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1.
利用MM5中尺度数值模式,在20,15和10 km模式分辨率下,采用相同的方案对贵州两次大暴雨过程进行数值模拟试验。然后选用KUO、GRELL、KAIN-FRITSCH和BETTS-MILLER(以下简称KU、GR、KF和BM)4种对流参数化方案,分别在MRF和Blackadar 2种边界层参数化方案下,对贵州汛期16个降水个例进行数值模拟试验,对模拟结果进行对比分析并与实况资料进行比较,结果表明:预报的降水落区对参数化方案敏感。随着分辨率的提高,降水分布与实况更接近。MM5模式的这4种积云参数化方案对环流的模拟较好,但模拟降水的效果有差别:对50 mm以下的降水,GR方案的预报效果较好,KF方案则较差;对50 mm以上的降水,BM、KF方案的预报效果一般较好;选择MRF或Blackadar的边界层参数化方案对降水预报效果区别不大。选择BM或KF积云对流参数化方案、混合相显式水汽方案、MRF边界层参数化方案和云辐射方案的组合,取得了优于其他组合的预报结果。  相似文献   

2.
王晨稀 《气象科学》2004,24(2):168-176
本文应用MM5模式,在45km和25km模式分辨率及Blackadar和MRF边界层参数化方案下,选择AK、Grcll、KF和BM等4种对流参数化方案对非汛期22个降水个例进行48h预报试验。结果表明KF和AK方案预报的降水量误差较小,BM方案预报的降水量误差较大;各种方案预报降水效果的优劣对于量级不同的降水是不同的,对中雨、大雨和暴雨的预报,没有哪一种方案的预报效果是绝对最优的;不同方案预报降水结果的差异对量级大的降水比对量级小的降水大;在大部分情况下,相同方案在45km分辨率下的预报结果好于在25km分辨率下的预报结果。  相似文献   

3.
利用MM5模式,在MRF和Blackadar两种边界层参数化方案下,分别选用KF2、Grell和BM三种对流参数化方案对登陆浙闽两省的6个台风暴雨过程进行数值模拟,模拟结果的对比分析及其与观测资料的比较表明:KF2方案和Grell方案在降水量较小时误差较小,BM方案在降水量较大时误差较小;对大雨以上量级的降水预报,KF2方案、Grell方案和Blackadar方案组合效果较好,而BM方案则适宜与MRF方案组合;KF2方案不适合时效较长的降水预报。在台风"卡努"的个例试验中,位涡分布特征在积分后期对不同参数化方案十分敏感,这种差异进而影响了降水预报的准确性,同时暴雨中心潜热加热的时间演变总体特征表现为暴雨中心凝结潜热加热随时间积分有明显变化。因此,在预报和模拟中应根据预报和研究对象的特点来选择对流参数化方案。  相似文献   

4.
MM5模式中不同对流参数化方案的数值模拟   总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0  
MM5模式中有多种积云参数化方案可供选择,不同参数化方案及分辨率对降水预报有很大影响。本文利用4种积云参数化方案(GR,KF,BM,AK)对辽东半岛一次大暴雨过程进行试验,结果表明,不同的参数化方案,对强降水落点及强度的模拟,结果差别较大。模拟较好的是GR方案,最差的是AK方案;4种积云对流参数化方案模拟的海平面气压场差别较大,其中GR方案模拟出造成2005年第5号台风暴雨的高低压系统和中尺度气旋;粗网格采用一定的积云对流参数化后,可在一定程度再现一些中尺度特征;4种方案由于闭合假设不同,模拟的云物理特征存在很大差别,这种差别对各种天气要素的准确预报会产生一定的影响。  相似文献   

