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A wind velocity measuring system based on the Gill propeller anemometer is described. A method of calculating the vertical component, which allows for the non-cosine response and avoids the region of stall and nonlinear operation, is presented. A summary of the possible errors in Reynolds stress and drag coefficient estimates is given. A method of establishing the distance constant using field observations is presented. Finally, some preliminary results and some intercomparisons with other anemometers are described briefly.Now at the Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay, B.C., Canada. 相似文献
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深圳地区空气污染潜势预报的研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
本文系统地介绍了目前深圳市气象台研制的深圳市空气污染潜势预报方法，本方法基于在污染源一定的情况下，未来空气污染状况主要取决于大气环流形势演变和局地相关的气象要素以及天气形势的思想，应用以统计加权法为主、数值预报为辅的方法，根据主观预报和数值预报给出的气象要素预报值和天气形势，制定相关因子的加权值表，最后通过非加权因子的修正，得出对未来24小时空气污染潜势预报，目前这一方法已经过业务上实践应用，取得了较好的效果。 相似文献
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A method for enhancing the calculation of turbulent kinetic energy in the Mellor–Yamada–Janjić planetary boundary-layer parametrization in the Weather Research and Forecasting numerical model is presented. This requires some unconventional selections for the closure constants and an additional stability dependent surface length scale. Single column model and three-dimensional model simulations are presented showing a similar performance with the existing boundary-layer parametrization, but with a more realistic magnitude of turbulence intensity closer to the surface with respect to observations. The intended application is an enhanced calculation of turbulence intensity for the purposes of a more accurate wind-energy forecast. 相似文献
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Abstract When a semi‐Lagrangian integration scheme was introduced into a global spectral model by Ritchie (1988), large errors developed in the neighbourhood of the poles. It took approximately 6 months of effort to diagnose the problem and find an appropriate correction. The method that was used to diagnose the source of error was quite tedious, but it was successful. Furthermore, it seems that this method could be used to diagnose other sources of error that occasionally show up in numerical integrations. For this reason, it was felt that this method should be described in a separate article. This is the main objective of the presentation that follows. An integration is carried out with the original version of the model and some results are presented in order to illustrate these errors. In order to identify their exact cause, the model is stripped down in two steps. At each step, some checks are made to ensure that the errors are stillpresent in the degraded version of the model. In the end, the remaining equations are sufficiently simple to ensure that the cause of the errors becomes obvious. The diagnosis immediately suggests some alternative computational designs. A modification that completely eliminates these errors is then proposed and tested. An integration with the modified spectral model is carried out and results are presented to show that the errors have disappeared. 相似文献
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A method is presented for the parameterization of subgrid-scale processes in the framework of a three-dimensional micro-scale model which simulates the initiation of precipitation in the planetary boundary layer. The method uses truncated second-order moment equations which involve combinations of dynamical, thermodynamical and water variables; the water variables include water vapor, cloud droplets and rain water, with the hypothesis of a Marshall-Palmer raindrop distribution.The method is applied to the case of a trade-wind cumulus layer where water vapor content is artificially increased. As some approximations concerning the water variables are not easy to verify by experimental methods, results should be considered only as indicative; they show the extent to which a more complete parameterization of subgrid-scale processes may compensate for the inevitable lack of spatial resolution in an atmospheric boundary-layer model. 相似文献
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A numerical scheme is described for the calculation of effective albedo values of long city street canyons. The method is based on a generalization of the radiation model for inclined surfaces recently presented by Brühl and Zdunkowski (1983). Calculated albedo values are compared with Aida's (1982) experimentally determined results. It is found that experiment and theory are in reasonable and in some cases in excellent agreement. Additional results obtained by varying the geometry of the street canyon as well as the surface reflectivities are shown to demonstrate the versatility of the calculation scheme. 相似文献
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利用TRMM/PR资料分析1998年GAME/HUBEX期间梅雨锋雨带结构(英) 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
