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1.
范红  缪锦海  杨玉峰 《气象学报》1996,54(2):185-194
针对不存在临界层情况下非均匀纬向流中的Rossby孤立波,从正压、无辐散、准地转自由大气涡度方程出发,经过变量替换,用小参数展开法,得到流函数的各阶近似方程,推导出振幅函数满足的KdV方程及修正KdV方程(MKdV),并给出它们的孤立波解。对不同风速分布下伴随这些孤立波而出现的流场进行了近似计算,分别得到了副高型Rossby孤立波流场、阻高型Rossby孤立波流场及偶极子型流场,它们移动的规律性与实际大气的流场移动情况较一致。  相似文献   

2.
罗德海 《高原气象》1994,13(1):1-13
在局地阻塞形成前期的原地一般有比较弱的高压脊存在,在这个高压脊上可以逐形成局地阻塞高压或偶极子阻塞。本文将局地阻塞形成前期的弱高压脊环流看成是具有反气旋式切变的带状基本西风,在此基础上用Rossby孤立波理论研究了局地阻高和偶极子阻塞的动力学特征及其区别,得到了一些结果。  相似文献   

3.
近共振地形强迫Rossby孤立波   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
吕克利  蒋后硕 《气象学报》1996,54(2):142-153
利用扰动展开和时空伸长变换导得了包括地形强迫的非齐次KdV方程,讨论了近共振地形强迫Rossbyy孤立波的产生,及其与自由孤立波的相互作用,得到了一些有意义的结果,显示出地形对扰动具有明显的增幅作用,在某种程度上可以解释局地地形在阻塞高压形成中的作用。  相似文献   

4.
利用一个简单的赤道β平面浅水模式和多尺度摄动法,从描写赤道Rossby波的正压大气位涡度方程中推导出在切变基本维向流中赤道Rossby波包演变所满足的非线性Schrodinger方程,并得到其单个包络孤立波子波解,并分析基本流切变对非线性赤道Rossby孤立子的影响。  相似文献   

5.
阻塞动力学研究进展与展望   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
简介了大气阻塞动力学在多平衡态理论和外源强迫的共振理论、孤立子及偶极子理论、强迫耗散KDV动力学以及天气扰动的激发等几方面理论研究的进展。并对阻塞动力学的研究进行了展望。  相似文献   

6.
范红  缪锦海 《气象学报》1996,54(6):722-729
研究了存在临界层的非均匀纬向流中的Rpssby孤立波。在求出振幅函数满足的KdV方程或修正KdV方程(MKdV)后,选择Chebyshev多项式作为展开基函数,用假谱方法,求解本征值和本征函数。对理想风场的计算表明,在临界层存在与否两种情况下,都能得到在东西风界面处的反气旋式副高型Rossby孤立波,同副高有一致的演变规律:当东风带相对强于西风时,向西移动;当西风相对强于东风时,则向东移动。在西风带,则得到阻高型Rossby孤立波,与阻高也有同样的演变规律。另外,我们还用连续谱方法计算了临界层附近的连续谱及离散谱,也得到与假谱方法较一致的结论。  相似文献   

7.
从热带大气波动的频率方程出发,详细分析了过去给出的低频Rossby波的近似频率公式ω=-βκ/[(2n+1)β/c0+κ^2],发现其对热带Rossby波的性质有一定程度的歪曲。针对这一问题,经分析得到一个能更精确地表征热带Rossby波性质的近似频散公式ω=-βκ/[(2n+1)β/c0+4n(n+1)/(2n+1)^2k^2],还简要地比较了热带线性Rossby波和孤立Rossby波两者的频散  相似文献   

8.
本研究运用多尺度变换和摄动法简化具有地形强迫的正压准地转涡度方程,得到带有扰动项的非线性Shr?dinger方程,在此基础上,采用孤立子直接微扰理论研究地形强迫对偶极型阻塞结构的作用。研究表明:地形强迫对偶极型阻塞发展具有增强和持续作用,其增长率与大地形山体的斜率成正比。   相似文献   

9.
亚洲偶极子阻高与江淮梅雨   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
本文用1971—1991年6—7月逐日500 hPa高度资料,计算亚洲地区(45—75°N、50—160°E)内3个区域的阻塞指数,讨论偶极子阻高与孤立子阻高的气候特征,提出亚洲偶极子阻高是江淮梅雨期主要的西风带环流型及偶极子阻高的异常活动对1991年江淮特大洪水的作用;同时初步探讨偶极子阻高的垂直经向环流结构特征对江淮梅雨加强的作用。  相似文献   

10.
从正压涡度方程出发,在弱非线性和弱其流切变条件下,导得了描述非线性大气长波活动的推广的Kdv方程,并得到了方程的孤立波解及其色散关系。取近似于实际大气运动的物理参数作数值计算,得到了振荡型Rossby孤立波的水平结构和移动特征,其结果较这建党的Kdv孤立波更接近于实际大气中的阻塞流型。  相似文献   

