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1.
A comprehensive study on the chemical compositions of wet precipitation was carried out from January 2004 to December 2004 in Jinhua, southeastern China's Zhejiang Province. All samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity and major ions (F−, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and NH4+). The rainwater was typically acidic with a volume-weighted mean pH of 4.54, which ranged from 3.64 to 6.76. SO42− and NO3− were the main anions, while NH4+ and Ca2+ were the main cations. The concentrations of these major ions were generally higher compared to those reported in other parts of the world, but much lower than those in northern China.Wet deposition fluxes of major ions showed pronounced seasonal variations with maximum in spring and minimum in autumn. Significant correlations were found in soil-derived species among Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ and sea-salt species between Na+ and Cl−. Other relatively good correlations were also observed between Ca2+ and SO42-, Mg2+ and SO42-, Mg2+ and NO3−, Mg2+ and Cl−. Principal component analysis was also performed on individual precipitation to find possible sources of the major ionic species. Varimax rotated four components accounting for 85.9% of the total variance, and were interpreted as acid and alkaline pollutants, sea spray and mixed source, soil and acid/neutralization. Calculation of enrichment factors for rainwater components relative to soil and seawater indicated that Ca2+ and K+ mainly originated from the terrestrial source, and SO42- and NO3− were mostly attributed for the anthropogenic activities in the study area. In general, the results suggested that precipitation chemistry is strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources rather than natural and marine sources. The pollutants in rainwater were mainly derived from long distance transport, local industry and traffic sources.  相似文献   

2.
The pH variation and chemical characteristics of rainwater were investigated from January 2006 to December 2006 at an urban site of Guangzhou, South China. The rainwater was typically acidic with a volume-weighted mean pH value of 4.49, which ranged from 3.52 to 6.28. The volume-weighted mean equivalent concentration of components followed the order: SO42− > Ca2+ > Cl− > NH4+ > Na+ > NO3− > K+ > Mg2+ > F−, indicating that SO42−, Cl− and NO3− were the main anions, while Ca2+ and NH4+, were the main cations. Ca2+ and NH4+ were major neutralization constituents of the precipitation. Furthermore, correlation analysis and principal component analysis method were performed to identify possible common sources of major ions. Sources of the major ions were assessed based on enrichment factor method.  相似文献   

3.
Major ion concentrations and strontium isotopic ratios (87Sr/86Sr) were measured in rainwater samples collected at the urban site of Lanzhou, a city located on the Loess Plateau in the arid and semi-arid areas of northwest China. The rainwater samples possessed alkaline pH, at a reference level of 5.6, with a range of 6.82 to 8.28 and a volume-weighted mean (VWM) pH value of 7.70. The alkaline character of rainwater in Lanzhou is due to the result of neutralization caused by the alkaline soil dusts which contain large amount of CaCO3. It was observed that Ca2+ was the most abundant cation with a VWM value of 886 µeq l− 1 (115–2184 µeq l− 1), accounting for 87.8% of the total cations. Without considering HCO3−, SO42− and NO3− were dominant among the anions, accounting for 64.2% and 23.0%, respectively, of the total measured anions. Using Na as an indicator of marine origin and Al for terrestrial inputs, the proportions of sea salt and non-sea-salt elements were estimated from elemental ratios. The precipitation in this region has typical continental characteristics. The Sr concentrations varied from 0.004 to 0.885 µmol l− 1, and strontium isotopic ratios (87Sr/86Sr) lay in the range of 0.71025–0.71302, with an average of 0.71143. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of Lanzhou rainwater are higher than that of seawater, which reflects contributions from the radiogenic Sr sources of the aerosols. The most suitable candidate for the source would be the soil dust originating from local and distant loess and desert areas. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios were used to characterize different sources of base cations in rainwater, suggesting that the samples could be interpreted in terms of combinations of at least three components: soil dust derived from the Loess Plateau and desert areas in northwest China (with 87Sr/86Sr ~ 0.7130), seawater (with 87Sr/86Sr ~ 0.70917), and anthropogenic inputs (with 87Sr/86Sr ~ 0.7103). The high 87Sr/86Sr ratio and Ca and Sr content in the rainwater from Lanzhou can be attributed to the dissolution of calcium carbonate in soil dust.  相似文献   