5.
王建捷  周斌  郭肖容 《气象学报》2005,63(4):405-417
使用20 km分辨率的MM5模式,分别选用KUO,GRELL,KAIN-FRITSCH和BETTS-MILLER(以下简称KU,GR,KF和BM)等4种不同对流参数化方案,对1996年8月3~4日石家庄特大暴雨过程作数值模拟试验,分析比较了4个不同试验中网格尺度(显式方案)和次网格尺度(对流参数化方案)凝结加热的水平、垂直分布和时变特征;研究探讨了凝结加热分布及差异对暴雨中尺度模拟结果的可能影响。分析显示,暴雨过程中,4个不同对流参数化方案试验所得到的次网格尺度凝结加热基本都呈单峰特征、加热峰值在对流层中层,但加热层厚度和强度在不同试验间存在差别;4个试验的网格尺度凝结加热的垂直范围表现出较好的一致性,加热重心位于对流层低层,但加热强度仍有所不同;GR和KF及BM试验的总凝结加热率的垂直分布特征主要受其网格尺度凝结加热率特征的影响、加热重心在对流层低层,而KU试验的总凝结加热率的垂直分布特征由其次网格尺度凝结加热率特征所决定、加热重心在对流层中层。研究表明,尽管4个试验在暴雨期间总凝结加热的垂直分布差异并不显著,但对暴雨中尺度模拟的影响却不能忽视。凝结加热的分布特征及演变直接影响与暴雨发生发展密切关联的物理量场的中尺度结构和演变;凝结加热对暴雨中尺度的影响具有连锁性,由加热差异波及局部环流细致结构和强度及其变化的差异,进而影响暴雨发生发展的细致特征。在20 km或更高一些分辨率的条件下,对于描述温带/中纬度暴雨的发展和结构,选用KF方案得到的模拟结果可能更具物理合理性;而KU方案模拟结果容易出现格点气柱的水汽和温度被过量调整的不合理情况。要得到一个可信的中尺度模拟结果,对降水模拟结果进行细化特征的验证、特别是随时间演变特征的验证分析是非常重要的,因为降水的细致演变特征与凝结加热及与之相联系的物理量场的中尺度演变特征密切关联。  相似文献   

6.
基于9 km分辨率的中尺度数值模式WRF,通过TS评分、降水空间分布和降水强度检验评估3种积云对流和7种云微物理参数化方案对2014年5月10日青岛地区的一次暴雨天气的预报性能。结果表明:在分辨率为9 km的模式中考虑KF、GD和BMJ积云对流参数化方案时,能够不同程度提高大雨和暴雨的TS评分,且GD方案模拟的降雨落区和强度更接近实况。7种云微物理方案对暴雨模拟效果相差不大,平均TS评分达到0.64,其中KESSLER方案预报性能最好,TS评分达到0.73,其次是WSM6、LIN和WSM5方案,但也大都表现出暴雨范围偏大、雨量偏强的特点。对于此次降雨过程,积云对流参数化方案的预报性能优于云微物理过程方案的表现。  相似文献   

7.
WRF模式中微物理和积云参数化方案的对比试验   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
为了研究微物理参数化方案对珠江三角洲(简称珠三角)降水模拟的影响,利用WRF中尺度数值预报模式,在3 km模式分辨率下,在微物理方案为WSM6方案条件下,选用KF、BMJ、GD以及G3等四种积云参数化方案对2010年5月14日广东珠三角地区的一次暴雨过程进行了模拟试验。结果显示,KF方案对于降水带和降水量的模拟与实况较为一致。在积云参数化方案为KF条件下,分别选用Kessler、Lin et al、WSM 3、WSM5、Ferrier(New eta)和WSM6等6种微物理方案再次对这次暴雨过程进行模拟试验,模拟结果的对比分析表明:选用Lin et al微物理方案时,模式较好地模拟出了强降水雨带的位置和降水强度;而其他5种参数方案的模拟效果均不好,降水量明显偏小,雨带位置偏差较大;同时对低空急流、K指数和上升速度等物理量分析可知,Lin et al方案能较好地模拟出降水实况。  相似文献   

8.
本文使用MM5中尺度数值模式,采用不同分辨率(90、45、30和15Km)相同的Reisner混合相微物理显示方案,及Betts—Miller和Grell的对流参数化方案,对2003年7月8日吉林省境内中尺度对流雨带天气过程进行了数值模拟试验。结果表明:不同尺度的天气系统,需要不同分辨率、不同参数化方案的中尺度模式进行模拟,提高模式的分辨率可以增强对含有对流的中小尺度天气系统的模拟和预报能力;模式的水平分辨率和对流参数化方案对模拟强降水中心有重要影响;当MM5模式分辨率提高时,模拟的细化给降水分布、降水强度带来一些改进,但主要雨区内也出现了一些虚假预报中心水平扩散;低层正涡度区,高层负涡度区的配合,对低层辐合上升运动有利、能促进对流发展;从散度场的分布特征看。低层850hPa的水平辐合区域强弱与降水的大小有密切关系,强水平辐合区与强降水区有很好的对应关系。因此,在MM5模式业务化时应该根据天气特点来选择模式分辨率和对流参数化方案,以使模拟结果更接近实况。  相似文献   