11.
12.
Summary The boundary-layer wind field during weak synoptic conditions is largely controlled by the nature of the landscape. Mesoscale (sub-synoptic) circulations result from horizontal gradients of sensible heat flux due to variation in local topography, variation in surface-cover, and discontinuities such as land-sea contrasts. Such flows are usually referred to as thermally-driven circulations, and are diurnal in nature and often predictable. In this paper we use a state-of-the-art non-hydrostatic computer model to shed light on the physical mechanisms that drive a persistent easterly wind that develops in the afternoon in the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand. The easterly – Canterbury Plains Breeze (CPB) – is observed early in the afternoon and is often intense, with mean wind speeds reaching up to 12 m s−1. Although computer modelling in mountainous terrain is extremely challenging, the model is able to simulate this circulation satisfactorily. To further investigate the mechanisms that generate the Canterbury Plains Breeze, two additional idealized model experiments are performed. With each experiment, the effects of the synoptic scale wind and the ocean around the South Island, New Zealand were successively removed. The results show that contrary to previous suggestions, the Canterbury Plains Breeze is not an intrusion of the coastal sea breeze or the Canterbury north-easterly, but can be generated by heating of the basin alone. This conclusion highlights the importance of mountain basins and saddles in controlling near-surface wind regimes in complex terrain.  相似文献   

13.
A simplified vegetation distribution prediction scheme is used in combination with the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) and coupled to a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1) which includes a mixed-layer ocean. Employed in an off-line mode as a diagnostic tool, the scheme predicts a slightly darker and slightly rougher continental surface than when BATS' prescribed vegetation classes are used. The impact of tropical deforestation on regional climates, and hence on diagnosed vegetation, differs between South America and S.E. Asia. In the Amazon, the climatic effects of removing all the tropical forest are so marked that in only one of the 18 deforested grid elements could the new climate sustain tropical forest vegetation whereas in S.E. Asia in seven of the 9 deforested elements the climate could continue to support tropical forest. Following these off-line tests, the simple vegetation scheme has been coupled to the GCM as an interactive (or two-way) submodel for a test integration lasting 5.6 yr. It is found to be a stable component of the global climate system, producing only ~ 3% (absolute) interannual changes in the predicted percentages of continental vegetation, together with globally-averaged continental temperature increases of up to + 1.5 °C and evaporation increases of 0 to 5 W m–2 and no discernible trends over the 67 months of integration. On the other hand, this interactive land biosphere causes regional-scale temperature differences of ± 10 °C and commensurate disturbances in other climatic parameters. Tuning, similar to the q-flux schemes used for ocean models, could improve the simulation of the present-day surface climate but, in the longer term, it will be important to focus on predicting the characteristics of the continental surface rather than simple vegetation classes. The coupling scheme will also have to allow for vegetation responses occurring over longer timescales so that the coupled system is buffered from sudden shocks.  相似文献   

14.
Earlier GCM studies have expressed the concern that an enhancement of greenhouse warming might increase the occurrence of summer droughts in mid-latitudes, especially in southern Europe and central North America. This could represent a severe threat for agriculture in the regions concerned, where summer is the main growing season. These predictions must however be considered as uncertain, since most studies featuring enhanced summer dryness in mid-latitudes use very simple representations of the land-surface processes ("bucket" models), despite their key importance for the issue considered. The current study uses a regional climate model including a land-surface scheme of intermediate complexity to investigate the sensitivity of the summer climate to enhanced greenhouse warming over the American Midwest. A surrogate climate change scenario is used for the simulation of a warmer climate. The control runs are driven at the lateral boundaries and the sea surface by reanalysis data and observations, respectively. The warmer climate experiments are forced by a modified set of initial and lateral boundary conditions. The modifications consist of a uniform 3 K temperature increase and an attendant increase of specific humidity (unchanged relative humidity). This strategy maintains a similar dynamical forcing in the warmer climate experiments, thus allowing to investigate thermodynamical impacts of climate change in comparative isolation. The atmospheric CO 2 concentration of the sensitivity experiments is set to four times its pre-industrial value. The simulations are conducted from March 15 to October 1st, for 4 years corresponding to drought (1988), normal (1986, 1990) and flood (1993) conditions. The numerical experiments do not present any great enhancement of summer drying under warmer climatic conditions. First, the overall changes in the hydrological cycle (especially evapotranspiration) are of small magnitude despite the strong forcing applied. Second, precipitation increases in spring lead to higher soil water recharge during this season, compensating for the enhanced soil moisture depletion occurring later in the year. Additional simulations replacing the plant control on transpiration with a bucket-type formulation presented increased soil drying in 1988, the drought year. This suggests that vegetation control on transpiration might play an important part in counteracting an enhancement of summer drying when soil water gets limited. Though further aspects of this issue would need investigating, our results underline the importance of land-surface processes in climate integrations and suggest that the risk of enhanced summer dryness in the region studied might be less acute than previously assumed, provided the North American general circulation does not change markedly with global warming.  相似文献   

