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1.
In this paper,a tropical atmospheric model of relevance to shorts-term climate variations(Wang and Li 1993)is util-ized for study of the development of Madden-Julian oscillation.The model contains an interactive process ofboundary-layer Ekman convergence and precipitation heating.The model is solved by expanding dependent variables interms of parabolic cylindrical functions in the meridional direction and truncating three meridional modes n=0,2,4 forequatorial symmetric solutions.The free wave solutions obtained under long-wave approximation are induced as aKelvin wave and two Rossby waves.After considering the effect of boundary-layer dynamic process,the modifiedKelvin wave becomes unstable in long-wave bands with a typical growth rate on an order of 10~(-6) s~(-1)and an eastwardphase speed of 10 m s~(-1);the most unstable mode is wavenumber one.These theoretical results are consistent with the ob-served Madden-Julian oscillation in equatorial area.For the two modified Rossby waves,one with a smaller meridionalscale(n=4)decays except for extra long-waves;the other with a larger meridional scale(n=2)grows in short-wavebands.This may be relevant to explaining the westward propagation of super cloud clusters in the Madden-Julianoscillation.The theory suggests that the boundary-layer dynamic process is an important mechanism in the develop-ment of the Madden-Julian oscillation. 相似文献
2.
利用包括边界层爱克曼辐合－降水加热过程在内的短期气候变化模式［１］，研究了Ｍａｄｄｅｎ－Ｊｕｌｉａｎ振荡［１１，１２］形成的机制。当经圈方向用抛物圆柱函数展开，并对赤道偶对称解取ｎ＝０，２，４三个截断模时，在长波近似下的自由波解，一为向东的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波，另外两支为向西的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波。当考虑边界层动力影响后，修正后的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波，其向东传播的速度约为１０ｍｓ－１，且在长波波段是不稳定的，最不稳定的波出现在纬向一波附近，不稳定增长率的量级约为Ｏ（１０ｍ－６ｓ－１），理论结果和Ｍａｄｄｅｎ－Ｊｕｌｉａｎ振荡在赤道附近主体环流东传的观测事实接近。另外两支修正后的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波，其中经圈尺度较小的那支波，除波长极长的波外，波是阻尼的；但另一支经圈尺度较大的波，在短的波段是不稳定增长的，这似乎可以用来解释Ｍａｄｄｅｎ－Ｊｕｌｉａｎ振荡中大尺度超级云团的西传过程。这些结果表明边界层动力过程在Ｍａｄｄｅｎ－Ｊｕｌｉａｎ振荡的形成中是一种重要的机制。 相似文献
3.
In this paper,a tropical atmospheric model of relevance to shorts-term climate variations(Wang and Li 1993) is utilized for study of the development of Madden-Julian oscillation.The model contains an interactive process of boundary-layer Ekman convergence and precipitation heating.The model is solved by expanding dependent variables in terms of parabolic cylindrical functions in the meridional direction and truncating three meridional modes n=0,2,4 for equatorial symmetric solutions.The free wave solutions obtained under long-wave approximation are induced as a Kelvin wave and two Rossby waves.After considering the effect of boundary-layer dynamic process,the modified Kelvin wave becomes unstable in long-wave bands with a typical growth rate on an order of 10-6 s-1and an eastward phase speed of 10 m s-1;the most unstable mode is wavenumber one.These theoretical results are consistent with the observed Madden-Julian oscillation in equatorial area.For the two modified Rossby waves,one with a smaller meridional scale(n=4) decays except for extra long-waves;the other with a larger meridional scale(n=2) grows in short-wave bands.This may be relevant to explaining the westward propagation of super cloud clusters in the Madden-Julian oscillation.The theory suggests that the boundary-layer dynamic process is an important mechanism in the development of the Madden-Julian oscillation. 相似文献
4.
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6.