9.
主要介绍了贵州中尺度数值预报系统、中尺度模式MM5以及业务情况。业务运行实践证明,系统具有较强的短期天气预报能力,对降水的量级和落区预报效果较好。选取4种积云对流参数化方案和两种边界层参数化方案对贵州汛期11个降水个例进行36h的降水模拟,经检验、分析和比较发现:各种方案预报效果的优劣在不同条件下有所不同,没有哪一种方案的预报效果是绝对最优的,总的来说:对50mm以下的降水,GR方案的预报效果较好,而KF方案则较差;对50mm以上的降水,BM、KF方案的预报效果一般较好;降水的模拟对参数化方案敏感。  相似文献   

10.
积云对流参数化方案对梅雨锋暴雨过程模拟的影响   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
侯瑞钦  程麟生 《气象科技》2007,35(4):458-463
利用MM5模式,选用4种积云对流参数化方案对2002年7月长江流域梅雨锋暴雨过程进行数值试验,讨论了同一水平分辨率下不同参数化方案对降水特征、中尺度特征和云物理特征模拟的影响。结果表明:不同方案对强降水中心落区影响不是很大,但对降水强度有较大影响;4种方案次网格尺度和网格尺度降水对总降水贡献不同;GR和KF方案的闭合假设中考虑次网格尺度湿下沉气流,可一定程度再现一些中尺度特征;4种方案模拟的云物理量特征存在很大差别。  相似文献   

11.
Summary The sensitivity of the simulation of the monsoon depressions to the cumulus parameterization schemes used in a numerical model is studied using the Pennsylvania State University – National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) model MM5 version 3.6.2. Three different cases of monsoon depressions were studied with a two way interacting domains of 45 km and 15 km resolutions. Two different cumulus parameterization schemes namely Grell (GR) and Kain-Fritsch (KF) were used for the sensitivity study. The model was integrated for 48 hours with the initial and boundary conditions of European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting Reanalysis (ERA-40) data. The results show that both the schemes are able to simulate the large scale features of the monsoon depressions realistically. However, both the schemes failed to simulate the exact location of the depression after 24- and 48-hour simulation. The rainfall simulations of both the schemes were very different. The model with the GR scheme tends to over predict the rainfall. The KF scheme could simulate the distribution of the rainfall comparable to the observations. The KF scheme could simulate the maximum observed rainfall but due to locational errors of the simulated depression, the location of the maximum rainfall was not exact. It is also seen that the resolution of the model has a positive impact on the rainfall simulation. The GR and KF schemes were able to realistically simulate the apparent heat sources, but the apparent moisture profile simulated with KF scheme was more comparable to the verifying analysis. The root mean square errors of mean sea-level pressure, temperature, zonal wind and meridional wind were smaller for KF simulation compared to the GR simulation. Permanent affiliation: Center for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007, India.  相似文献   

12.
不同降水方案对"03.7"一次暴雨过程模拟的影响   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
观测和数值模拟研究已经表明,潜热释放对中国东部夏季梅雨锋系统及其锋面降水的维持和发展发挥着非常重要的作用.然而,目前对于梅雨锋降水模拟中各种降水方案的相互协调和系统评估方面的工作仍不多见,为了增进对梅雨锋暴雨模拟中降水过程的认识,作者针对2003年7月4~5日一次梅雨锋暴雨过程,构造了四组试验,利用MM5模式考察了两种分辨率(36 km、12 km),各种隐/显式方案搭配下,对所生成的雨带、雨量和降水类型的配置进行了仔细的研究,得到了一些有意义的结论,为今后更好地使用模式、利用数值模式来认识中尺度降水过程中的气象问题打下基础.主要结论包括:模拟总降水的水平分布和强度,以及显式降水和隐式降水的划分对积云参数化方案的选择非常敏感.但对特定积云参数化方案而言,降水的模拟对36 km、12 km水平分辨率不敏感(除Betts-Miller方案外);在中尺度网格分辨率10~50 km范围内,不同积云参数化方案对梅雨锋降水分布和降水量模拟的影响比不同显式方案带来的变化大得多.  相似文献   

