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1.
利用地面加密站、雷达、微波辐射计和欧洲中心(ERA-interim)逐6 h等多种观测资料,对2019年5月17日北京通州区出现局地极端强降水、雷暴大风和大冰雹天气过程进行分析。结果表明：强降水超级单体是造成本次强对流天气的直接系统,雷达回波可识别出典型特征。午后在地面和超低空北京南部出现小的热低压系统,使得东南风显著加强,一方面提供了充沛的水汽,形成上干下湿的不稳定层结。另一方面,其与高空西风急流相互作用,使得垂直风切变增强,并产生垂直环流。低空逆温层长时间存在,能量不断积累,使午后雷暴爆发性增强成为可能。地面冷池出流与偏南风对峙,形成了假相当位温密集带。冷池长时间稳定维持,其前沿出现一条湿热边界层辐合线,锋生作用使得暖湿气流不断被抬升,对流系统加强并呈准静止状态。在有利的环境背景下,加之充沛的水汽供应和强烈的边界层辐合抬升,雷暴强烈发展形成强降水超级单体,随后分裂,右侧的风暴又发展为超级单体,再次经过通州东部,形成暴雨中心。 相似文献
2.
复杂地形下北京雷暴新生地点变化的加密观测研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
2008 年8 月14 日北京发生了雷暴群形式的局地暴雨,雷暴新生地点复杂多变,形成了多个γ 中尺度的强降水中心。本文利用近年来北京气象现代化建设取得的加密地面自动站、多普勒雷达、风廓线仪、微波辐射计等多种新型高时空分辨率观测资料及雷达四维变分同化系统（VDRAS）反演资料,通过精细分析地面（边界层）风场、温度场等的演变特征,讨论了雷暴新生地点变化的机制。结果表明:复杂地形与雷暴冷池出流作用相结合,主导了雷暴新生地点的变化,进而影响γ 中尺度强降水中心的变化;天气尺度高低空涡、槽的配合不一致,并且系统移动缓慢,以及对流层低层的弱的环境垂直风切变,是雷暴冷池结合复杂地形发挥雷暴新生地点主导作用的重要前提;复杂地形使得冷空气在一定范围内流动,在边界层产生碰撞和辐合,起到触发和增强对流作用,并使得对流风暴的形态和走向与地形呈现出紧密相关性;一定强度的冷池出流、边界层前期的暖湿空气和对流不稳定能量的积累,是冷池出流触发雷暴新生和演变的必要条件;北京周边地区的雷暴,通过其雷暴冷池出流沿着沟谷地形或向平原地区流动,与北京山谷或城区的边界层暖湿空气形成辐合抬升机制,触发雷暴新生。 相似文献
3.
太行山地形影响下的极端短时强降水分析 总被引：8，自引：6，他引：2
2015年8月2日午夜和2011年8月9日前半夜,在两种不同天气系统背景下太行山东麓都出现了小时雨量超过50 mm的极端短时强降水天气,两次过程都是雷暴先在太行山区触发加强,经过下山2 h先后在丘陵站平山和山前平原站石家庄市区产生极端短时强降水。利用常规探测资料、地面加密观测资料、石家庄SA多普勒天气雷达资料,对不同天气系统背景下太行山特殊地形影响的极端短时强降水成因进行分析。结果表明:偏东气流被南北向的太行山地形强迫抬升,且与下山雷暴出流形成中尺度辐合线触发新的雷暴,雷达回波呈现后向传播特征和列车效应造成局地极端短时强降水。太行山地形通过增强辐合上升运动、增大垂直风切变使雷暴下山加强。不同天气系统强迫下,太行山特殊地形对雷暴发展作用不同。在偏西气流引导下,暖区极端短时强降水由阵风锋触发,具有突发性、降水时间短、伴随风力大的特点,下山雷暴出流加快且与山前偏东风的辐合加强,陆续在丘陵区和山前平原触发对流与下山雷暴合并加强造成极端短时强降水;而在东北气流引导下,回流冷锋和阵风锋共同触发的极端短时强降水具有持续时间较长、降雨总量较大、伴随风力较小的特点,太行山东坡对东北冷湿回流有阻挡积聚作用,东北偏北来的雷暴出流边界西端在迎风坡上强迫抬升使雷暴触发并加强,东北气流遇山后发生气旋性偏转使雷暴出流转向东南下山,与平原的偏东风辐合加强,造成丘陵区和山前平原的总降雨时间更长、降雨总量更大。 相似文献
4.
