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1.
三维辐射传输模式分析非均匀云对天空辐射场影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
为了解非均匀分立云体分布状况下的天空辐射场与无云晴空辐射场的差异, 本文借助一个三维辐射传输数值模式SHDOM模拟了离散云块分布条件下的天空辐射场分布, 重点分析不同云况分布情况下“非云”大气的辐射分布特征, 并将该区域与无云晴空大气辐射场的相同区域进行了比对。工作主要从辐亮度以及450 nm/650 nm的辐射比两参数入手进行讨论。研究发现, 相对无云晴空大气, 云的存在会对周围“非云”大气散射辐射产生影响, 影响程度与云量、云及气溶胶光学厚度等参数相关。数值模拟结果表明, 在云量不太大的条件下, 无云视场空间的大部分辐射值与无云晴空相比变化很小, 集中在±2％之间。这一结果表明, 已有的一维均匀大气辐射传输模式运算结果所得云与非云相元的判据基本适用于非均匀分布的有云大气。另一方面, 模拟结果表明我们也完全可以利用非均匀有云大气中的无云视场观测结果进行大气气溶胶等晴空大气光学特征的探测研究。 相似文献
2.
本文使用短波辐射传输方程建立分析模式研究规则排列块状云阵的短波辐射参数。模式中考虑了云对地表的遮光、邻近云对地表反射光的遮挡以及云侧面之间、云侧与地表之间的散射与吸收。本模式最大特色是加入了云体间相互屏蔽。这点由于其复杂性而多为以前的研究者所忽略。与不考虑此效应的Ｂｒａｄｌｅｙ模式所得结果比较，本模式在太阳天顶角较大时对云阵辐射参数有较大修正。 相似文献
3.
利用毫米波云雷达、微波辐射计联合反演方法,对2015年11月11日安徽寿县的一次层状云过程的云参数进行了反演,将所得云参数加入到SBDART辐射传输模式中,进行辐射通量计算,并将计算的地面辐射通量与观测的地面辐射通量进行了对比分析。研究表明:1)利用毫米波雷达和微波辐射计数据联合反演的云参数比较可靠;2)利用SBDART模式并结合反演的云参数,可以准确实时地计算地面及其他高度层的长短波辐射通量;3)在反演的云参数中,光学厚度对地面各种辐射通量的影响是最大的,云层的光学厚度越大,到达地面的太阳短波辐射越小,地面反射短波辐射也越小。另外云底温度越高,云体向下发射的红外长波辐射越大。地面向上的长波辐射是地面温度的普朗克函数,随地面温度而变;4)云对地面的短波辐射强迫为负值,对地面有降温的作用。云对地面的长波辐射强迫是一个正值,对地面有一个增温的作用;5)云对地面的净辐射强迫随时间变化很大,它的正负与太阳高度角和云参数有关。 相似文献
4.
云通过辐射反馈机制影响着云系的演变过程,对天气和气候系统起重要的调节作用。目前在研究辐射传输问题时普遍采用基于一维平面平行辐射传输的独立柱近似方法,忽略水平云大气柱之间的辐射传输过程,无法考虑三维云辐射效应,由此造成偏差可能影响天气和气候预报的准确性。为此,该文基于Linux系统,采用MCARaTS模式,基于大涡模拟的大气和地表光学性质参数,通过模拟光子随机路径,得到0.67 μm、2.13 μm、11 μm 3个波段下三维蒙特卡罗辐射传输和独立柱近似的向上反射和向下透射的三维辐射通量以及大气加热率空间分布场,通过Matlab进行数据预处理和图表绘制。三维辐射传输模式考虑了在水平方向上的光子传输,得出的辐射场具有真实的三维辐射现象,比独立柱近似模拟结果具有更高的准确性。 相似文献
5.
实际云层在水平与垂直方向都是不均匀的,但为了便于计算,绝大多数关于云辐射的理论模式,都采用平面平行模式.到目前为止,解决三维空间辐射传输问题的方法仍然不多.一般采用统计方法和二流近似法,但这两种方法分别在计算机时和计算精度上受到限制.作者在三维多模传输理论与辐射传输计算程序软件包--DISORT的基础上,发展出计算三维孤立云块多次散射过程的一套程序(MM-DISORT),并由此初步探讨了云块的三维立体结构对云的短波吸收的影响. 相似文献
6.