4.
Rainwater samples were collected at four sites, including Beijing and Mazhuang Town in the north of China, Shenzhen and Mangdang Mountain in the south of China. Character of atmospheric particles and gases were also measured at Mazhuang Town and Mangdang Mountain. Both of Beijing and Shenzhen are urban sites; Mazhuang Town and Mangdang Mountain are rural and remote sites respectively. The atmospheric pollution at rural plain site in the north of China was more serious than that at remote mountain site in the south of China. At Beijing, Mazhuang Town, Shenzhen and Mangdang Mountain the average pH values in rainwater were 6.02, 5.97, 4.72 and 4.81, respectively and the concentrations of total ions in rainwater were 1454, 1125, 187 and 191 μeq/l, respectively. While the acidity of the rain was higher in the south than that in the north, the rainwater in the north of China was more severely polluted than that in the south. The major acidic ion in the rainwater is SO42-, and NH4+ is the most important neutralizing ion in rainwater at the four sites, followed by Ca2+. The amounts of organic acid in precipitation were compared with other sites in the world. The ratios of organic acid to total free acid in rainwater at Mangdang Mountain was 13.8% and the influence of organic acid on acidity of rainwater at mountain site in the south of China is more important. The variation of atmospheric particles, gases and components in rainwater and cloud-fog water during special rain and cloud-fog events was discussed. The importance of washout process varied with atmospheric species. The impacts of rainfall, rain duration time and wind speed on wash-out process were estimated by regression analysis.  相似文献   

5.
In this paper, the basic composition of fog and low cloud water are presented, resulting from the analyses of water samples from 111 fog/cloud events. The samples were collected at five sites located in various regions of the Czech Republic. Two sampling sites are in mountainous regions and three sites represent various urban areas. The mountain stations are located in two regions of the Czech Republic with different industry types. At all the sites, active fog collectors were employed. In the water samples, the conductivity, acidity (pH), cations (H+, Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+) and anions (F−, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−) were determined.A mean pH value of about 4.5 was obtained at mountain sites whereas the measurements in urban areas showed mean pH values from 4.9 to 6.4. The mean conductivity values in the samples from the two mountain stations were 137 and 191.5 μS cm−1. The samples from urban sites showed mean values between 127.7 and 654.4 μS cm−1. The maximum concentration means for the three dominant pollutants (expressed by the ratio mountain sites/urban sites) are 32.9/99.6 mg l−1 for NO3−, 32.5/192.9 mg l−1 for SO42− and 18.5/52.7 mg l−1 for NH4+. As expected, we found higher ion concentrations in the northern part of the Czech Republic where larger numbers of lignite-burning power plants, chemical factories and opencast lignite mines are located. A decrease in ion concentrations was observed at higher altitude sites, probably reflecting at least in part higher liquid water contents at these locations.  相似文献   

6.
In this study, variations of the chemical composition of precipitation in Nanjing, China, over a 12-year period (1992–2003) are presented. The average annual concentration of pH value was 5.15, ranging from 4.93 to 5.36, and there was no significant trend in the acidity of precipitation. SO42−, Cl− and NO3− were the main anions, while Ca2+, NH4+ and Mg2+ were the main cations. The concentrations of these main ions were very high compared to those reported in many other areas around the world. Most of the ions came from anthropogenic and crustal sources. High correlations were found among dust-derived cations Ca2+, Mg2+and K+, between Cl− and SO42−, between Cl− and NH4+ and between acidic anions and dust-derived cations, such as SO42− and Ca2+, SO42− and K+, Cl− and Ca2+, Cl− and K+, F− and Mg2+ and F− and K+. A significant decreasing trend was observed in concentration of SO42− because of the abatement strategies for SO2 emissions and energy policy change, while a significant increasing trend was found in the contribution of NO3− to acidification due to the rapidly growing number of motor vehicles. A significant decreasing trend was found in dust-derived cation Ca2+ due to more stringent controls of industrial dust emissions and rapid urbanization reducing the amount of open land, while the contribution of NH4+ to neutralization increased relatively.  相似文献   