利用1961—2005年宁夏25个气象站雷暴观测资料,根据雷暴发生特点对雷暴天气过程进行划分,得到全区(大部)性、区域性Ⅰ、区域性Ⅱ、持续性、局部性、分散性6类雷暴天气过程;并利用1996—2005年NCEP/NCAR逐日全球再分析资料,对10年来5—9月263例区域性雷暴天气过程进行分析,总结得到有利于宁夏雷暴天气发生的主要环流分型有4类:蒙古冷涡(槽)型、东北冷涡后部横槽型、河套低涡型、西风槽型。其中,前3种类型下易出现持续性雷暴天气过程。易于发生雷暴的环境场特征为宁夏处于500 hPa"西高东低"环流形势下的(弱)西北气流中,地面一般为气旋或热倒槽所控制,蒙古国至我国新疆一带或河西一带有冷锋、切变东移南下,中低层有一定的水汽和辐合抬升条件。 相似文献
5.
利用地面和探空常规探测资料、多普勒天气雷达以及风廓线雷达资料,对2015年8月7日发生于北京的一次伴随有闪电和冰雹的突发性局地强降水过程的成因进行了分析。结果表明:这次过程发生在强层结不稳定环境中,对流层中层低槽配合低层切变线,促进河北西北部对流发展,并向东南方向移动,形成北京西北部短时强降水;北京中部地区强降水的直接制造者则是新生的局地性雷暴单体,由雷暴冷池出流和暖湿空气在边界层交绥和辐合所触发。北京西北部地形促使冷池出流下山速度加快、冷池出流高度抬高,以及偏东暖湿气流的辐合抬升作用,则是局地雷暴新生的重要影响因子。 相似文献
6.
Summary A three-dimensional mesoscale planetary boundary layer model with theE- turbulence closure is used to simulate airflow over a lake of circular shape. A series of model sensitivity studies are performed to examine the effects of lake-land temperature difference, ambient wind magnitude and direction, lake size, surface roughness, the Coriolis force and baroclinic ambient wind conditions on mesoscale lake circulations.The lake-land temperature difference is essentially the basic energy source driving the mesoscale circulations over the lake on synoptically undisturbed days. A lake-breeze convergence zone is predicted by the model due to the differential heating between the land and the water. It is found that spatial and temporal variations of this convergence zone and associated convection are strongly controlled by the direction and the magnitude of the ambient wind. Under southeasterly and southwesterly ambient winds, the lake-breeze convergence zone and the associated convection occur primarily along up wind and lateral sides of the lake with reference to the general direction of the ambient flow. In contrast to the southeasterly and southwesterly ambient winds, the lake-breeze convergence zone and the convection are predicted all around the coastline of the lake under calm wind.The model also predicts a cloudless region over the lake in all the case studies due to divergent nature of the lake-breeze circulation. The lake size is found to have a significant effect in intensifying convection. Surface roughness over the land surface is found to be important in determining the intensity of the convection. The combined effect of the Coriolis force and the differential surface roughness between land and water appear to be the responsible mechanism for producing the asymmetric shape of the lake-breeze convergence zone around the symmetric circular lake. Finally, it was found that an initial baroclinic flow has different mesoscale lake-breeze circulation patterns as compared to an initial barotropic flow.With 16 Figures 相似文献
7.
南京地区城市下垫面特征对雷暴过程影响的数值模拟 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
本文选取2011年7月23日发生在南京的一次雷暴个例, 利用中尺度数值模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model),耦合Noah/UCM,并采用NCEP FNL 1°×1°每日4次的全球分析场资料作为初始场及南京自动站观测数据等,对南京地区城市下垫面特征对雷暴过程的影响进行了数值模拟。结果表明:模拟的雷暴发生发展过程与该地区城市下垫面有着密切的联系。首先,雷暴发生前期,南京地区热岛效应明显。其次,城市上空的感热通量较高,结合城郊下垫面热力差异造成的城市热岛环流,加强了城区的辐合上升,为雷暴的形成提供了重要的抬升作用。城市下垫面扩张,使其上空边界层高度相应提升,垂直混合高度增加,有助于对流云的发展。此外,城市下垫面加强了大气低层的扰动位温,为雷暴提供了不稳定的层结条件。最后,城市地表较大的粗糙度使雷暴降水在城区低层的迎风面一侧明显增强。 相似文献
8.
