共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 112 毫秒
1.
南半球中高纬度区域不同类型云的辐射特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用CloudSat的2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR云分类产品和2B-FLXHR-LIDAR辐射产品4 a（2007-2010年）的数据,定量分析了单层云（高云、中云、低云）和3种双层云（如:高云与中云共存、高云与低云共存以及中云与低云共存）在南半球中高纬度（40°-65°S）的云量、云辐射强迫和云辐射加热率。其中云辐射加热率定义为有云时的大气加热率廓线与晴空大气加热率廓线的差值。结果表明:研究区域盛行单层低云和单层中云,其云量分别为44.1%和10.3%。并且,中云重叠低云在双层云中云量也是最大（8.7%）。不同类型云的云量也显著影响着其云辐射强迫。单层低云在大气层顶、地表以及大气中的净云辐射强迫分别是-64.8、-56.5和-8.4 W/m2,其绝对值大于其他类型云。虽然单层的中云在大气层顶和地表的净辐射强迫也为负值,但其在大气中的净云辐射强迫为正值（2.3 W/m2）。最后,讨论了不同类型云对大气中辐射能量垂直分布的影响。所有类型云的短波（或长波）云辐射加热率都随高度升高表现为由负值转为正值（或由正值转为负值）。对于大部分云,其净云辐射加热率主要由长波云辐射加热率决定。这些研究结果旨在为模式中云重叠参数化方案在区域的适用性评估及改进提供观测依据。 相似文献
2.
我国西北大气沙尘气溶胶的辐射效应 总被引：21，自引：3，他引：18
利用HEIFE地面辐射平衡观测资料和同期NOAA-11/AVHRR卫星遥感资料定量估算春季我国西北大气沙尘的辐射效应。大气沙尘减小地面净辐射冷却地面,对地-气系统和大气的辐射效应均与地表反照率有关,严重浑浊的沙尘大气在沙漠为短波加热和长波冷却,在绿洲则相反,但净效应都是加热。文中给出了4月大气浑浊度系数约由0.1增大到0.6,在沙漠和绿洲上空沙尘层（850～600 hPa）内大气的附加短波、长波和净加热/冷却率。 相似文献
3.
中国西北大气沙尘的辐射强迫 总被引：8，自引：10，他引：8
利用CCM3的辐射模式CRM研究大气沙尘的辐射强迫特性。大气沙尘减小地面净辐射冷却地面同时增暖沙尘层大气，最大加热率出现在沙尘层的上部和贴近地面处。地表反照率对地面冷却和大气加热的大小有影响，地面净辐射的减幅和大气加热率在高地表反照率的沙漠大于低地表反照率的绿洲。大气沙尘对地一气系统的辐射强迫同样受地表反照率的影响，存在着一个“临界地表反照率”，其值在0．25～0．3之间。当地表反照率高于“临界地表反照率”(如沙漠)，大气沙尘减小行星反照率增暖地一气系统，反之(如在绿洲)，大气沙尘增大行星反照率冷却地一气系统。 相似文献
4.
利用激光雷达探测分析了兰州上空的高云与气溶胶的光学参数,并用LOWTRAN7定量模拟出高云对气溶胶辐射特性的影响。结果表明,消光系数廓线与相对湿度廓线随高度的变化一致性较好,气溶胶层主要在2km以下,低层气溶胶和高云的消光系数和相对湿度较大。白天,高云的存在使云下气溶胶短波加热率减小。有云和无云时气溶胶加热率的差别在地表处最为明显,中午前后差别较大,最大为11:00的0.096K.h-1。夜间,高云的存在使云下气溶胶长波冷却率减小,在1000m以下有云和无云时气溶胶冷却率的差别小,在1000m以上差别大,最大差别出现在1500m处(02:00～04:00),为0.033K.h-1。 相似文献
5.