7.
In the present study, the precipitation near Büyükçekmece Lake, which is one of the important drinking water sources of Istanbul city, was studied during October 2001–July 2002. Seventy-nine bulk precipitation samples were collected at two sampling stations near the Lake (41°2′35″N, 28°35′25″E and 41°5′30″N, 28°37′7″E). The study comprised the determination of H+, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Ba, Fe, Cu and Mn concentrations in bulk deposition rain event samples. The average volume-weighted pH value was found to be 4.81, which points out that the rain is slightly acidic. High sulfate concentrations were observed together with high H+ ion values. Sulfur emissions were the major cause for the observed high hydrogen ion levels. On the basis of factor analysis and correlation matrix analysis, it has been found that in this region, acid neutralization is brought about by calcium rather than the ammonium ion. The varimax rotated factor analysis grouped the variables into four factors, which are crustal, marine and two anthropogenic sources.  相似文献   

8.
A total of 48 precipitation samples have been collected from individual precipitation events at the Nam Co Monitoring and Research Station for Multisphere Interactions (Nam Co Station, 30°47′N, 90°58′E; 4730 m a.s.l) located in the central Tibetan Plateau from August 2005 to August 2006. All samples were analyzed for major cations (NH4+, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and anions (Cl−, NO3− and SO42−), conductivity and pH. Precipitation pH values ranged from 6.03 to 7.38 with an average value of 6.59. The high pH is due to large inputs of crustal aerosols in the atmosphere, which contain a large fraction of carbonate. Ca2+ is the dominant cation in precipitation with an average value of 65.58 μeq L− 1 (4.91–301.41 μeq L− 1), accounting for 54% of the total cations in precipitation. HCO3− is the predominant anion, accounting for 62% of the total anions. When compared with data from a snow pit in the Zhadang Glacier 50 km away (5800 m a.s.l), major ion concentration in precipitation at the Nam Co Station is much higher due to local aerosol inputs. Correlation and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis indicate that regional crustal aerosols and species from combustion emissions of residents are the major sources for these ions, lake salt aerosols from the Nam Co nearby and regional mineral aerosols from dry lake sediments are secondary sources, and sea salt contribution is the least due to the long distance transport.  相似文献   

9.
We report on the development of an inexpensive radiative condenser for collecting atmospheric vapor. Based on the experience gained using a small working model in Grenoble (France), a prototype of 10×3 m2 was established in Ajaccio (Corsica, France). The condensing surface is a rectangular foil made of TiO2 and BaSO4 microspheres embedded in polyethylene and has an angle of 30° with respect to horizontal. The hollow part of the device, thermally isolated, faces the direction of the dominant nocturnal wind. Dew measurements were correlated with meteorological data and compared to dew condensed on a horizontal polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA, Plexiglas) reference plate. The plate served as a reference standard unit and was located nearby. Between July 22, 2000 and November 11, 2001 (478 days), there were 145 dew days for the reference plate (30%), but 214 dew days for the condenser (45%). This yield corresponds to 767 l (3.6 l, on average, per dew day). The maximum yield in the period was 11.4 l/day. Dew mass can be fitted to a simple model that predicts dew production from simple meteorological data (temperature, humidity, wind velocity, cloud cover). Chemical analyses of the water collected from the plate were performed from October 16, 1999 to July 16, 2000 and from the condenser, from July 17, 2000 to March 17, 2001. The following parameters were investigated: suspended solids, pH, concentration of SO42−, Cl−, K+, Ca2+ ions. Only Cl− and SO42− ions were sometimes found significant. Wind direction analyses revealed that Cl− is due to the sea spray and SO42− to the combustion of fuel by an electrical plant located in the Ajaccio Gulf. Except for a weak acidity (average pH≈6) and high concentration of suspended solids, dew water fits the requirements for potable water in France with reference to the above ions.  相似文献   

