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1.
冷空气影响下的黄东海海雾特征分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
根据历史观测资料研究分析了我国黄海和东海沿海在冷空气影响下发生海雾的气候规律和海雾形成的海洋、气象条件,发现冷空气条件下的成雾主要发生在冬春季节,其中半数以上为浓雾过程,冷空气条件下成雾次数约占总雾次的15%,成雾时以弱冷空气过程为主,风向偏北,风速一般小于8 m/s,成雾的相对湿度条件有昼夜之分,夜间发生的雾大多数出现在空气处于或接近饱和状态之下,而白天发生雾时相对湿度条件限制要低一些。成雾时以气海温差在2.0 ℃以内时所占的比例最多,但当气温低于海温2.0 ℃以上时的海雾仍占15%的比例,它高于一般海雾发生时对应的海气温差值所占的百分比。东海海域的冷空气雾其近海面边界层大气普遍有逆温或近于等温情况,而黄海北部海域有逆温或等温的情况比较少。以冷空气影响下成雾最多的小洋山站为例,海雾维持时间大多小于2小时,约有19%的海雾维持时间大于4小时。当冷空气影响下海上出现雾时,临近陆地上的能见度一般都比较好,这与相邻沿海陆地区域一般并不形成有利的成雾条件有关。 相似文献
2.
宁波海雾特征和预报着眼点 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
本文用1971—2011年石浦站资料及NCEP再分析资料,统计分析宁波各种强度海雾特征和合成分析其出现的天气背景。统计表明：海雾多发生于4—6月,主要出现在23时至次日11时,其中23时至次日02时最多,11时后消散。风力在2~3级的西南或东北风有利于海雾的发生。相对湿度在90%~95%,本站气压在990~1002 hPa时,海雾发生概率随着湿度的增加及气压的减小而增加,但对于能见度≤50 m的强浓雾来说,相对湿度和本站气压范围分别为92%~95%和990~999 hPa,且强浓雾随湿度及气压的增加而增加。宁波海雾通常出现在江淮气旋、冷空气影响前和梅雨锋中低涡东移前。合成分析表明：锋面雾一般形成于系统过境前2～3 d,局地上空西南暖湿气流影响时;或静止锋南侧,局地上空风速较小,且前期有充足水汽汇聚并导致湿层增厚;平流雾形成时上空位于西南涡前部,长时间西南暖湿气流输送,形成一定厚度和范围的湿度层,在该天气背景下,下垫面的气 海温差维持在0~1.5℃左右,露点 海表温差在-0.5~0℃上下。浓雾（强浓雾）的形成需在稳定的大气层结下,长时间深厚的暖湿气流里,同时来自北方的冷海流不断注入宁波沿海。此外,雾的强度与暖平流及海表冷平流的强度有较大关系。这些对宁波海雾及其强度的预报有较好指导作用。 相似文献
3.
利用1961—2016年洛阳9个县(市)地面气象观测站的雾、霾日数及相关气象要素资料,采用统计学方法分析了洛阳地区雾和霾日数的时空分布特征及影响其产生的气象要素特征。结果表明:近56a来洛阳市平均年雾日数在20世纪80和90年代较多,21世纪初开始逐渐减少,但在2015—2016年明显增加;平均年霾日数以2013—2016年最多;雾和霾日数在冬季最多,夏季最少。2000—2016年洛阳市雾日数自北向南逐渐减少,霾日数则在西部多、东部少,全区霾日数较1981—2010年明显增加。对雾、霾日气象要素的分析表明,相对湿度越大雾出现的频率越高、能见度越低,浓雾发生时相对湿度一般都在90%以上;中度和重度霾发生时相对湿度主要集中在50%~79%。雾发生时气温主要在-4.0~4.0℃之间,中度和重度霾发生时,气温分别集中在0~15.0℃和0~8.0℃,轻微和轻度霾发生时气温分布范围较大,以0~10.0℃较为集中。雾和霾出现时风速大部分在3.0m·s^-1及以下,并且主要是来自东北、东东北风向区域。 相似文献
4.
大连海雾特征及形成机理初步分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用2000～2010年逐3 h一次的常规报文资料和2.5°×2.5°的NCEP月平均场再分析资料,统计分析大连海雾发生时各种大气环境要素特征,确定有利于海雾生成的环境要素条件,并以此讨论海雾的成因和性质。同时,统计分析了大连海雾的年际变化与季节特征,对造成大连海雾异常偏多与偏少时的环流形势与水汽条件进行对比,分析有利于海雾生消的环流形势和海雾的水汽来源,以及海雾的性质成因。结果表明,大连海雾多发于春夏2季,其中尤以5～7月为海雾多发期,而在秋冬季很少发生。海雾主要出现于下半夜至上午前(从02点到11点),其中清晨05～08时最多,其消散一般在上午日出之后。风速在2～8 m/s之间的偏东风或偏南风最有利于大连海雾的发生。当预报海雾发生时,T-Td>0.6℃时,判断能见度>300 m;T-Td>1.1℃时,能见度一般>500 m;T-Td>2.1℃时,能见度>800 m。海雾在1 008 hPa时发生频次达到一个峰值,当气压<995 hPa和>1 030 hPa时,基本上没有海雾的生成。大连海雾多为平流雾,海雾的年际变化是大气环流变化的结果,海雾发生频数与副高西侧的偏南季风气流相关,当副高增强时,西南季风气流可以直接将热带洋面的水汽输送至大连地区,这样的平流水汽遇到冷的下垫面时,在大连海域形成海雾。 相似文献
5.