准确估算青藏高原的云辐射效应,对分析该地区的近地面感热通量十分重要。本文首先利用加权平均方法,分别将中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)、测云雷达(CPR)和云与地球辐射能量系统(CERES)的像元数据进行融合。利用这些数据,分析了青藏高原上多云个例(2017年5月5日)与少云个例(2017年8月2日)情况下的可见光通道和热红外通道的信号、云参数和大气长短波辐射强迫等的差异。研究表明,少云时高原地区的大气顶大气长波辐射强迫为108.3 W·m-2,多云时为104.5 W·m-2。同时少云个例中塔里木盆地的大气顶大气长波辐射强迫为200.7 W·m-2,表明该辐射强迫受到地表热力状况影响较大。深厚与浅薄云区的云顶高度相差不大,但多云个例中深厚云区的短波辐射强迫是浅薄云区的2倍多,这一比例远大于长波。这表明短波辐射强迫对云厚度较敏感。最后,本文分析了CERES观测的大气顶长短波辐射分别与MODIS热红外和可见光通道之间的关系,结果表明它们存在很好的相关性(相关系数超过0.95),MODIS的可见光通道可以用于估算大气顶的短波辐射量,而MODIS的热红外通道只可用来估算云区的大气顶长波辐射量。 相似文献
7.
南半球中高纬度区域不同类型云的辐射特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用CloudSat的2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR云分类产品和2B-FLXHR-LIDAR辐射产品4 a（2007-2010年）的数据,定量分析了单层云（高云、中云、低云）和3种双层云（如:高云与中云共存、高云与低云共存以及中云与低云共存）在南半球中高纬度（40°-65°S）的云量、云辐射强迫和云辐射加热率。其中云辐射加热率定义为有云时的大气加热率廓线与晴空大气加热率廓线的差值。结果表明:研究区域盛行单层低云和单层中云,其云量分别为44.1%和10.3%。并且,中云重叠低云在双层云中云量也是最大（8.7%）。不同类型云的云量也显著影响着其云辐射强迫。单层低云在大气层顶、地表以及大气中的净云辐射强迫分别是-64.8、-56.5和-8.4 W/m2,其绝对值大于其他类型云。虽然单层的中云在大气层顶和地表的净辐射强迫也为负值,但其在大气中的净云辐射强迫为正值（2.3 W/m2）。最后,讨论了不同类型云对大气中辐射能量垂直分布的影响。所有类型云的短波（或长波）云辐射加热率都随高度升高表现为由负值转为正值（或由正值转为负值）。对于大部分云,其净云辐射加热率主要由长波云辐射加热率决定。这些研究结果旨在为模式中云重叠参数化方案在区域的适用性评估及改进提供观测依据。 相似文献
8.
复杂地形城市冬季边界层对气溶胶辐射效应的响应 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：6
作者着眼于城市气溶胶辐射效应与大气边界层的相互作用问题,针对地形复杂的兰州市及周边地区,开发应用了WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting,天气研究和预报)模式,使之与包含了大气气溶胶辐射效应和气溶胶粒子扩散的综合大气边界层数值模式嵌套起来.通过个例分析,揭示了冬季气溶胶辐射效应对边界层结构的定量影响.主要特征为夜间气溶胶的长波辐射效应使地面附近的气温增高,增温幅度为0.1～0.3 K/h,使低空(25～300 m)大气层冷却,降温幅度为0.08～0.15 K/h,风速在150 m以下减小;白天气溶胶的短波辐射效应使地面层内明显增温,1 h内升温约0.5 K,增温最大值在混合层顶500～600 m高度.受增温影响,垂直风场和水平风场随之调整,风速在450 m以下增大约0.1 m/s左右,而在450 m以上风速减小0.1 m/s左右. 相似文献
9.