10.
Gas and particle phase concentrations of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured at an urban/industrial site in the city of Bursa, Turkey. PCB concentration levels were presented between July 2004 and May 2005. Average particle and gas phase concentrations of individual PCB congeners ranged from 0.08 (PCB-183) to 6.86 (PCB-49) pg m− 3 and from 0.01 (PCB-209) to 47.2 (PCB-33) pg m− 3, respectively. The mean concentration of total (gas + particle) PCBs varied between 24.27 and 666.21 pg m− 3 with an average of 287.27 ± 174.80 pg m− 3. PCB concentrations at the sampling site were higher than the concentrations reported at non-urban sites. PCBs partitioned between gas and particle phases and the partitioning was examined according to different approaches such as logKp–logPLo, logKp–logKOA and the Junge–Pankow model. In order to present possible interactions, a correlation matrix based on PCB congeners and meteorological parameters was constructed. Application of the Clausius–Clapeyron equation yielded a low slope value indicating possible emissions from local and regional sources originating mainly from urban/industrial areas, landfill and waste incineration plant. Then, likely dry deposition fluxes were estimated depending on reported dry deposition velocity and atmospheric concentration values.  相似文献   

11.
Inorganic ions and trace metals in total suspended particles were measured during the period 2006–2007 at four sites; three urban sites in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) and one nearby rural site in the state of Morelos. SO42−, NO3−, Cl− and NH4+ ions were analyzed by ion chromatography; Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, and Al, Cd, Cr, Mn, Pb and V by an atomic absorption spectrometer with a graphite furnace attachment. The results indicated that SO42− was the most abundant ion. All trace elements except Mn and V showed statistically significant differences between sampling sites. Pearson's correlation applied to all data showed a high correlation among SO42−, NO3− and NH4+, indicating a common anthropogenic origin. In addition, the correlation observed between Ca2+ and Al indicated a crustal origin, as supported by the enrichment factors. Over the total sampling period, significant differences in particles and trace metals were found between sites and meteorological seasons. To gain a better insight into the origin of trace metals and major inorganic ions, a Principal Component Analysis was applied to the results for six trace metal and eight inorganic ions.  相似文献   

12.
The deposition fluxes of inorganic compounds dissolved in fog and rain were quantified for two different ecosystems in Europe. The fogwater deposition fluxes were measured by employing the eddy covariance method. The site in Switzerland that lies within an agricultural area surrounded by the Jura mountains and the Alps is often exposed to radiation fog. At the German mountain forest ecosystem, on the other hand, advection fog occurs most frequently. At the Swiss site, fogwater deposition fluxes of the dominant components SO42− (0.027 mg S m−2 day−1), NO3− (0.030 mg N m−2 day−1) and NH4+ (0.060 mg N m−2 day−1) were estimated to be <5% of the measured wet deposition (0.85, 0.70 and 1.34 mg m−2 day−1, respectively). The corresponding fluxes at the forest site (0.62, 0.82 and 1.16 mg m−2 day−1, respectively) were of the same order of magnitude as wet deposition (1.04, 1.01 and 1.36 mg m−2 day−1), illustrating the importance of fog (or occult) deposition. Trajectory analyses at the forest site indicate significantly higher fogwater concentrations of all major ions if air originated from the east (i.e. the Czech Republic), which is in close agreement with earlier studies.  相似文献   

13.
The apportionment of atmospheric aerosols undertaken in Northern France during two sampling campaigns allowed to determine the influence of the atmospheric contribution of a heavy industrialized urban center on the particulate matter composition at a nearby rural site. The concentrations of major components and trace elements sampled by bulk filtration have been determined on June–July 2000 and January–February 2001, and the comparison of these two campaigns shows very well the importance of wind directions. The sources of 10 trace elements (Al, Ba, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Pb, Sr, Ti and Zn) and 7 major components (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, Na, Mg and Ca) are better identified by studying their elemental contribution at each sampling site according to wind sectors. This kind of study shows that the concentrations recorded at the urban sampling site are always higher than those observed at the rural site as well during the summer campaign (about + 35%) as during the winter campaign (+ 90%), because of the predominance of the W–NW wind sector, corresponding to the influence of the urban and industrialized areas.  相似文献   

