏低主要是在海洋上，而中高纬的陆地降水在北半球冬天却比观测偏高。通过模式不同版本之间的相互比较研究，可以发现模式中太阳辐射日变化物理过程的引入明显地改善了表面空气温度的模拟，尤其是在中低纬度的陆地上，太阳辐射日变化的引入对热带陆地的降水和中高纬度的冬季降水也有较大改进。而且，由于使用了逐日通量距平交换方案（DFA），GOALS模式新版本模拟的海洋上的温度变率在中低纬度有了改善。比较观测和模拟的年平均表面空气温度的标准度，可以发现GOALS模式四个版本都低估了海洋和陆地上的温度变率，中还对影响观测和模拟温度变率差异的可能原因进行了探讨。 相似文献
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Major modes of short-term climate variability in the newly developed NUIST Earth System Model (NESM) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jian Cao Bin Wang Baoqiang Xiang Juan Li Tianjie Wu Xiouhua Fu Liguang Wu Jinzhong Min 《大气科学进展》2015,32(5):585-600
A coupled earth system model(ESM) has been developed at the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology(NUIST) by using version 5.3 of the European Centre Hamburg Model(ECHAM), version 3.4 of the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean(NEMO), and version 4.1 of the Los Alamos sea ice model(CICE). The model is referred to as NUIST ESM1(NESM1). Comprehensive and quantitative metrics are used to assess the model's major modes of climate variability most relevant to subseasonal-to-interannual climate prediction. The model's assessment is placed in a multi-model framework. The model yields a realistic annual mean and annual cycle of equatorial SST, and a reasonably realistic precipitation climatology, but has difficulty in capturing the spring–fall asymmetry and monsoon precipitation domains. The ENSO mode is reproduced well with respect to its spatial structure, power spectrum, phase locking to the annual cycle, and spatial structures of the central Pacific(CP)-ENSO and eastern Pacific(EP)-ENSO; however, the equatorial SST variability,biennial component of ENSO, and the amplitude of CP-ENSO are overestimated. The model captures realistic intraseasonal variability patterns, the vertical-zonal structures of the first two leading predictable modes of Madden–Julian Oscillation(MJO), and its eastward propagation; but the simulated MJO speed is significantly slower than observed. Compared with the T42 version, the high resolution version(T159) demonstrates improved simulation with respect to the climatology, interannual variance, monsoon–ENSO lead–lag correlation, spatial structures of the leading mode of the Asian–Australian monsoon rainfall variability, and the eastward propagation of the MJO. 相似文献
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This study was targeted at evaluating the performance of six Regional Climate Models (RCMs) used in Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX). The evaluation is on the bases of how well the RCMs simulate the seasonal mean climatology, interannual variability and annual cycles of rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature over two catchments in western Ethiopia during the period 1990–2008. Observed data obtained from the Ethiopian National Meteorological Agency was used for performance evaluation of the RCMs outputs. All Regional Climate Models (RCMs) have simulated seasonal mean annual cycles of precipitation with a significant bias shown on individual models; however, the ensemble mean exhibited better the magnitude and seasonal rainfall. Despite the highest biases of RCMs in the wet season, the annual cycle showed the prominent features of precipitation in the two catchments. In many aspects, CRCM5 and RACMO22 T simulate rainfall over most stations better than the other models. The highest biases are associated with the highest error in simulating maximum and minimum temperature with the highest biases in high elevation areas. The rainfall interannual variability is less evident in Finchaa with short rainy season experiencing a larger degree of interannual variability. The differences in performance of the Regional Climate Models in the two catchments show that all the available models are not equally good for particular locations and topographies. In this regard, the right regional climate models have to be used for any climate change impact study for local-scale climate projections. 相似文献
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Performance of Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System (RIEMS) in the Simulation of Surface Air Temperature over East Asia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 ZHAO De-Ming 《大气和海洋科学快报》2012,5(2):145-150
Regional climate models (RCMs) have the potential for more detailed surface characteristic and mesoscale modeling results than general circulation models (GCMs).These advantages have drawn significant focus on RCM development in East Asia.The Regional Integrated Environment Modeling System,version 2.0 (RIEMS2.0),has been developed from an earlier RCM,RIEMS1.0,by the Key Laboratory of Regional ClimateEnvironment for Temperate East Asia (RCE-TEA) and Nanjing University.A numerical experiment covering 1979 to 2008 (simulation duration from 1 January 1978 to 31 December 2008) with a 50-km spatial resolution was performed to test the ability of RIEMS2.0 to simulate long-term climate and climate changes in East Asia and to provide a basis for further development and applications.The simulated surface air temperature (SAT) was compared with observed meteorological data.The results show that RIEMS2.0 simulation reproduced the SAT spatial distribution in East Asia but that it was underestimated.The simulated 30-year averaged SAT was approximately 2.0°C lower than the observed SAT.The annual and interannual variations in the averaged SAT and their anomalies were both well reproduced in the model.A further analysis of three sub-regions representing different longitudinal ranges showed that there is a good correlation and consistency between the simulated results and the observed data.The annual variations,interannual variations for the averaged SAT,and the anomalies in the three sub-regions were also captured well by the model.In summary,RIEMS2.0 shows stability and does well both in simulating the long-term SAT in East Asia and in expressing sub-regional characteristics. 相似文献
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热带太平洋年代际平均气候态变化与ENSO循环 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
文中用观测的热带太平洋海表温度资料、风应力资料和OLR资料，通过多时间尺度分析，将与ENSO有关的变化分为3个主要的分量，一是2～7a的ENSO循环尺度，二是8～20a的年代际尺度，三是20a以上的平均气候态变化。讨论了热带太平洋这种平均气候态变化的主要特征以及与ENSO循环的关系，并用耦合模式的数值试验来研究平均气候态的变化对ENSO循环的影响。结果表明热带太平洋的平均气候态在20世纪70年代后期发生了一次由冷态向暖态的变化，主要增暖区是沿赤道以及热带东太平洋的，海表温度变化最大中心可以达到0.6℃。伴随着海表温度的变化，赤道西太平洋的西风距平加强，赤道东太平洋的东风距平也加强，在赤道中太平洋形成了一个加强的辐合中心。年代际平均气候冷暖态的变化对ENSO最直接的线性影响是使ElNio位相增加，而形成ENSO冷位相和暖位相的不对称。另一方面较暖的平均气候态可能引起海洋和大气之间的耦合加强，导致ENSO循环振荡有所加强。 相似文献