沙尘气溶胶辐射强迫全球分布的模拟研究 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
为了定景了解沙尘气溶胶对气候的影响,文中利用一个改进的辐射传输模式,结合伞球气溶胶数据集(G-ADS),计算了晴空条件下,冬夏两季沙尘气溶胶的直接辐射强迫在对流层顶和地面的全球分布,并讨论了云对沙尘气溶胶辐射强迫的影响.计算结果表明,对北半球冬季和夏季而言,在对流层顶沙尘气溶胶的全球短波辐射强迫的平均值分别为-0.477和-0.501 W/m2;长波辐射强迫分别为0.11和0.085 W/m2;全球平均短波地面辐射强迫冬夏两季分别为-1.362和-1.559 W/m2;长波辐射强迫分别为0.274和0.23 W/m2.沙尘气溶胶在对流层顶和地面的负辐射强迫的绝对值郁随太阳天顶角的余弦和地表反照率的增加而增大;地表反照率对沙尘气溶胶辐射强迫的强度和分布都有重要影响.研究指出:云对沙尘气溶胶的直接辐射强迫的影响不仅取决于云量,而且取决于云的高度和云水路径,以及地面反照率和太阳高度角等综合因素.中云和低云对沙尘气溶胶在对流层顶的短波辐射强迫的影响比高云明显.云的存在都使对流层顶长波辐射强迫减少,其中低云的影响最为明显.因此,在估算沙尘气溶胶总的直接辐射强迫时,云的贡献不可忽视. 相似文献
6.
东亚干旱半干旱区(简称为“东亚旱区”)是全球干旱带的重要组成部分,该区域水资源短缺,沙尘暴频发,沙尘气溶胶对大气辐射收支和云微物理过程的影响不可忽视。本文回顾了近年来东亚旱区气溶胶及云相关科学问题的研究进展,重点讨论了气溶胶、云特性以及气溶胶-云相互作用问题。东亚旱区大气中的气溶胶以沙尘为主,且春季多于其他季节;同时,该区域云水资源丰富,且以高云为主,夏季云量显著偏多。沙尘气溶胶可直接影响辐射收支对大气产生加热作用,并通过间接和半直接效应对云微物理过程和降水产生影响。由于云微物理观测资料稀缺,加之模式参数化方案的不准确,导致东亚旱区沙尘气溶胶-云相互作用仍存在较大的不确定,减小气溶胶、云所带来的不确定性是未来气候变化研究中亟需解决的科学问题。 相似文献
7.
利用后向散射激光雷达的探测资料,通过WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式与包含气溶胶辐射效应的大气边界层数值模式嵌套起来的数值模拟平台(WRF-ABL),对2006年6月17日出现的浮尘天气沙尘气溶胶长波辐射效应及大气边界层的响应进行了模拟计算和分析。夜间沙尘气溶胶作用使低空沙尘气溶胶所在层冷却,整个沙尘过程4小时地面层温度减小0.28 K,地面至2 500 m高度温度减小约0.23～0.43 K,降温最大值在2 100～2 300 m高度层内,最大降温0.43 K;相应夜间沙尘气溶胶所在层风速增大。 相似文献
8.
利用MODIS-GOCART气溶胶资料研究中国东部地区气溶胶直接辐射强迫 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用MODIS-GOCART同化的2001年逐月气溶胶光学厚度资料，在修改区域气候模式RegCM2辐射方案的基础上，连续积分5年获得平均的中国东部地区气溶胶短波和长波直接辐射效应，并通过数值试验研究了气溶胶垂直分布对辐射强迫及其气候响应的影响。结果表明：气溶胶的短波辐射效应能冷却地表、加热大气；长波辐射效应能加热地表、冷却大气；大气顶净辐射强迫年平均为-4．1W／m^2；辐射强迫绝对值在春季最大，夏季次之，冬季最小；模拟区域中最大辐射强迫值主要位于华北、华南地区及四川盆地；气溶胶垂直分布是影响气溶胶辐射强迫的重要因素。总体上气溶胶层越靠近地面，大气顶辐射强迫绝对值越大，地表辐射强迫绝对值越小，大气顶辐射强迫对垂直分布较敏感；气候系统的反馈作用会放大气溶胶垂直分布对辐射气候效应的影响。 相似文献
9.