14.
The paper presents monitoring results and environmental pollution assessment for the Gdask-Sopot-Gdynia Tricity (Poland), based onanalysis of precipitation. Precipitation samples were collected over a period of 12 months (January–December 1998) at ten locations in the Tricity. The following selected ions were determined in the samples:SO4 2–, F–, Cl–, NO3 –,PO4 3–, NH4 +, Na+,Mg2+, Ca2+, K+. The results were subjected to full statistical evaluation. Values of the parameters determined were correlated with each other. An attempt was made to explain co-occurrences of certain ions and the significance of their mutual effects. Pollutant concentrations and loads in precipitation were also correlated with data on wind direction and temperature in the region.Deposition of pollutants was very high in spring due to the prevailing air circulation patterns and low temperatures. Analysis of the correlations between co-occurring ions confirmed the significant impact of the location (sea coast) on the composition of rain water. Ionic ratios in rainwater were similar to those observed for sea salt samples. In addition, heavy traffic was most probably responsible for high concentrations of various forms of nitrogen and sulphates in the vicinity of major highways.  相似文献   

15.
In November 2004–January 2005, a micro orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) and a Nanometer (nanometer)-MOUDI were used in the center of Taiwan to measure particle size (18 nm particle size 18 μm) distributions of atmospheric aerosols at a traffic site during the winter period. The average Mass in Media Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) of suspended particles is 0.99 μm this study. As for the ultra fine and nanometer (nanometer) particle mode, the composition order for these major ions species was SO42− NH4+ NO3− Mg2+ Ca2+ Na+ K+ Cl−. An ion Chromatography (DIONEX-100) was used to analyze major anion species, Cl−, NO3−, SO42− and cation species, NH4+Na+, K+, Ca2+Mg2+. Their concentrations were also extracted from various particles size modes (nanometer (nanometer), ultra fine, fine and coarse). The results obtained in this study also indicated that the average portions for the major ionic species (SO42−, NH4+ and Mg2+) in the nanometer (nanometer), ultra fine, fine and coarse particulate modes are about 34%, 37%, 63% and 30%, respectively at this traffic sampling site during the winter period.  相似文献   

16.
In the present study, the wet and dry depositions of particulate NO3−, SO42−, Cl− and NH4+ were measured using a wet/dry sampler as a surrogate surface. Gas phase compounds of nitrogen, sulfur and chloride (HNO3, NH3, SO2 and HCl) were measured by an annular denuder system (ADS) equipped with a back up filter for the collection of particles with diameter ≤ 5 μm. Ambient concentrations of NO, NO2 and SO2 were also taken into consideration. Sampling was conducted at an urban site in the center of the city of Thessaloniki, northern Greece. The presence of the aerosol species was examined by cold/warm period and the possible compounds in dry deposits were also considered. Dry deposition fluxes were found to be well correlated with ambient particle concentrations in order to be used for the calculation of particle deposition velocity. Average particulate deposition velocities calculated were 0.36, 0.20, 0.20 and 0.10 cm s− 1 for Cl−, NO3−, SO42− and NH4+, respectively. Total dry deposition fluxes (gas and particles) were estimated at 3.24 kg ha− 1 year− 1 for chloride (HCl + p-Cl), 9.97 kg ha− 1 year− 1 for nitrogen oxidized (NO + NO2 + HNO3 + p-NO3), 5.32 kg ha− 1 year− 1 for nitrogen reduced (NH3 + p-NH4) and 15.77 kg ha− 1 year− 1 for sulfur (SO2 + p-SO4). 70–90% total dry deposition was due to gaseous species deposition. The contribution of dry deposition to the total (wet + dry) was at the level of 60–70% for sulfur and nitrogen (oxidized and reduced), whereas dry chloride deposition contributed 35% to the total. The dry-to-wet deposition ratio of all the studied species was found to be significantly associated with the precipitation amount, with nitrogen species being better and higher correlated. Wet, dry and total depositions measured in Thessaloniki, were compared with other countries of Europe, US and Asia.  相似文献   