Development and propagation of equatorial waves are investigated with the model which includes convection -wave convergence feedback and convection-frictional convergence feedback. Two experiments with an initial Kelvin wave (Exp. K) and with an initial Rossby wave (Exp. R) are carried out. The equatorial waves in Exp. R grow much faster than those in Exp. K. The equatorial waves in both experiments follow zonal (eastward / westward) and meridional (poleward) propagation. The equatorial waves can be partitioned into two meridional modes using Parabolic Cylinder Function. An equa?tor mode denotes a wave component with a positive precipitation center at the equator and an off-equator mode rep?resents a wave component with positive precipitation centers off the equator. The equator mode dominates in Exp. K whereeas the off-equator mode dominates in Exp. R. The rapid wave growth in Exp. R is interpreted by analyzing the eddy available potential energy (EAPE) generation. Stronger off-equator mode in Exp. R obtains more EAPE through convection-frictional convergence feedback which results in more rapid wave growth. The relative vorticity tendency is determined by interactions between Earth’s vorticity and lower-troposphere convergence (divergence effect) and between the meridional gradient and lower-troposphere circulation (beta effect). The eastward and poleward propagation of equatorial waves is a result of the divergence effect, and the westward movement is caused by the beta effect. 相似文献
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8.
文中利用一个半位势涡度时间不变式对热带斜压大气地转适应过程中的尺度准则进行了研究。结果表明 :对深厚系统而言 ,只要初始扰动的纬圈特征尺度足够大 ,则不论其初始扰动的经圈特征尺度多大 ,适应后的压力场的变化都很大 ,而纬圈流几乎维持不变 ,压力场向纬圈流适应 ;至于浅薄系统 ,对纬圈和经圈特征尺度都很大的初始扰动而言 ,适应后的压力场易于维持 ,主要是纬圈流向压力场适应 ;但当初始扰动呈现出纬圈型扰动特征时 ,适应后的压力场变化也很大 ,压力场向纬圈流适应 相似文献
9.
《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2007,43(1-4):30-58
A cloud-resolving model is configured to span the full meridional extent of the tropical atmosphere and have sufficient zonal extent to permit the representation of tropical cloud super-clusters. This is made computationally feasible by the use of anisotropic horizontal grids where one horizontal coordinate direction has over an order of magnitude finer resolution than the other direction. Typically, the meridional direction is chosen to have the coarser resolution (40 km grid spacing) and the zonal direction has enough resolution to ‘permit’ crude convective squall line ascent (1 km grid spacing). The aim was to run in cloud-resolving model (CRM) mode yet still have sufficient meridional resolution and extent to capture the equatorial trapped waves and the Hadley circulation. The large-scale circulation is driven by imposed uniform tropospheric cooling in conjunction with a fixed sea surface temperature distribution. At quasi-equilibrium the flow is characterized by sub-tropical jetstreams, tropical squall line systems that form eastward-propagating super-clusters, tropical depressions and even hurricanes.Two scientific issues are briefly addressed by the simulations: what forces the Hadley circulation and the nature of stratospheric waves appearing in the simulation. It is found that the presence of a meridional sea surface temperature gradient is not sufficient on its own to force a realistic Hadley circulation even though convection communicates the underlying temperature gradient to the atmosphere. It is shown in a simulation that accounts for the observed time and zonal-mean momentum forcing effect of large-scale eddies (originating in middle latitudes) that the heaviest precipitation is concentrated near the equator in association with moisture flux convergence driven by the Trade winds.A spectral analysis of the stratospheric waves found on the equator using the dispersion relation for equatorially-trapped waves provides strong evidence for the existence of a domain-scale Kelvin wave together with eastward and westward propagating inertia-gravity waves. The eastward-propagating stratospheric waves appear to be part of a convectively coupled wave system travelling at about 15 ms−1. 相似文献
10.
Michael Spillane 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》1978,2(5):427-453
When a broad ocean current encounters a large-scale topographic feature, standing Rossby wave patterns can be generated. Short Rossby waves with a scale Li = √ Q/β (Q is the speed of the approaching flow; β is the meridional gradient of f) are generated east of the topography. If the zonal scale of the topography, L, is planetary, long standing Rossby waves can be generated west of the topography, when the current has a meridional component. The long waves focus the disturbance zonally and produce alternating regions of intensified or reduced zonal flow. The meridional scale that characterizes these zonal bands is the intermediate scales, L = Li2/3L1/3. When the meridional topographic scale is comparable to L, the amplitude of the long-wave disturbance is dominant. Using multiple-scale methods to exploit the scale gap between the planetary, intermediate and Rossby wave scales, the topographically induced pressure and velocity fields due to a zonal ridge are obtained. When the planetary-scale flow field is directed poleward, a westward counterflow can occur along the poleward flank of the ridge. The meridional scales of these topographically induced flows are comparable to those observed along the Indian-Antarctic Ridge by Callahan (1971). 相似文献
11.