The Florida peninsula has the highest annual number of days with thunderstorms in the United States, partly due to sea breeze convergence. A three-dimensional mesoscale planetary boundary layer (PBL) model with the E- turbulence closure is used to investigate the relationship between sea breeze convergence and convection over the peninsula for two ambient wind cases during typical summer days.It is found that the spatial and temporal variation of the sea breeze convergence zones and the associated convective activities depend to a large extent on the direction and magnitude of the ambient wind. For the case of southeasterly ambient winds, a strong convergence zone and hence significant rainfall occur primarily along the west coast of the peninsula. The convergence zone and the associated rainfall shift towards the east coast for the case of southwesterly ambient winds. These are in agreement with the observations. In contrast to the southeasterly and southwesterly ambient winds, an intense convergence zone and rainfall occur near both coastlines of the peninsula under light ambient winds.It is also found that lake Okeechobee has a substantial influence on south Florida's mesoscale weather. A cloudless region is always present over the lake at least until late afternoon due to its own lake breeze circulation. Finally, increased roughness of the land surface appears to influence the temporal and spatial variation of the convection by determining the intensity of the vertical turbulent transport of heat and momentum. 相似文献
9.
利用常规观测、地面加密自动站降水、雷达观测及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料等对2016年4月2日和15日发生在贵州省铜仁市的两次冰雹天气过程进行对比分析,结果发现:(1)降雹由地面发展雷暴和高架雷暴产生,前者在暖区产生,后者在锋后冷垫上形成;(2)前者由地面辐合线锋生激发对流,后者由逆温层顶850 hPa切变线触发,两者的强上升运动区域明显不同;(3)雷达回波形态上前者为弓形回波,强对流回波从近地面发展至10 km左右高度,"三体散射长钉"和有界弱回波区等现象明显;而后者为多单体风暴,有界弱回波区特征明显,强对流回波柱密实而深厚,回波质心较高。 相似文献
10.
一次华北飑线的阵风锋天气过程分析 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
利用常规气象观测资料、加密自动站观测资料和雷达探测等资料,对2013年8月4日晚上华北一次飑线的阵风锋引发的雷暴、大风等强对流天气的特征和成因进行了分析,结果表明:地面冷锋与前倾槽的配置构成了有利的大尺度环流背景,地面中尺度高压外流冷空气与环境风场形成的中尺度辐合线,使得对流活动加剧,促使新的雷暴生成或加强。飑线成熟阶段具有明显的波动特征,并向右向发展。阵风锋首先产生于飑线的强雷暴群前,并随着飑线的增强而增强;阵风锋的维持主要依靠风暴持续的下沉气流,下沉气流减弱后阵风锋会随之减弱。飑线及阵风锋过境时均伴有气象要素的剧烈变化,在系统发展强盛时,阵风锋过境气象要素的变化幅度大于飑线的变化,其余时段则偏弱。飑线减弱以后,阵风锋还会维持一段时间,这需要加强系统的监测。 相似文献
11.
甘肃东部一次暴雪过程的诊断分析和数值模拟 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
应用NCEP1°×1°的6 h再分析资料和常规气象观测资料以及RUC模式高分辨资料,对2013年2月17日甘肃河东暴雪天气从天气实况、环流特征、水汽条件、动力条件及西北区域RUC模式输出的模拟结论进行了诊断分析。结果表明：高空冷槽、700 hPa低涡、地面冷锋是这次暴雪的主要影响系统;降雪前期,低层正涡度增强,低层辐合、高层辐散是暴雪发生的动力机制;降雪前期,由于低涡辐合作用,700 hPa高度以下,湿度猛增,为降雪提供了充沛的水汽条件;降雪中心和政上空有θse密集强能量锋区;西北区域RUC模式模拟的24 h内降水量范围、落区、量级与实况一致,模拟的地面风速偏大。 相似文献
12.
运用江苏省冬季雷暴日数统计数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析数据,在结合30 a江苏冬季雷暴异常变化可能机理的基础上,分析了2010年冬季雷暴异常变化的原因。结果表明:2010年冬季江苏省雷暴活动异常偏多,其异常变化与同期北极涛动环流异常有密切的负相关关系。AO(Arctic Oscillation)指数偏弱时江苏雷暴增多的天气原因主要是:1)中西伯利亚和西西伯利亚地区气压异常偏高,中纬度地区气压异常偏低,乌拉尔山以西有阻塞高压与之配合,因此东亚冬季风偏强,冷空气南下频繁。对流层低层30°N附近表现为异常暖中心,低层孟加拉湾水汽输送强盛,江苏处于水汽辐合中心,这样"上冷下暖"和"上干下湿"的配置不仅有利于引起大气异常上升运动,也易于不稳定层结的形成,利于雷暴天气的发生。2)30~50°N北太平洋中东部海温异常偏低,引起低层风场异常辐散,对应上空为异常的下沉运动,通过类似于沃克环流圈形式使得东亚同纬度地区低层辐合异常,有利于该地区异常气旋性环流的加强。 相似文献
13.