15.
一次台风前部龙卷的多普勒天气雷达分析   总被引:12,自引:3,他引:12       下载免费PDF全文
通过分析2004年8月25日发生在浙江省宁波市的一次台风前部龙卷发生发展的环境特征, 发现该龙卷发生在台风前部风切变区里, 尽管当时涡度、散度等物理量对于深对流发展不是非常有利, 但下湿中干、强的垂直风切变及地形条件等还是有利于局地弱龙卷的产生; 在宁波新一代天气雷达产品上表现为强的钩状回波, 速度场上有相邻的正负速度中心及强的组合切变值等。通过多个反射率产品、剖面产品等综合分析了该风暴的三维结构, 初步了解此类弱龙卷的发生机理, 为以后的预报提供一些经验。  相似文献   

16.
Energy transfer via resonance in a stratified fluid with a constant Brunt–Väisälä frequency is studied through the Manley–Rowe relation and direct numerical simulations. The objectives of this study are two-fold. One is to determine if there is a limitation on the lengthscale of small-scale waves to which primary energy can be effectively transferred. The other is to study factors affecting the growth of parametric subharmonic instability. Resonantly interacting modes are classified into three groups: local sum modes, quasi-subharmonic modes and remote parametric subharmonic instability modes (characterized by interaction with very small-scale waves). The latter two involve energy transfer from a primary wave to secondary waves with half the frequency. Most energy transfer is through local sum resonant modes and quasi-subharmonic modes. Energy cannot effectively transfer to higher wavenumber modes since dynamical systems are altered as wavenumbers of excited modes increase. In the remote modes, the solution is sinusoidal with high angular frequency and very small energy capacity. As a consequence, these modes are inactive in energy transfer despite their high energy growth rates. Effects of non-uniform white noise amplitude and primary mode propagation angle on the quasi-subharmonic modes are also investigated. Implications for energy transfer in the ocean are discussed.  相似文献   

17.
Summary A formation of a cold air lake in a basin is studied with a mesometeorological model.A dynamic Boussinesq hydrostatic mesoscale numerical model is developed in a staggered orthogonal grid with a horizontal resolution of 1 km and with a varying vertical grid. The topography is presented in a block shape so that computation levels are horizontal.The mesometeorological model is tested in three idealized topography cases (a valley, a single mountain, a basin) and test results are discussed.In an alpine basin surrounded by mountains and plateaus the air is supposed to be stagnant at the beginning of the night. Due to differences in radiation cooling an inversion layer is formed in the basin and local wind circulation is studied by model simulations.With 14 Figures  相似文献   

18.
Simultaneous particle-image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence combined with large-eddy simulations are used to investigate the flow and pollutant dispersion behaviour in a rural-to-urban roughness transition. The urban roughness is characterized by an array of cubical obstacles in an aligned arrangement. A plane fence is added one obstacle height h upstream of the urban roughness elements, with three different fence heights considered. A smooth-wall turbulent boundary layer with a depth of 10h is used as the approaching flow, and a passive tracer is released from a uniform line source 1h upstream of the fence. A shear layer is formed at the top of the fence, which increases in strength for the higher fence cases, resulting in a deeper internal boundary layer (IBL). It is found that the mean flow for the rural-to-urban transition can be described by means of a mixing-length model provided that the transitional effects are accounted for. The mixing-length formulation for sparse urban canopies, as found in the literature, is extended to take into account the blockage effect in dense canopies. Additionally, the average mean concentration field is found to scale with the IBL depth and the bulk velocity in the IBL.  相似文献   

19.
The Northern Hemisphere(NH) often experiences frequent cold air outbreaks and heavy snowfalls during La Ni?a winters. In 2022, a third-year La Ni?a event has exceeded both the oceanic and atmospheric thresholds since spring and is predicted to reach its mature phase in December 2022. Under such a significant global climate signal, whether the Eurasian Continent will experience a tough cold winter should not be assumed, despite the direct influence of mid-to high-latitude,large-scale atmospheric ...  相似文献   

20.
《Climate Policy》2013,13(6):652-668
Sectoral approaches have been gaining currency in the international climate debate as a possible remedy to the shortfalls of the Kyoto Protocol. Proponents argue that a sector-based architecture can more easily invite the participation of developing countries, address competitiveness issues, and enable immediate emissions reductions. However, given the numerous proposals, much confusion remains as to what sectoral approaches actually are. This article provides a simple, yet comprehensive, taxonomy of the various proposals for sectoral approaches. Based on the dual criteria of content and actors, three such types are identified and described: government targets and timetables; industry targets and timetables; and transnational technology cooperation. For each of these types, existing proposals and ongoing initiatives are discussed. In a second step, the article analyses the political landscape in which sectoral approaches are being debated, identifying the interests of their key advocates as well as the concerns of their critics. The Japanese government and energy-intensive manufacturing industries represent the main proponents of sectoral approaches to address the problems of carbon leakage and economic competitiveness. Developing countries, on the other hand, are wary of attempts to impose emissions reduction targets on their economies through sectoral target-setting. They, therefore, interpret sectoral approaches as sector-based forms of technology cooperation and technology transfer.  相似文献   

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