为了分析ElNio事件发生和消亡中热带太平洋纬向风应力的动力作用，建立一个类似于Zebiak的简单热带海洋数值模式，在观测到的风应力异常的强迫下，模拟赤道太平洋地区1971年1月至1998年8月海表温度异常的变化。结果表明，模式对观测的Nio3区海表温度异常(SSTA)有很好的模拟能力。模拟和观测Nio3区SSTA之间的相关系数可达0.90。模式对ElNio事件期间赤道太平洋海表温度异常随时间变化也有较好的模拟能力。为了分析ElNio期间SSTA的空间分布及其随时间变化的动力学机制，还对19861989年ENSO循环期间赤道太平洋地区观测的SSTA的传播特征及其形成机制进行了分析。模式较好地模拟出了观测到的赤道太平洋地区SSTA的传播特征，即从1986年底至1987年4月，SSTA具有向东传播的特征，从1987年6月至1988年2月具有向西传播的特征。动力学分析的结果表明，赤道中西太平洋地区的纬向风应力异常对ElNio事件的发生和消亡具有重要作用。赤道中西太平洋地区的西风异常可强迫出东传的Kelvin波，这个东传的Kelvin波对正SSTA的东传起主要作用，当这个东传的Kelvin波到达东边界，由于东边界的反射作用，在东边界产生西传的Rossby波，这个西传的Rossby波对赤道中东太平洋地区正SSTA的西传起主要作用。东传Kelvin波和反射的Rossby波对ElNio期间赤道东太平洋正SSTA二次峰值的形成具有重要作用。 相似文献
12.
为了分析 ＥＩ Ｎｉｏ事件发生和消亡中热带太平洋纬向风应力的动力作用，建立一个类似于Ｚｅｂｉａｋ的简单热带海洋数值模式，在观测到的风应力异常的强迫下，模拟赤道太平洋地区 １９７１年１月至 １９９８年８月海表温度异常的变化。结果表明，模式对观测的Ｎｉｏ３区海表温度异常（ＳＳＴＡ）有很好的模拟能力。模拟和观测Ｎｉ区ＳＳＴＡ之间的相关系数可达 ０．９０。模式对 Ｅｌ Ｎｉｏ事件期间赤道太平洋海表温度异常随时间变化也有较好的模拟能力。为了分析Ｅｌ Ｎｉｏ期间ＳＳＴＡ的空间分布及其随时间变化的动力学机制，还对１９８６～１９８９年 ＥＮＳＯ循环期间赤道太平洋地区观测的 ＳＳＴＡ的传播特征及其形成机制进行了分析。模式较好地模拟出了观测到的赤道太平洋地区ＳＳＴＡ的传播特征，即从１９８６年底至１９８７年 ４月， ＳＳＴＡ具有向东传播的特征，从 １９８７年 ６月至 １９８８年 ２月具有向西传播的特征。动力学分析的结果表明，赤道中西太平洋地区的缔向风应力异常对 Ｅｌ Ｎｉｏ事件的发生和消亡具有重要作用。赤道中西太平洋地区的西风异常可强迫出东传的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波，这个东传的 Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波对正 ＳＳＴＡ的东传起主要作用，当这个东传的 Ｋｅｌｖ 相似文献
13.
热带平流层多尺度波动分离方案的研究：多站点高分辨率无线电探空联合分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用太平洋地区台风过境期间6个热带气象站的高分辨率无线电探空资料,结合扩展经验正交函数（EEOF）展开,对热带下平流层行星波和重力波扰动进行了分离,给出了一种热带地区提取重力波扰动的新方案。对观测数据做EEOF展开后,选择表征行星尺度波动模态的特征向量和相应权重进行气象要素场的重建。结果显示,在不同的台风过程期间,温度、纬向风和经向风的重建扰动量显示出不同的动力学偏振关系:在准两年振荡（QBO）东风位相时与赤道开尔文波的偏振关系一致,而在准两年振荡西风位相时与混合罗斯贝-重力波（MRG）的偏振关系一致。把行星尺度波动模态从原始观测中剔除,得到新的扰动廓线,对其进行重力波垂直波数谱的谱型拟合。结果发现,与以往方法提取的重力波扰动相比,新方法所得谱型参数中特征垂直波长λ*在不同时期不同站点变化很小,稳定在1.7 km左右,且低频波数段谱斜率s的数值与理论假设1十分接近。综合其研究结果可以推测,用新方法提取的热带重力波扰动更加符合当前的理论垂直波数谱模型。 相似文献
14.