East Asian winter monsoon: results from eight AMIP models 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Y. Zhang K. R. Sperber J. S. Boyle M. Dix L. Ferranti A. Kitoh K. M. Lau K. Miyakoda D. Randall L. Takacs R. Wetherald 《Climate Dynamics》1997,13(11):797-820
This study evaluates simulations of the East Asian winter monsoon in eight GCMs that participated in the Atmospheric Model
Intercomparison Project (AMIP). In addition to validating the mean state of the winter monsoon, the cold surge and its transient
properties, which includes the frequency, intensity, preferred propagation tracks, and the evolution patterns of the surges,
are examined. GCM simulated temporal distribution of the Siberian high and cold surges is also discussed. Finally, the forcing
of the cold surges on the tropical surface wind and convection, along with their interannual variation is analyzed. The mean
state of the winter monsoon is generally portrayed well in most of the models. These include the climatological position of
the Siberian high, the 200 hPa divergent center, and the large-scale wind patterns at the surface and the 200 hPa. Models
display a wide range of skill in simulating the cold surge and its transient properties. In some of the models, the simulated
cold surge trajectory, intensity, frequency, propagation patterns and source regions are in general agreement with those from
the observed. While in others, the models cannot adequately capture these observed characteristics. The temporal distribution
of the Siberian high and cold surges were realistically reproduced in most GCMs. Most models were able to simulate the effect
of the cold surges on the tropical surface wind, although a few models unrealistically generated subtropical southerly wind
in the mid-winter. The relationship between cold surges and the tropical convection was not satisfactorily simulated in most
models. The common discrepancies in the winter monsoon simulation can be attributed to many factors. In some models, the reason
is directly related to the improper location of the large-scale convective center near the western Pacific. The satisfactory
simulations of the monsoon circulation and the cold surges are partly due to the topographical characteristics of the East
Asian continent, i.e., the Tibetan Plateau to the west and the oceans to the east. The correct simulation of the interannual
variation of the surface wind near the South China Sea (SCS) and the maritime continent is a demanding task for most of the
models. This will require adequate simulations of many aspects, including tropical convection, the Siberian cold dome, the
extratropical-tropical linkage, and the air-sea interaction. The discrepancies noted here furnish a guide for the continuing
improvement of the winter monsoon simulations. Improved simulations will lead to an adequate delineation of the surface wind
and convection near the maritime continent, which is essential for portraying the winter monsoon forcing in a coupled model.
Received: 10 March 1997/Accepted: 4 June 1997 相似文献
14.
利用常规观测、多普勒天气雷达和ERA—Interim再分析资料(0.25°×0.25°),对2016年11月22日陕西东南部地区一次伴有雷暴的暴雪天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:(1)此次暴雪是在低层东路回流冷空气与中层暖湿气流共同作用下形成的,700 hPa存在强的风向风速辐合,辐合区前部16 m/s的西南急流,为暴雪产生提供了有利的动力和水汽条件。急流加强是降雪增幅的主要原因。(2)冷季、强的锋区和低空急流、冷垫、逆温层、锋区之上湿的中性到条件不稳定层结、强切变低CAPE、雷达带状回波是此类天气预报中需要关注的特征。(3)整体层状云降水中,局地对流性云团旺盛发展,是此次暴雪的云系特征,暴雪发生在对流云团加强西伸、移速减缓的时段;与本地暖季相比,暴雪对流云团的面积较小,最大反射率因子所在的高度较高。(4)由动力锋生产生的次级环流上升支促使冷垫之上的暖湿气流快速上升,触发条件对称不稳定能量释放,使气块在逆温层之上获得正浮力,是暴雪发生并伴有雷暴的主要物理机制。 相似文献
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一次伴有雷暴大风的飑线天气过程分析及数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)的逐6 h再分析资料、WRF中尺度预报模式,对2014年7月30—31日发生在江淮地区的一次强飑线天气过程进天气学分析和数值模拟研究。研究结果表明,此次飑线过程是在高空槽后有强冷空气输送、中层阶梯槽引导干冷空气南下并叠加在低层暖湿气流之上的有利背景条件下产生的,低空切变线是此次飑线过程的重要触发机制。在飑线成熟阶段,气流下沉速度极大值区在高(低)层与霰(雨水)混合比极大值区有很好的对应关系,水凝物粒子下落时对周围空气的拖曳作用是下沉气流形成的关键。雨水蒸发率影响飑线维持期间地面冷池的强度和分布,雨水蒸发率越大,地面冷池强度越强、范围越广;雨水蒸发率越小,地面冷池越弱,甚至消失。雨水蒸发率与地面风速也有很好的正相关性,增大雨水蒸发率可使地面风速增大,使模拟的地面最大风速更接近实况。 相似文献