17.
Simultaneous measurements of rain acidity and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) at the ocean surface and in the atmosphere were performed at Amsterdam Island over a 4 year period. During the last 2 years, measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere and of methane sulfonic acid (MSA) and non-sea-salt-sulfate (nss-SO4 2-) in rainwater were also performed. Covariations are observed between the oceanic and atmospheric DMS concentrations, atmospheric SO2 concentrations, wet deposition of MSA, nss-SO4 2-, and rain acidity. A comparable summer to winter ratio of DMS and SO2 in the atmosphere and MSA in precipitation were also observed. From the chemical composition of precipitation we estimate that DMS oxidation products contribute approximately 40% of the rain acidity. If we consider the acidity in excess, then DMS oxidation products contribute about 55%.  相似文献   

18.
On February 8, 1993, the NASA DC-8 aircraft profiled from 10,000 to 37,000 feet (3.1–11.3 km) pressure altitude in a stratified section of tropical cyclone “Oliver” over the Coral Sea northeast of Australia. Size, shape and phase of cloud and precipitation particles were measured with a 2-D Greyscale probe. Cloud/ precipitation particles changed from liquid to ice as soon as the freezing level was reached near 17,000 feet (5.2 km) pressure altitude. The cloud was completely glaciated at −5°C. There was no correlation between ice particle habit and ambient temperature. In the liquid phase, the precipitation-cloud drop concentration was 4.0 × 103 m−3, the geometric mean diameter Dg=0.5−0.7 mm, and the liquid water content 0.7−1.9 g m−3. The largest particles anywhere in the cloud, dominated by fused dendrites at concentrations similar to that of raindrops (2.5 × 103 m−3) but a higher condensed water content (5.4 g m−3 estimated) were found in the mixed phase; condensed water is removed very effectively from the mixed layer due to high settling velocities of the large mixed particles. The highest number concentration (4.9 × 104 m−3), smallest size (Dg=0.3−0.4 mm), largest surface area (up to 2.6 × 102 cm2 m−3 at 0.4−1.0 g m−3 of condensate) existed in the ice phase at the coldest temperature (−40°C) at 35,000 feet (10.7 km). Each cloud contained aerosol (haze particles) in addition to cloud particles. The aerosol total surface area exceeded that of the cirrus particles at the coldest temperature. Thus, aerosols must play a significant role in the upscattering of solar radiation. Light extinction (6.2 km−1) and backscatter (0.8 sr−1 km−1) was highest in the coldest portion of the cirrus cloud at the highest altitude.  相似文献   

19.
A partial balance of mineral N is given for the basins of two coastal rivers in a forest zone in the Ivory Coast. The dry and wet depositions on the basin surfaces is given for particulate matter (NO3 –, NH4 +). The quantity of mineral N washed away in the rivers is evaluated. The losses from leaching of the soils by rainwater are about 0.33 to 1.0% of the atmospheric depositions for NH4 +–N and 2.2 to 5.8% for NO3 ––N. The yearly atmospheric input of N compounds to the ecosystem, about 1.4 g N m–2 y–1, is at least 14% of mineral N formed in the soils and is therefore quite significant.  相似文献   

20.
Rainwater samples were collected for the monsoon period of 1988 and 1991–1996 at Dayalbagh (Agra), a suburban site situated in semiaridregion. The mean pH was 7.01 ±1.03 well above 5.6, which is the reference pH. Concentration of Ca2+ was observed to be highest followed by Mg2+, NH4 +,SO4 2–, Cl–,NO3 –, Na+, F– and K+. The ratios of SO4 2– + NO3 – andCa2+ + Mg2+ (TA/TC) have been considered as indicatorfor acidity. In the Agra region ratio of TA/TC is quite below 1.0 indicating alkaline nature of rainwater. The lowest value of 0.24 was observed in 1991 likely due to the lowest rain depth of the decade. The highest value of 0.54 was observed in 1996, a year with a large rain depth and increase in line (vehicular traffic) and area sources (population growth). Good correlation between Ca2+ and NO3 –,Ca2+ and SO4 2– andSO4 2– and NO3 –,indicates that wind carried dust and soil play a significant role in neutralization of precipitation acidity.  相似文献   

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