选取2016—2019年共61次山东区域性辐射雾天气过程,利用山东122个国家级气象观测站逐小时观测资料,对其时空分布及地面气象要素特征进行分析。结果表明：1）山东辐射雾具有显著的季节和日变化特征,主要发生在10月—次年2月,持续性大雾主要发生在1月和12月,一天中20时以后大雾频次增加,02—08时为雾最集中的时段,07时前后达到峰值,下午一般无强浓雾出现。2）辐射雾空间分布呈现明显“西多东少”格局,主要出现在鲁西北和鲁西南地区,山区和半岛沿海地区较少,强浓雾和特强浓雾主要分布在德州、聊城及菏泽等地。3）区域性辐射雾发生时,地面无突出风向,北风略占优势,风速多在3 m·s-1以下;各等级雾形成前气温和露点温度均存在不同程度的下降,20时气温与次日最低气温温差在2～6 ℃、14时地面露点与最低能见度时刻地面露点的温差在1～5 ℃时最有利于辐射雾的发生;随着辐射雾强度的增强,对温度露点差和地面相对湿度的要求越来越高,出现大雾时的温度露点差主要在2 ℃以下,相对湿度大于90%;出现浓雾、强浓雾和特强浓雾时的温度露点差小于1 ℃,相对湿度大于95%。 相似文献
6.
下垫面热力作用对黄海春季海雾的影响——观测与数值试验 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
利用海上浮标站、高分辨率数字式探空仪等多种观测手段和中尺度模式WRF,对2008年5月2—3日黄海发生的一次海雾过程进行了观测分析和数值模拟。观测表明,出现海雾时,气温明显下降,气海温差(海表面以上2 m气温减海表面以下1m水温)减小,不足0.5℃,浓雾时,甚至出现海温(SST)高于气温的现象。较强的湍流活动出现在大气边界层低层150 m以下。反映了低层大气稳定性减弱,可能有利于海雾的维持。海雾消散阶段,海气温差明显加大,湍流强度减弱,湍流发展高度升高。海雾过程中,可能存在动量下传的局地海-气相互作用机制,SST的升高可使雾中能见度好转。数值模拟的结果与观测基本一致,雾区内的气海温差明显小于雾区外,敏感性试验进一步表明:100 m以下气层稳定性和湍流发展条件对SST的变化敏感。SST的变化对稳定度的影响和对雾区范围的影响与近海面的水汽含量有关:在湿度较小(q0.5 g/kg)的薄海雾区,SST增加1℃,稳定度明显减弱(θ_v/z≤0.01 K/m),海雾面积缩小;SST下降1℃,稳定度增加(θ_v/z≥0.07 K/m),薄海雾面积增大。在湿度较大(q0.6 g/kg)的浓海雾区,SST的变化对静力稳定度的影响不大,海雾仍然维持。因此,当海气温差减小,甚至出现SST高于气温时,如果仍然有海雾,则一般是水汽含量比较大的浓海雾。该结果有助于对海雾形成机制的认识。 相似文献
7.
利用2005—2018年辽宁沿海高速公路沿线气象站点观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对辽宁沿海高速公路浓雾气候特征及其与各相关气象要素的关系进行分析,并探讨了利于浓雾发生的环流特征和影响因子。结果表明：辽宁沿海高速公路年均浓雾日数由西至东呈现高—低—高的分布特点,同时,辽东沿海高速公路沿线各站年均浓雾日数差异较小,且存在明显的自东向西的下降趋势;辽西沿线高速公路各站差异最大,受到局地的影响最强。沿海高速公路年均浓雾日数具有明显的月变化与季节变化特征,全年有两个浓雾出现的集中时段,分别为2—3月和10—11月;秋季浓雾日数占全年的比率最高。秋季沿海高速公路浓雾以0—200 m的强浓雾为主;温度为10—15℃,相对湿度大于98%,风速为0—3 m·s-1,风向为偏东北风时,浓雾出现的概率最大。辽宁秋季沿海地区受副热带高压影响较小,受东亚大槽等中高纬度纬向环流和极涡的影响较大,纬向环流和极涡越强（弱）,辽宁沿海地区浓雾日数越多（少）;辽宁沿海地区浓雾的水汽一部分来源于辽宁东部山区,一部分来源于渤海、黄海北部。辽宁沿海地区秋季浓雾并非以海雾为主,而以辐射雾、锋面雾居多,同时辽东沿海地区有来自辽东山区的平流雾。 相似文献
8.