中国西北大气沙尘对地气系统和大气辐射加热的影响 总被引：18，自引：8，他引：10
利用ＨＥＩＦＥ地面辐射平衡观测资料以及ＮＯＡＡ１１／ＡＶＨＲＲ卫星测量资料,三算我国西北大气沙尘对地－气系统和大所中辐向 热率的影响。１９９１年２月下旬－５月中旬１１天的计算表明,春季大气沙尘的辐身躯效应与地表状况有关;在高地表反照率的沙漠上空,大气沙尘的短波辐射效应为减小行星反照率增暖气－气系统,同时吸收太阳辐射增暖大气大气顶射出长波辐射对大气沙尘的变化并不敏感,但大气尘尘增加大气的长波冷却;在 相似文献
10.
云层分布对辐射增效和冷却的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
本文计算了冬、夏两季在平原和高原地区分别有低云、高云和当高、低云同时出现时的短波辐射增热率,长波辐射冷却率以及高低云之间的相互影响。结果发现:1)高原上云的短波增热率和长波冷却率要比平原上的大,低云的增热和冷却较平原尤甚。2)高云存在时,地面附近由冷却变为增热。3)高原地区出现双层云时总是使地面附近增热。4)当两层云同时出现时,高云的短波增热率和长波冷却率都有所增大,低云的短波增热率减小,低云的长波冷却率则减小很多。5)低云量的变化对高云的冷却影响较小,而高云量变化对低云的冷却影响甚大。6)云的短波辐射增热受地面反照率的影响不很大,但对太阳高度角的变化甚为敏感。 由以上结果看来,在大气环流和气候模式中必须要很好地考虑高云云量的变化,否则难以得到好的结果。在区域气候模式中不可忽略高原地区和平原地区云的辐射增热和冷却作用的差别。 相似文献
11.
The aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing over the Mu Us desert of northern China,
acquired through a CE318 sunphotometer of the ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), are analyzed. The
seasonal variations in the aerosol optical properties are examined. The effect of meteorological elements
(pressure, temperature, water vapor pressure, relative humidity and wind speed) on the aerosol optical properties
is also studied. Then, the sources and optical properties under two different cases, a dust event and a pollution
event, are compared. The results show that the high aerosol optical depth (AOD) found in Yulin was mostly
attributed to the occurrence of dust events in spring from the Mu Us desert and deserts of West China and
Mongolia, as well as the impacts of anthropogenic pollutant particles from the middle part of China in the
other seasons. The seasonal variation and the probability distribution of the radiative forcing and the
radiative forcing efficiency at the surface and the top of the atmosphere are analyzed and regressed using
the linear and Gaussian regression methods. 相似文献
12.
Model simulations and hydrological reanalysis data for 2007 are applied to investigate the impact of long-range desert dust transport on hydrometeor formation over coastal East Asia.Results are analyzed from Hong Kong and Shanghai,which are two representative coastal cities of East Asia.Long-range desert dust transport impacts mainly spring and summer clouds and precipitation over coastal East Asia.In spring,clouds and precipitation come mainly from large-scale condensation and are impacted mainly by dust from the Gobi,Sahara,and Thar deserts.These desert dusts can participate in the precipitation within and below the clouds.At lower latitudes,the dust particles act mainly as water nuclei.At higher latitudes,they act as both water nuclei and ice nuclei.The effect of Gobi,Sahara,and Thar dust on large-scale clouds and precipitation becomes stronger at higher latitudes.In summer,clouds and precipitation over coastal East Asia come mainly from convection and are impacted mainly by dust from the Taklamakan,Arabian,and Karakum-Kavir deserts.Most Taklamakan dust particles can participate in precipitation within convective clouds as ice nuclei,while Arabian and Karakum-Kavir dust particles participate only as water nuclei in precipitation below the clouds.The effect of Taklamakan dust on convective clouds and precipitation becomes stronger at lower latitudes.Of all the desert dusts,that from the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts has the relatively largest impact.Gobi dust impacts climate change in coastal East Asia by affecting spring water clouds at higher latitudes. 相似文献
13.