结合MM5模式和三维微波辐射传输模式, 对2003年7月9日宜昌地区一次典型的中尺度降水中心的对流性降水云微波辐射特性进行研究。结果表明:MM5模式模拟的降水量和落区与实况一致,模拟的水凝物廓线也与TMI反演值接近,85.5 GHz通道辐射亮温与TMI实测情况相近。85.5 GHz通道亮温与地面雨强相关性很弱, 受云中云冰和雪花的散射降温作用显著, 由于其他粒子的综合作用以及斜角观测造成的位置偏移, 霰粒子对该通道亮温散射作用不明显。19.35 GHz通道亮温随雨强增加先升温后降温; 与霰粒子含量表现出明显的负相关关系。37.0 GHz通道亮温随雨强的增加而降温, 雨强大于20 mm/h后达到饱和, 主要受雨水降温作用影响。倾斜观测比天顶垂直观测产生更低的亮温低值中心, 且频率越高, 低值中心的偏移越严重。 相似文献
10.
11.
The complexity of the tropical climate system demands the development of a hierarchy of models to ensure our understanding of its response to anthropogenic forcing. The response of the tropical Pacific Ocean to radiative forcing has been studied previously with a box model. The model has provided insights into the tropical Pacific climate change that are otherwise not easily attainable. But that model only encompasses the tropical Pacific region. Recent studies have also shown that the Indian Ocean (IO) may be important in the response of the Pacific Walker circulation to radiative forcing, raising the need to expand the model to take into account the role of IO. This study presents the results concerning the tropical Pacific response to radiative forcing from an expanded-box model that includes the tropical IO, which influences the tropical Pacific through an inter-basin SST gradient.The three-box model predicts an enhanced zonal SST gradient in tropical Pacific in response to the increased radiative forcing, similar to the previous two-box model. It is further noted that in the three-box model, a warmer IO relative to the Pacific enhances Pacific easterlies and subsequently strengthens the equatorial ocean circulation. Because of this ocean dynamical cooling, the warming response in the Pacific is effectively reduced in the three-box model that includes the role of IO compared with that in the two-box model. The role of the IO warming trend in enhancing the Pacific trade winds is confirmed using an atmospheric general circulation model experiment. These results may help to fully explain the relatively small observed warming trend in the tropical Pacific compared to that in the tropical IO evident in 20th century SST reconstructions. 相似文献
12.
A reliable and efficient two-stream algorithm for spherical radiative transfer: Documentation of accuracy in realistic layered media 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
We present a fast and well documented two-stream algorithm for radiative transfer and particle transport in vertically inhomogeneous, layered media. The physical processes considered are internal production (emission), scattering, absorption, and Lambertian reflection at the lower boundary. The medium may be forced by internal sources as well as by parallel or uniform incidence at the top boundary. This two-stream algorithm is based on a general purpose multi-stream discrete ordinate algorithm released previously. It incorporates all the advanced features of this well-tested and unconditionally stable algorithm, and includes two new features: (i) corrections for spherical geometry, and (ii) an efficient treatment of internal sources that vary rapidly with depth. It may be used to compute fluxes, flux divergences and mean intensities (actinic fluxes) at any depth in the medium. We have used the numerical code to investigate the accuracy of the two-stream approximation in vertically inhomogeneous media. In particular, computations of photodissociation and warming/cooling rates and surface fluxes of ultraviolet and visible radiation for clear, cloudy and aerosol-loaded atmospheres are presented and compared with results from multi-stream computations. The O3 +hv O(1D) + O2 and O3 +hv O(3P) + O2 photodissociation rates were considered for solar zenith angles between 0.0–70.0° and surface albedos in the range 0.0–1.0. For small and moderate values of the solar zenith angle and the surface albedo the error made by the two-stream approximation is generally smaller, <10%, than the combined uncertainty in cross sections and quantum yields. Surface ultraviolet and visible fluxes were calculated for the same range of solar zenith angles and surface albedos as the photodissociation rates. It was found that surface ultraviolet and visible fluxes may be calculated by the two-stream approximation with 10% error or less for solar zenith angles less than 60.0° and surface albedos less than 0.5. For large solar zenith angles and/or large surface albedos, conditions typical at high latitudes, the error made by the two-stream approximation may become appreciable, i.e. 20% or more for the photodissociation rates in the lower stratosphere and for ultraviolet and visible surface fluxes for large surface albedos. The two-stream approximation agrees well with multi-stream results for computation of warming/cooling rates except for layers containing cloud and aerosol particles where errors up to 10% may occur. The numerical code provides a fast, well-tested and robust two-stream radiative transfer program that can be used as a software tool by aeronomers, atmospheric physicists and chemists, climate modellers, meteorologists, photobiologists and others concerned with radiation or particle transport problems. Copies of the FORTRAN77 program are available to interested users. 相似文献
13.