A cloud-resolving model is configured to span the full meridional extent of the tropical atmosphere and have sufficient zonal extent to permit the representation of tropical cloud super-clusters. This is made computationally feasible by the use of anisotropic horizontal grids where one horizontal coordinate direction has over an order of magnitude finer resolution than the other direction. Typically, the meridional direction is chosen to have the coarser resolution (40 km grid spacing) and the zonal direction has enough resolution to ‘permit’ crude convective squall line ascent (1 km grid spacing). The aim was to run in cloud-resolving model (CRM) mode yet still have sufficient meridional resolution and extent to capture the equatorial trapped waves and the Hadley circulation. The large-scale circulation is driven by imposed uniform tropospheric cooling in conjunction with a fixed sea surface temperature distribution. At quasi-equilibrium the flow is characterized by sub-tropical jetstreams, tropical squall line systems that form eastward-propagating super-clusters, tropical depressions and even hurricanes.Two scientific issues are briefly addressed by the simulations: what forces the Hadley circulation and the nature of stratospheric waves appearing in the simulation. It is found that the presence of a meridional sea surface temperature gradient is not sufficient on its own to force a realistic Hadley circulation even though convection communicates the underlying temperature gradient to the atmosphere. It is shown in a simulation that accounts for the observed time and zonal-mean momentum forcing effect of large-scale eddies (originating in middle latitudes) that the heaviest precipitation is concentrated near the equator in association with moisture flux convergence driven by the Trade winds.A spectral analysis of the stratospheric waves found on the equator using the dispersion relation for equatorially-trapped waves provides strong evidence for the existence of a domain-scale Kelvin wave together with eastward and westward propagating inertia-gravity waves. The eastward-propagating stratospheric waves appear to be part of a convectively coupled wave system travelling at about 15 ms−1. 相似文献
15.
利用合成分析方法, 分析了1971～2003年间7个El Niño事件发生时南、北半球大气环流异常的对称与反对称特性。分析结果表明, El Niño事件发生期间, 在热带地区15°S～15°N大气环流异常以对称性为主, 但也有一定的反对称分量: 高度场异常和纬向风异常的对称性较强, 而经向风异常的反对称较强; 同时在El Niño事件演变的各阶段, 高度场异常和纬向风异常的变化较明显, 而经向风的变化较小, 高度场和风场异常在低层 (700 hPa) 和高层 (200 hPa) 呈明显的反位相分布。并且, 为探讨El Niño事件对南、北半球大气环流异常的非对称性影响的机理, 本研究进一步利用ERA－40逐日资料, 应用Hough函数分析了El Niño事件发生期间这些赤道波动的演变特征。结果表明, El Niño事件发生期间, 热带地区大气环流异常对称性较强的主要原因是对称性Rossby波异常较强, 而Rossby重力混合波异常对经向风场的反对称分量有重要作用; 并且, 研究结果还表明, 在El Niño事件发生期间, 热带东太平洋的海温正异常能够激发由对称性Rossby波和Kelvin波组成的Gill型环流异常。此外, 分析表明Hough函数在分析热带大气波动的对称性及反对称性上具有明显的优越性。 相似文献
16.
文中重点研究与热带季节内振荡－超级云团系统相关联的赤道波的识别。考虑到赤道波的本质为截获在赤道地区的一般的气候平衡场附近的线性动力过程的固有模态,首先从原理上阐明了ＰＯＰｓ分析技术对于分离各类赤道波动的有效性,以后利用这种分析方法对日本静止气象卫星所观测到的黑体红外辐射温度资料进行了ＰＯＰｓ分析。结果表明,在热带季节内振荡－超级云团系统中,对应于４０ｄ振荡的模态基本表现为Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波的结构;对应于１０ｄ左右的模态,亦为Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波,而在２ｄ尺度上,则分别存在经向模态序号ｎ＝１和ｎ＝２的西进和东进惯性重力波。分析中还发现了西进的混合Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ重力波的存在。 相似文献
17.