13.
A one-dimensional Explicit Time-dependent Tilting cloud Model (ETTM) that separates updraft and downdraft columns and takes into account the effect of cloud tilting on precipitation is introduced and incorporated into the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS). Results of the stand-alone ETTM are compared with that of cloud resolving simulations using the ARPS mesoscale model. Inter-comparison is performed by qualitative examination of simulated parameters such as vertical distribution of fluxes of mass, heat, and moisture. Although there is a great degree of similarity between the vertical profiles, ETTM systematically underestimates magnitudes of all fluxes. Sensitivity tests carried with ETTM show that the effect of varying cloud radius and tilting angle is considerable on the simulated cloud behavior. Increasing the cloud radius, results in a corresponding increase in fluxes of mass, heat, and moisture, while increasing the cloud tilt angle has the opposite effect. Since ETTM showed promise as a suitable sub-grid cumulus parameterization scheme; it was incorporated into ARPS as an additional cumulus parameterization scheme (CPS) to be available for the wider community. Results of simulations using ETTM and other CPSs already available in ARPS were compared for 2, 4 and 10 km grid spacings to assess its utility. Simulation results of the 2 km grid showed that at this resolution, the simulated time series of updraft velocities using the new scheme (ETTM) compared well with the results of other schemes in the ARPS model. The simulations with horizontal resolution of 4 km that was compared with the convection resolving reference run (No-CPS-2KM) showed almost consistent results for all schemes except for one using KF scheme. The results of the simulation with the ETTM scheme and other schemes in the model with resolution of 10 km showed that at this resolution, there is not significant difference between the uses of these schemes.  相似文献   

14.
王德立  徐国强 《气象科技》2012,40(6):949-959
在高水平分辨率模式(3~6 km)中,对于是否应该再使用积云参数化方案,仍存在着争论.为此,利用WRF模式,在5 km水平分辨率下,研究了不同云降水方案对一次台风过程模拟的影响,并对影响原因进行了初步探索.结果表明,即使在5 km高水平分辨率下,使用积云参数化方案仍能有效改善对台风路径的模拟,同时,成熟的混合冰相微物理方案对模拟台风路径也非常重要;对台风强度模拟,对积云参数化方案的选择较为敏感和复杂;在48 h预报时效内,只使用微物理方案模拟的降水较好,使用积云参数化方案容易产生较多的虚假降水,但能改善第3天24 h累积降水模拟.这些研究结果为利用高水平分辨率模式模拟台风和改进积云参数化方案提供一定借鉴.  相似文献   

15.
A comparative study has been conducted to investigate the skill of four convection parameterization schemes, namely the Anthes–Kuo (AK), the Betts–Miller (BM), the Kain–Fritsch (KF), and the Grell (GR) schemes in the numerical simulation of an extreme precipitation episode over eastern Peninsular Malaysia using the Pennsylvania State University—National Center for Atmospheric Research Center (PSU-NCAR) Fifth Generation Mesoscale Model (MM5). The event is a commonly occurring westward propagating tropical depression weather system during a boreal winter resulting from an interaction between a cold surge and the quasi-stationary Borneo vortex. The model setup and other physical parameterizations are identical in all experiments and hence any difference in the simulation performance could be associated with the cumulus parameterization scheme used. From the predicted rainfall and structure of the storm, it is clear that the BM scheme has an edge over the other schemes. The rainfall intensity and spatial distribution were reasonably well simulated compared to observations. The BM scheme was also better in resolving the horizontal and vertical structures of the storm. Most of the rainfall simulated by the BM simulation was of the convective type. The failure of other schemes (AK, GR and KF) in simulating the event may be attributed to the trigger function, closure assumption, and precipitation scheme. On the other hand, the appropriateness of the BM scheme for this episode may not be generalized for other episodes or convective environments.  相似文献   

16.
徐之骁  徐海明 《气象》2017,43(2):129-140
针对2012年7月21—22日北京特大暴雨过程,比较WRF V3.5.1版本中KF、BMJ、GD、SAS四种积云对流参数化方案对降水的模拟效果,研究对流激发在时空分布上的特征以及预报降水量的影响因子。结果表明,KF方案整体效果较好,BMJ方案夸大了强降水区的范围和强度,GD和SAS方案模拟效果较差。各方案在初始对流激发的状态和时间上存在差异,使得演变过程显著不同。总体上,KF方案很好地模拟了对流的触发,在发生强降水时段,上升运动强,水汽条件充足。同时,KF和BMJ方案模拟的深对流区域降水效率高,SAS方案基本均为层云区域,无法模拟出强降水中心。  相似文献   