20世纪两次全球增暖事件的比较 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
20世纪20年代和70年代全球出现了两次突变增暖,本文分析比较了这两次全球增暖的起源地,空间分布特点,影响范围,以及北半球增温和降温最大地区的气温变化与其相对应的大气环流变化的联系等.发现,第一次全球增暖始于北半球新地岛西北、冰岛及以北的极地地区,主要增暖区在北大西洋、格陵兰岛、冰岛和北半球中、高纬大陆地区,主要增暖季节是夏季.第二次全球增暖最早可能始于南半球南印度洋海盆及南极大陆地区,增暖中心有明显向北半球方向移动的倾向并广泛影响到全球热带、副热带海洋,没有明显的区域和季节增暖差异;北半球第二次增暖比南半球约晚10年,主要增温区在东亚大陆和北美西部,主要增暖季节在冬季.分析还发现,20世纪北半球增暖最强的东亚大陆、北美西北部和降温显著的冰岛、格陵兰岛、北大西洋以及中北太平洋等地的气温变化与其相应的大气环流系统的异常变化关系密切. 相似文献
14.
本文利用2018年11月至2019年3月、2019年11月至2020年3月期间的自动站资料,对发生在河北崇礼云顶冬奥赛场的夜间增温事件进行了统计分析,并基于地基微波辐射计、激光测风雷达、风廓线仪以及NCEP/NCAR逐6小时再分析资料探讨了夜间增温事件可能的形成机制.研究得出:云项赛场11月至次年3月,夜间增温事件的发... 相似文献
15.
In the 20 th century, Eurasian warming was observed and was closely related to global oceanic warming(the first leading rotated empirical orthogonal function of annual mean sea surface temperature over the period 1901–2004). Here, large-scale patterns of covariability between global oceanic warming and circulation anomalies are investigated based on NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. In winter, certain dominant features are found, such as a positive pattern of the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO), low-pressure anomalies over northern Eurasia, and a weakened East Asian trough. Numerical experiments with the CAM3.5, CCM3 and GFDL models are used to explore the contribution of global oceanic warming to the winter Eurasian climate. Results show that a positive NAO anomaly, low-pressure anomalies in northern Eurasia, and a weaker-than-normal East Asian trough are induced by global oceanic warming. Consequently, there are warmer winters in Europe and the northern part of East Asia. However, the Eurasian climate changes differ slightly among the three models. Eddy forcing and convective heating from those models may be the reason for the different responses of Eurasian climate. 相似文献
16.
近百年上海气候变暖过程的再认识——平均温度与最低、最高温度的对比 总被引：40，自引：2，他引：38
该文就近113年（1880～1992年）上海逐月平均最低、最高和平均气温3个序列进行了深入细致的诊断分析。结果发现:最低气温和平均气温近百年虽都呈显著上升趋势,但前者比后者更为持续稳定,其增温率更高于后者。这一特点表明,最低气温对于监测温度效应加剧可能更为敏感;最高气温自20世纪40年代中后期却出现了明显的趋势转折。近百年上海气候变暖主要表现为三次突然增暖,其中10年代的增暖仅限于白天,30年代则以白天增暖较多,80年代以来则主要发生于夜间。这些事实将有助于进一步对上海及中国区域或全球变暖的再认识。 相似文献
17.