通过时空匹配主动遥感产品（2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR）的云类型参数与被动遥感产品（Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System-Single Scanner Footprint: CERES-SSF）的云宏微观物理特性和大气层顶处辐射通量参数（2007/01~2010/12），本文在全球尺度上统计分析了不同类型单层云以及高云重叠的双层云的云特性和大气层顶云辐射强迫。尽管主动和被动卫星遥感产品相互独立，但被动遥感反演的云光学厚度和云相态等参数能够合理反映不同类型云之间的差异。不同类型单层云表现出的云特性差异能进一步影响大气层顶的辐射能量收支。本文通过对比不同类型单层云的Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System（CERES）视场样本数量随短波和长波云辐射强迫的分布，发现它们的高值区形状、位置和面积存在差异，反映了其各自独特的辐射特性。层积云的CERES视场样本数量密集区类似椭球结构，而其它云类型则趋于指数曲线结构。当进一步考虑高云重叠的影响时，统计结果表明:重叠的高云比高云单层状态有更蔽光和更厚的云体；高云重叠的底层云类型则比其单层状态有更透光和更薄的云体；高云重叠的双层云（除了高云重叠积云）对地气系统的净冷却效应要弱于其低层云类型单层状态。本文研究结果旨在加深理解云辐射反馈机制，并为改进模式中云重叠参数化方案提供一定观测依据。 相似文献
14.
The cloud variations under subtropical high(STH) conditions during summers over a ten-year period are studied using combined data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction.The results reveal that clouds mainly experience an isolated evolution in the STHs,which is designated in this study by the 1540 gpm geopotential lines at 850 hPa.In the STH domain throughout the Northern Hemisphere,the average amount of total clouds exceeds 30%.Low clouds dominate in the STH domain,contributing over 60%of total cloud amount within the Pacific subtropical high and over 40%within the Atlantic subtropical high.The prevalence of low clouds in above regions is determined by the circulation pattern around 150°-180°E and 850 hPa,which suppresses both the upward development of the cloud tops and the water vapor divergences near the surface.Furthermore,clouds present great geographical incoherence within the STH domain.In the eastern STHs,the amount of middle and low clouds increases to peak in the early morning and decreases to a trough in the afternoon,while the amount of high clouds remains stable throughout the day.Conversely,in the western STHs,the diurnal amplitude of low and middle clouds is less than three,while high clouds dramatically reach the maximum in the afternoon and drop to the minimum in the evening.Among the nine cloud categories,stratocumulus clouds with greater optical thickness account for the most under STH conditions,no matter their occurrence or amount,causing more shortwave cloud radiative forcing to cool the local atmosphere and surface as a consequence. 相似文献
15.
There are large uncertainties in the quantitative assessment of radiative effects due to atmospheric dust aerosol. The optical properties contribute much to those uncertainties. The authors perform several sensitivity experiments to estimate the impacts of optical characteristics on regional radiative forcing in this paper. The experiments involve in refractive indices, single scattering aibedo, asymmetry factor and optical depth. An updated dataset of refractive indices representing East Asian dust and the one recommended by the World Meteorology Organization （WMO） are contrastively analyzed and used. A radiative transfer code for solar and thermal infrared radiation with detailed aerosol parameterization is employed. The strongest emphasis is on the refractive indices since other optical parameters strongly depend on it, and the authors found a strong sensitivity of radiative forcing on refractive indices. Studies show stronger scattering, weaker absorption and forward scattering of the East Asian dust particles at solar wavelengths, which leads to higher negative forcing, lower positive forcing and bigger net forcing at the top of the atmosphere （TOA） than that of the WMO dust model. It is also found that the TOA forcings resulting from these two dust models have opposite signs in certain regions, which implies the importance of accurate measurements of optical properties in the quantitative estimation of radiative forcing. 相似文献
16.