17.
Model precipitation can be produced implicitly through convective parameterization schemes or explicitly through cloud microphysics schemes. These two precipitation production schemes control the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation and consequently can yield distinct vertical profiles of heating and moistening in the atmosphere. The partition between implicit and explicit precipitation can be different as the model changes resolutions. Within the range of mesoscale resolutions (about 20 km) and cumulus scale, hybrid solutions are suggested, in which cumulus convection parameterization is acting together with the explicit form of representation. In this work, it is proposed that, as resolution increases, the convective scheme should convert less condensed water into precipitation. Part of the condensed water is made available to the cloud microphysics scheme and another part evaporates. At grid sizes smaller than 3 km, the convective scheme is still active in removing convective instability, but precipitation is produced by cloud microphysics. The Eta model version using KF cumulus parameterization was applied in this study. To evaluate the quantitative precipitation forecast, the Eta model with the KF scheme was used to simulate precipitation associated with the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) and Cold Front (CF) events. Integrations with increasing horizontal resolutions were carried out for up to 5 days for the SACZ cases and up to 2 days for the CF cases. The precipitation partition showed that most of precipitation was generated by the implicit scheme. As the grid size decreased, the implicit precipitation increased and the explicit decreased. However, as model horizontal resolution increases, it is expected that precipitation be represented more explicitly. In the KF scheme, the fraction of liquid water or ice, generated by the scheme, which is converted into rain or snow is controlled by a parameter S 1. An additional parameter was introduced into KF scheme and the parameter acts to evaporate a fraction of liquid water or ice left in the model grid by S 1 and return moisture to the resolved scale. An F parameter was introduced to combine the effects of S 1 and S 2 parameters. The F parameter gives a measure of the conversion of cloud liquid water or ice to convective precipitation. A function dependent on the horizontal resolution was introduced into the KF scheme to influence the implicit and explicit precipitation partition. The explicit precipitation increased with model resolution. This function reduced the positive precipitation bias at all thresholds and for the studied weather systems. With increased horizontal resolution, the maximum precipitation area was better positioned and the total precipitation became closer to observations. Skill scores for all events at different forecast ranges showed precipitation forecast improvement with the inclusion of the function F.  相似文献   

18.
Through simulation of summer and winter precipitation cases in China, the cloud precipitation schemes of model were examined. Results indicate that it is discrepant between convective precipitation simulated by the Kain-Fritsch (KF) scheme and Betts-Miller (BM) scheme in summer, the former scheme is better than the latter in this case. The ambient atmosphere may be varied by different convective schemes. The air is wetter and the updraft is stronger in the KF scheme than in the BM scheme, which can induce the more grid scale precipitation in the KF scheme, i.e., the different cumulus schemes may have the different and important effect on the grid scale precipitation. However, there is almost no convective rain in winter in northern China, so the effect of cumulus precipitation on the grid scale precipitation can be disregarded. Therefore, the gird scale precipitation is primary in the winter of northern China.  相似文献   

19.
黄安宁  张耀存  朱坚 《大气科学》2009,33(6):1212-1224
利用PσRCM9区域气候模式, 分析了中国夏季不同强度降水模拟对不同积云对流参数化方案的敏感性。结果表明, 采用四种积云对流参数化方案, 模式能够模拟出小雨、 大雨和暴雨的雨量百分比和雨日百分比空间分布的一致性特征, 但不能模拟出中雨雨量百分比和雨日百分比空间分布的相似性, 这是由于模式不能模拟中雨雨量百分比的空间分布形式所致。还发现模拟的我国夏季降水以小雨和中雨为主, 四种积云对流参数化方案均低估了中国夏季大雨和暴雨对总降水的贡献, 尤其是在我国西部、 东北和华北地区更明显。不同积云对流参数化方案下模拟的极端强降水阈值的空间分布形式基本与观测一致, 但强度与观测存在较大差异。相比较而言, Grell方案较Kuo、 Anthes-Kuo和Betts-Mille积云对流参数化方案更适合中国东南部地区夏季极端强降水的模拟。  相似文献   

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