Olivier Geoffroy David Saint-Martin Aurore Voldoire David Salas y Mélia Stéphane Sénési 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(7-8):1807-1818
This study provides a comprehensive global analysis of the climate radiative feedbacks and the adjusted radiative forcing for a CO2 increase perturbation in the CNRM-CM5 climate model using the partial radiative perturbations (PRP) method. Some methodological key points of the PRP are investigated, with a particular focus on the consideration of the effect of fast adjustments. First, the standard PRP method is applied by neglecting certain fast adjustments. The effect of the field decorrelation is highlighted by performing a PRP across two different periods of a control experiment and by analyzing second-order terms. Sensitivity tests to the field substitution frequency, the sampling period and the perturbed experiment used are performed. The impact of the definition of the top of the climate system (top-of-the-atmosphere or tropopause) in the feedback estimate is also discussed. Secondly, the fast adjustment processes are taken into account by combining the PRP framework with the method of linear regression of the partial net radiative flux change against the mean surface air temperature change using a step forcing experiment. This method allows us to quantify the contribution of the different constituents to the forcing adjustment and to improve the estimation of the radiative feedbacks. It is shown that such decomposition allows the retrieval of the adjusted radiative forcing, the radiative feedbacks and the climate sensitivity as estimated with the linear regression method with a high level of accuracy, validating the partial decomposition. 相似文献
18.
B. C. Weare 《Climate Dynamics》2001,17(2-3):143-150
19.
地球失控增暖可能性的数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1
通过改变太阳常数引进强外辐射强迫的变化,利用NCAR气候系统模式CSM1.4,就气候系统对强外辐射强迫下的失控增暖效应进行了初步研究。结果表明:气候对于太阳常数分别增加2.5%、10%与增加25%的响应有所不同,即对于较小的强迫,气候系统的响应是线性的;而对于较大的强迫,响应很可能是非线性的。对于NCAR模式,如果强迫足够大,气候系统将会经历失控增暖。失控增暖的主要趋势并不是最初设想的正的水汽反馈增暖,至少在模式中,不只是“失控的温室效应”增暖,还有“失控的云反馈”增暖。 相似文献
20.
The concept of radiative forcing has been extensively used as an indicator of the potential importance of climate change
mechanisms. It allows a first order estimate of the global-mean surface temperature change; and it is possible to compare
forcings from different mechanisms, on the assumption that similar global-mean forcings produce similar global-mean surface
temperature changes. This study illustrates two circumstances where simple models show that the conventional definition of
radiative forcing needs refining. These problems arise mainly with the calculation of forcing due to stratospheric ozone depletion.
The first part uses simple arguments to produce an alternative definition of radiative forcing, using a time-dependent stratospheric
adjustment method, which can give different forcings from those calculated using the standard definition. A seasonally varying
ozone depletion can produce a quite different seasonal evolution of forcing than fixed dynamical heating arguments would suggest.
This is especially true of an idealised and extreme “Antarctic ozone hole” type scenario where a sudden loss of ozone is followed
by a sudden recovery. However, for observed ozone changes the annually averaged forcing is usually within 5% of the forcing
calculated using the fixed dynamical heating approximation. Another problem with the accepted view of radiative forcing arises
from the definition of the tropopause considered in the second part of this study. For a correct radiative forcing estimate
the “tropopause” needs to separate the atmosphere into regions with a purely radiative response and those with a radiative-convective
response. From radiative-convective model results it is found that radiative equilibrium conditions persist for several kilometres
below the tropopause (the tropopause being defined as where the lapse rate reaches 2 K km-1). This region needs to be included in stratospheric adjustment calculations for an accurate calculation of forcing, as it
is only the region between the surface and the top of the convection that can be considered as a single, forced, system. Including
temperature changes in this region has a very large effect on stratospheric ozone forcing estimates, and can reduce the magnitude
of the forcing by more than a factor of two. Although these experiments are performed using simple climate models, the results
are of equal importance for the analysis of forcing-response relationships using general circulation models.
Received: 25 October 1996/Accepted: 14 April 1997 相似文献