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利用耦合了NOAH陆面模式的WRF中尺度数值模式,对2010年8月18日发生在太湖地区的一次强雷暴过程进行数值模拟,并将模拟结果与实况进行对比。结果表明:模式能较合理地模拟出雷暴演变过程及近地面要素变化。此次雷暴天气过程发生在湖风发展强盛时期,雷暴沿东岸湖风与背景风形成的辐合线发展。通过两个敏感性试验,研究了太湖地区湖陆风对雷暴过程的影响。湖风锋对雷暴过程起触发和增强作用,湖风锋的阻挡和抬升作用导致此次雷暴的产生。在湖风锋前缘形成的初始对流进一步发展加强为雷暴,发展成熟的雷暴低层出流又与湖风作用形成新的雷暴,湖风的辐合为对流云的发展提供水汽和能量。在雷暴的形成发展过程中,感热通量输送可改变大气边界层结构,使低层不稳定能量较易释放,潜热释放加强上升和下沉气流,使边界层湿度增大,对流进一步发展增强。 相似文献
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A NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT STUDY ON THE FORMING MECHANISMS OF LOW-LATITUDE CIRCULATION CELLS AND PRECIPITATION DURING AN EAST ASIAN COLD SURGE 
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下载免费PDF全文 The forming mechanisms of low-latitude circulation cells and precipitation during an East Asian cold surge have been studied by using a five-layer primitive equation model.Numerical experiments show that in mid-high latitudes,the propagation of the East Asian winter monsoon is nearly a dry process;in low-latitudes,the effects of cumulus convection intensify the northeast monsoon and northeast trade wind;however,they also prevent the intertropical convergence zone(ITCZ) from further southward invasion,and strengthen the meridional and zonal cells over East Asia. Numerical results also indicate that the winter monsoon precipitation in Indonesia and Northern Australia can exist independently.Both the South China Sea(SCS) cold surge and the West Pacific northeast cross-equatorial trade wind are of importance for the formation of the Northern Australia summer monsoon and its precipitation.Numerical results show that the development of cumulus convection,triggered by the SCS cold surge,is a crucial factor in forming the heavy monsoon precipitation and low-level stationary disturbances in Indonesia and Borneo.The tropical topography and northeast trade wind disturbances only affect the intensity of precipitation there. 相似文献
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宁波地区海-陆下垫面差异对雷暴过程影响的数值模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用耦合Noah陆面过程的WRF模式对2009年6月5日傍晚发生在宁波地区的一次雷暴过程进行数值模拟,通过改变下垫面覆盖类型的敏感性试验,探讨了海洋和陆地下垫面对雷暴过程的影响。结果表明,WRF模式能够较合理地模拟出雷暴的发生、发展过程。雷暴发生前期,由于海-陆强烈的热力差异,海风特征明显,海风引起的抬升运动触发了雷暴,海风形成的强辐合区对应雷暴过程累积降水量的大值区。当研究区域全部被替换成陆地后,地表的粗糙度增大,在研究区域东部由于摩擦辐合加强,产生了强烈的上升运动,多个发展旺盛的对流单体在上升运动区生成,使雷暴产生的降水区域东扩、降水量增大、雷暴维持时间延长。当研究区域所有陆地被替换成水体后,白天地表通量减小,大气边界层中湍流运动减弱,边界层高度降低,大气层结变得稳定,不利于对流发展。 相似文献
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The large-scale environmental conditions for thunderstorm development have been studied with 40 selected synoptic processes during 1972-1983. It is shown that the thunderstorms in eastern China can be divided into two types: pre-trough and post-trough. The convective instability before the pre-trough thunderstorms is established primarily by the dry and moist differential advection and that before the post-trough thunderstorms by the cold and warm differential advection. The subsynoptic scale circulation has direct effects on the establishment and release of instability. The pre-trough thunderstorms occur in the overlapping region of the ascending motion in the upper baroclinic waves and the ascending branch of the low-level jet strong wind core circulation and the post-trough thunderstorms occur in the lower convergent region below the ascending branch of the jet-front circulation. The effect of the lower dry and warm lids, the coupling of the low-and upper-level jets and the dry advection in the middle-level jet are the favorable factors for the severe storm formation. 相似文献