一维辐射对流模式对云-辐射强迫的数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：9，他引：1
利用一维辐射－对流气候模式, 详细研究了云量、云光学厚度以及云高等要素的变化对大气顶和地面太阳短波辐射和红外长波辐射通量以及云的辐射强迫的影响, 给出了计算这些物理量的经验拟合公式。结果表明, 云具有极为重要的辐射－气候效应。云量、云光学厚度以及云高即使只有百分之几的变化, 所带来的辐射强迫也可以与大气二氧化碳浓度加倍所产生的辐射强迫（3.75 W/m2）相比拟。例如, 当分别给它们+3%的扰动时, 即取云量变化0.015, 云光学厚度变化0.27, 以及云高变化0.15 km时（在实际的地球大气中, 这种尺度的变化是完全可能发生的）, 那么,可以得到地气系统的太阳短波辐射强迫-3.10 W/m2以及红外长波辐射强迫-1.77 W/m2, 二者之和为-4.78 W/m2, 已经完全可以抵消大气二氧化碳浓度加倍所产生的辐射强迫。但是, 当云量、云光学厚度以及云高向相反方向产生类似扰动时, 所产生的辐射强迫可能极大地放大二氧化碳浓度增加所产生的增强温室效应。因此, 研究结果揭示出, 不管是为了解释过去的气候变化, 还是预测未来的气候变化, 亟待加强在一个变化了的气候环境（例如地面温度升高）下, 云将发生何种变化的研究。 相似文献
17.
Cloud is essential in the atmosphere, condensing water vapor and generating strong convective or large-scale persistent precipitation. In this work, the relationships between cloud vertical macro- or microphysical properties, radiative heating rate, and precipitation for convective and stratiform clouds in boreal summer over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are analyzed and compared with its neighboring land and tropical oceans based on CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite measurements and TRMM precipitation data. The precipitation intensity caused by convective clouds is twofold stronger than that by stratiform clouds. The vertical macrophysics of both cloud types show similar features over the TP, with the region weakening the precipitation intensity and compressing the cloud vertical expansion and variation in cloud top height, but having an uplift effect on the average cloud top height. The vertical microphysics of both cloud types under conditions of no rain over the TP are characterized by lower-level ice water, ice particles with a relatively larger range of sizes, and a relatively lower occurrence of denser ice particles. The features are similar to other regions when precipitation enhances, but convective clouds gather denser and larger ice particles than stratiform clouds over the TP. The atmospheric shortwave (longwave) heating (cooling) rate strengthens with increased precipitation for both cloud types. The longwave cooling layer is thicker when the rainfall rate is less than 100 mm d?1, but the net heating layer is typically compressed for the profiles of both cloud types over the TP. This study provides insights into the associations between clouds and precipitation, and an observational basis for improving the simulation of convective and stratiform clouds over the TP in climate models. 相似文献
18.
The radiative and microphysical effects of ice clouds on a torrential rainfall event over Hunan,China in June 2004 are investigated by analyzing the sensitivity of cloud-resolving model simulations.The model is initialized by zonally-uniform vertical velocity,zonal wind,horizontal temperature and vapor advection from National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) /National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCAR) reanalysis data.The exclusion of radiative effects of ice clouds increases model domain mean surface rain rates through the increase in the mean net condensation associated with the increase in the mean radiative cooling during the onset phase and the increases in the mean net condensation and the mean hydrometeor loss during the mature phase.The decrease in the mean rain rate corresponds to the decreased mean net condensation and associated mean latent heat release as the enhanced mean radiative cooling by the removal of radiative effects of ice clouds cools the mean local atmosphere during the decay phase.The removal of microphysical effects of ice clouds decreases the mean rain rates through the decrease in the mean net condensation during the onset phase,while the evolution of mean net condensation and the mean hydrometeor changes from decrease to increase during the mature phase.The reduction in the mean rain rate is primarily associated with the mean hydrometeor change in the absence of microphysical effects of ice clouds during the decay phase. 相似文献