利用2010—2012年6—8月西安市逐日电力负荷资料及对应时段地面观测站数据,分析了高温天气过程中日最大电力负荷的变化特征。结果发现,3年间西安地区共发生晴热天气过程5次,闷热天气过程4次,其中晴热天气过程发生在6月,闷热天气过程发生在7、8月,且闷热天气过程的电力负荷增长更加明显;利用日最高气温变化跟踪气象负荷的变化发现,日最高气温33℃为西安市气象负荷初始气温敏感点,35℃为强气温敏感点,38℃为极强气温敏感点;引入积温累积效应,建立了多元回归的电力气象负荷预测模型,经2013年夏季模型应用检验表明,日最大电力负荷预测平均误差为6.0%,能较好的模拟电力负荷的实际变化,对西安市夏季电力气象服务工作有指导意义。 相似文献
9.
利用2006—2013年四川高速公路强浓雾封道资料及气象资料,分析了造成四川高速公路封道的强浓雾特征,并通过天气环流条件和气象要素特征分析,研究了形成封道强浓雾的气象成因。结果表明:四川高速公路强浓雾封道主要出现在11月至次年1月,主要在清晨05:00—08:00开始,08:00—11:00结束,持续时间一般为0~9h。均压场是封道强浓雾的地面环流条件,低层为高压环流控制,高空环流条件为西北气流型和平直西风气流型。夜间辐射降温明显,地面到近地层风速弱、湿度大及存在逆温层,有利于封道强浓雾的出现。 相似文献
10.
《干旱气象》2017,(1)
利用河北省高速公路沿线交通气象站的观测资料,统计2013年和2014年秋冬季浓雾(能见度500 m)过程个例,分析高速公路沿线浓雾的时间分布特征和各气象要素变化。结果表明:(1)18:00—20:00(北京时,下同),浓雾开始出现的频率最高;(2)08:00—10:00,浓雾结束的频率最高;(3)浓雾过程持续时间在12~24 h的频率最高;(4)相对湿度在95%~100%之间,温度露点差在-1.0~2.0℃,风速在0~5.8 m·s~(-1),即相对湿度越大、温度露点差越低、风速越小,则出现低能见度的可能性越大。分析各气象要素与能见度的相关性,最后选定相对湿度、温度露点差、风速、风向、气压、气温、能见度7个气象因子作为网络输入建立BP神经网络模型,并以武强、衡水单站2次浓雾过程中能见度变化为例进行检验,取得较好的试验效果。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
12.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
13.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter. 相似文献
14.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(4):227
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. 相似文献
15.
Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China. 相似文献
16.
By using the gauged rainfall in 160 stations within mainland China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the impacts of anomalous SST in Kuroshio and its extension on precipitation in Northeast China were investigated. The results show that a difference in the meridional circulation such as the East Asia/Pacific teleconnection pattern(EAP)may be responsible for the difference in rainfall between 1998 and 2010. In comparison with 1998, the anomalous meridional circulation pattern in 2010 shifted northeastward, and then the western subtropical high, the mid-latitudinal trough and the northeastern Asia blocking high also shifted northeastward, causing intensified convergence of the cold and warm air masses at the southern region and thus more rainfall in the southwestern region and less in the northwestern region. In 1998, the anomalous cyclone, one component of the meridional pattern, located at the Songhuajiang-Nengjiang River basin, resulted in more rainfall in the majority of the area. The results of observation and the model show that the difference in SSTA in Kuroshio and its extension under the background of different El Ni觡o events is the key point:(1) The anomalous warmth moved westward from the mid-Pacific to the east of the Philippine Sea during the central event, which led the heat resources shifting to the northeast in 2010; subsequently, a shift occurred to the north of the anomalous ascent and decent, followed by a warm SSTA in the region of Kuroshio's extension in 2010 and Kuroshio in 1998.(2) The warm SSTA in the Kuroshio extension causing the Rossby wave activity flux strengthened in 2010, and then the westerly jet shifted northward and extended eastward. A warm SSTA in Kuroshio and cold SSTA in its extension in 1998 caused the westerly jet to shift southward and weaken. As a result,the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone shifted northward in 2010, and the blocking high also shifted northward. 相似文献
17.
<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>
<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p> 相似文献
18.
Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future. 相似文献
19.
碳交易政策的经济影响:以广东省为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过构建广东省两区域动态模型,对广东省碳交易及其他政策措施进行定量评估,分析实施可调控总量的碳交易政策机制对广东省及参与交易部门的经济影响。研究结果表明,按照减排情景到2015年广东完成19.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景,GDP将减少0.7%;按照强减排情景到2015年将完成20.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景GDP将减少0.9%;如果在强减排情景的基础上实施碳交易政策,GDP相对基准情景减少0.8%,到2015年实施碳交易政策可减少GDP损失约90亿元,说明广东建立碳排放权交易机制能够发挥支持经济发展和节能减碳双赢的作用。 相似文献