结合1998年GAME/HUBEX试验期间的常规观测资料,利用TRMM/PR产品分析了一个梅雨锋面雨带的结构以及一些大气学特征。星载测雨雷达(PR)能够在一个广大的范围内提供锋面雨带的某些细节特征和内部结构。利用PR资料得出的结论与利用常规观测资料诊断分析的结果相当一致。以往根据地面雷达发展的雷达气象理论仍然适用,并且效果更加准确可靠。这说明在降水空间结构以及梅雨锋特征的分析中,PR有相当的优势和潜在的价值。 相似文献
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A parameterization of the nonhydrostatic pressure was modified and adapted to a nonlinear numerical model of the neutral atmospheric boundary layer. A hydrostatic model and the quasinonhydrostatic version were used to simulate neutral flow over a symmetrical hill of uniform roughness. Mean-flow quantities and some turbulence characteristics of the flow from both models are presented. These results were compared with observations, analytic theory, and other numerical models.The quasi-nonhydrostatic method produced qualitative features commonly observed in such flows that the hydrostatic model could not simulate. For instance, the observed velocity reduction at the hill base and the speedup at the summit both were simulated by the quasi-nonhydrostatic model. However, computation of vertical velocities from the incompressible continuity equation is inadequate above regions of recirculation and presents a limitation to the method.Journal Paper No. J-12741 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 2779. 相似文献
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Ｅ网格变量分布下差分格式的性质 总被引：8，自引：5，他引：8
本文用线性化的浅水波方程系统地分析、讨论了Ｅ网格变量分布下差分计算的性质；指出了目前有关讨论Ｅ网格差分性质在方法上存在的问题；给出了一种解决Ｅ网格中两个Ｃ网格分离的方法；提出了一种Ｅ网格用于海洋计算时，海洋侧边界条件的处理方法。初步的数值试验证明了这些方法对抑制Ｅ网格中的计算躁声是有效的。 相似文献
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BOUNDARY LAYER GROWTH AND LAPSE RATE CHANGES DETERMINED BY LIDAR AND SURFACE HEAT FLUX IN SOFIA* 
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下载免费PDF全文 In this study the results from a boundary layer experiment,conducted in autumn 1991 over a flat,build-up urban area in Southeast Sofia,together with some models for mixed layer growth rates are used to investigate the layered structure of the vertical atmospheric stability distribution in the Sofia Valley.Lidar measurements of aerosol layer heights and morning boundary layer development are combined with surface eddy correlation measurements of kinematic heat and moisture fluxes,profiles of temperature and humidity,wind speed and wind direction.A diagnostic method is presented for determining vertical lapse rates using surface meteorological measurements and lidar returns observed during the transition from nighttime stable stratification to daytime convective boundary layer after the sunrise. 相似文献
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卫星遥感地面紫外辐射的参数化方法 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
提出了一个从卫星观测推算地面UVB辐射通量密度和红斑生物紫外辐射剂量的新的参数化方法。该方法基于一个简单的模式:大气辐射传输介质被简化成三个等效层:臭氧单独构成的吸收层，空气分子、云和气溶胶粒子组成的散射层，以及地面反射层。地面紫外辐射通量密度和生物紫外辐射剂量可以由臭氧层的等效透过率、散射层和地面的联合反射率计算。臭氧层的等效透过率可由大气臭氧总量计算。散射层和地面的联合反射率可由不存在臭氧吸收的紫外或可见光通道的反射辐射强度测量得到。该反演算法形式简单，只包含很少几个可从卫星测量获得的参数。它通过了一个可靠而相对复杂的基于DISORT的紫外辐射传输模式的检验。在广泛的计算条件下，包括晴天、云天、以及混浊大气，用这个简单算法计算的地面紫外辐射通量密度和红斑生物紫外辐射剂量与精确算法的结果相差无几。另外，还实际运用这个算法利用卫星观测资料反演地面紫外辐射通量密度，与地面实际观测资料做了比较，符合较好。 相似文献
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A method has been developed to determine the surface albedo over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau region from NOAA polar orbiter AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data. The empirical rela-tionship between clear-sky planetary and surface albedos is established the basis of surface global radiation measurements and the specified ratio between atmospheric reflection and absoption of solar radiation. The method is applied to the Qinghai-Xizang region with several measurements during the period of Sep. to Nov., 1985. A comparison is presented between the estimated surface albedos and that of surface observation. The results show that the presented method is suitable to detecting the spatial and temporal variation of surface albedo and is relevant for climatologies studies. The possible error sources and improvements are discussed as well. 相似文献
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A method of computation of maximum discharges caused by rainfalls fallen onto small catchments is presented. This method is
based on usage of the catchments’ hydrometeorological parameters, soil properties and observed characteristics of rainfalls. 相似文献
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Maurice Danard 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1981,20(3):397-398
A method is presented for estimating the height of the constant flux layer. 相似文献
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通过对安徽省内23个代表台站1961—2006年平均气压序列均一性检验的研究,提出了一种基于Γ分布气压序列非均一性检验方法——Γ检验法。以桐城市数据为例,给出了检验和分析的具体过程,最后将该方法检验结果与常见的基于正态分布的SNHT法检验结果进行了对比分析,结果表明:该方法具有更广泛的使用范围和较高的准确性,可以检验大部分年平均气压的非均一性。检验结果表明:气压计高度的调整、台站迁址是安徽省内气压序列非均一性的主要原因。 相似文献
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性能管理是网络管理中的重要组成部分，本文从性能监视、性能统计和故障统计三个方面分别介绍了实现一个性能管理工具的一般步骤，特别是对于如何减小计算误差提出了自己的方法，最后介绍了实现一个完整的性能管理工具需要进一步做的工作。 相似文献
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在直觉模糊信息系统的背景下提出了基于容差关系的直觉模糊粗糙集模型,从乐观悲观两个角度出发对目标集进行刻画,是对目标集的一种新的逼近方法,同时,可以发现乐观与悲观上下近似的关系.通过求解近似精度可以发现乐观直觉模糊粗糙集模型的近似精度更高.最后给出实证分析,进一步验证结论的有效性. 相似文献