YAN Bangliang 《大气科学进展》2005,22(5):741-750
The mechanism of the locking of the E1 Nino event onset phase to boreal spring （from April to June） in an intermediate coupled ocean-atmosphere model is investigated. The results show that the seasonal variation of the zonal wind anomaly over the equatorial Pacific associated with the seasonal variation of the ITCZ is the mechanism of the locking in the model. From January to March of the E1 Nino year, the western wind anomaly over the western equatorial Pacific can excite the downwelling Kelvin wave that propagates eastward to the eastern and middle Pacific by April to June. From April to December of the year before the E1 Nifio year, the eastern wind anomaly over the equatorial Pacific forces the downwelling Rossby waves that modulate the ENSO cycle. The modulation and the reflection at the western boundary modulate the time of the transition from the cool to the warm phase to September of the year before the E1 Nifio year and cause the strongest downwelling Kelvin wave from the reflected Rossby waves at the western boundary to arrive in the middle and eastern equatorial Pacific by April to June of the E1 Nino year. The superposition of these two kinds of downwelling Kelvin waves causes the El Nino event to tend to occur from April to June. 相似文献
18.
Pauline Maury François Lott Lionel Guez Jean-Philippe Duvel 《Climate Dynamics》2013,40(9-10):2331-2344
The atmospheric variability in the equatorial regions is analysed in the Earth System Model pre-industrial simulation done at IPSL in the framework of CMIP5. We find that the model has an interannual variability of about the right amplitude and temporal scale, when compared to the El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but that is too confined to the western Pacific. At the intra-seasonal periods, the model variability lacks of large-scale organisation, and only produces one characteristic Madden-Julian Oscillation every 10 winters typically. At shorter time-scales and in the troposphere, the model has Rossby and Kelvin Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves (CCEWs), but underestimates the Kelvin CCEWs signal on OLR. In the model stratosphere, a composite analysis shows that the Temperature and velocities fluctuations due to the Kelvin waves are quite realistic. In the model nevertheless, the stratospheric waves are less related to the convection than in the observations, suggesting that their forcing by the midlatitudes plays a larger role. Still in the model, the Kelvin waves are not predominantly occurring during the life cycle of the tropospheric Kelvin CCEWs, a behaviour that we find to be dominant in the observations. The composite analysis is also used to illustrate how the waves modify the zonal mean-flow, and to show that the model Kelvin waves are too weak in this respect. This illustrates how a model can have a reasonable Kelvin waves signal on the velocities and temperature, but can at the same time underestimate their amplitude to modify the mean flow. We also use this very long simulation to establish that in the model, the stratospheric equatorial waves are significantly affected by ENSO, hence supporting the idea that the ENSO can have an influence on the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. 相似文献
19.
Early theoretical analyses indicated that the tropics and extratropics are relatively independent due to the existence of critical latitudes. However, considerable observational evidence has shown that a clear dynamical link exists between the tropics and midlatitudes. To better understand such atmospheric teleconnection, several theories of wave energy propagation are reviewed in this paper: (1) great circle theory, which reveals the characteristics of Rossby waves propagating in the spherical atmosphere; (2) westerly duct theory, which suggests a “corridor” through which the midlatitude disturbances in one hemisphere can propagate into the other hemisphere; (3) energy accumulation-wave emanation theory, which proposes processes through which tropical disturbances can affect the atmospheric motion in higher latitudes; (4) equatorial wave expansion theory, which further explains the physical mechanisms involved in the interaction between the tropics and extratropics; and (5) meridional basic flow theory, which argues that stationary waves can propagate across the tropical easterlies under certain conditions. In addition, the progress made in diagnosing wave-flow interaction, particularly for Rossby waves, inertial-gravity waves, and Kelvin waves, is also reviewed. The meridional propagation of atmospheric energy exhibits significant annual and interannual variations, closely related to ENSO and variation in the westerly jets and tropical upper-tropospheric troughs, amongst others. 相似文献
20.
利用包含大地形和常速纬向基本气流的正压准地转位涡度方程,研究了大地形对低频波激发的作用,结果表明,起作用的地形因子主要是地形的最大高度和地形坡度。地形最大高度的作用主要是使Rossby波趋向低频,而地形坡度的作用主要是对Rossby波的稳定性起决定作用,同时适当的地形坡度也可导致低频波的形成。而常速纬向基流在总体上的作用是使波动变得趋向低频,且西风基流更有利于低频（30～60天）波的形成。从纬向波数上看,纬向3波以上的波动更容易出现低频（30～60天）。 相似文献