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1.
用混合海气耦合模式长期积分的模拟结果, 分析了模式大气的年际变化性; 用1979~1994年间的“回报”个例, 探讨了该模式对ENSO引起的全球气候异常的预报。结果表明:模式能较好地再现与ENSO相关的全球大气环流的年际变化特征; 对预报而言, 模式较高的预报技巧主要分布在热带地区, 全球热带大气具有较稳定的1年左右的可预报时效; 基本上可预报中、高纬地区由ENSO引起的冬、夏季大气环流异常 (包括气温和降水), 超前时间可达9个月至1年。 相似文献
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全球海气耦合模式系统(NIM/COAMS)Ⅱ.年际变化的模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
利用文献[1]建立的全球海气耦合模式系统（NIM／COAMS），对模式的年际变化模拟能力进行了检验。50a积分显示，模式模拟出了大气和海洋界面的主要年际变率，能真实地模拟热带太平洋ENSO循环的主要特征，较好地再现了ENSO循环的过程，循环周期在3—5a之间，与实际观测值一致，同时模式也较好地反映了大气和海洋的耦合特征，对年际变化有较强的模拟能力，这与FRAC耦合方案设计有关，该方法能避免气候场的牵制作用，增强模式对年际变化的模拟能力。 相似文献
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利用中等复杂程度的2.5层海洋模式和大气环流模式ECHAM4组成的海气耦合模式,模拟分析了热带太平洋和印度洋的气候变化以及年际变化特征。该模式较好地模拟了ENSO现象的空间分布及其不规则的周期变化特征,以及热带印度洋的主要变化特征。通过数值试验,初步研究了太平洋耦合过程对印度洋年际变化的影响。结果显示,当存在太平洋耦合过程时,模拟的印度洋偶极子(IOD)正(负)事件的发生频率比无太平洋耦合情形时有所减少(增加)。该变化是太平洋耦合变量通过海气耦合过程对印度洋海表面平均风场进行调整,进而引起热带印度洋温跃层深度东西梯度改变的结果。 相似文献
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利用分辨率较高的SINTEX-F(Scale INTeraction EXperiment-FRCGC) 海气耦合模式, 进行多组长时间积分模拟和理想试验, 分析研究热带印度洋海气耦合对夏季大气环流气候态的影响。主要结果有: (1) 热带印度洋海气相互作用使热带东印度洋产生明显的东风变化, 使热带中西太平洋赤道北部产生气旋性切变变化。 (2) 印度洋海气相互作用对大气环流气候态的影响绝大部分由于大气对海气相互作用的响应存在年际变化正负距平不对称性造成, 这种年际变化不对称性包括正偶极子与负偶极子的不对称、 海盆宽度正异常与海盆宽度负异常的不对称。 (3) 年际和季节内两种时间尺度海气相互作用对印度洋关键区大气环流平均态都有影响, 约各占60%、 40%; 季节内尺度海气相互作用对太平洋近赤道区大气环流平均态有重要影响; 年际尺度海气相互作用对太平洋赤道外地区大气环流平均态有重要影响。热带印度洋年际尺度、 季节内尺度海气相互作用对大气环流气候态的影响, 都存在年际变化以及年际变化正负距平不对称性。这两种尺度海气相互作用主要通过年际变化正负距平不对称性而对大气环流平均态产生影响。 相似文献
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通过对国外各类海气耦合模式及其预报试验的综合分析，从海气耦合模式的分类、模式气候漂移和ENSO年际变化的处理、模式分辨率、耦合方式和模式参数的变化对模式年际变化的影响、ENSO年际预报与预报起始时间和资料的关系、ENSO和季风的海陆气耦合系统等方面评述了影响季和年际数值预报水平的有关问题及发展现状，并对开展我国相应试验研究工作提出了看法。 相似文献
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分析了国家气候中心两个参加第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）的模式BCC-CSM2-MR和BCC-ESM1对东亚夏季风季节内演变的模拟情况,包括气候态特征以及在ENSO（El Ni?o and Southern Oscillation）循环不同位相下的特征。本文同时对比分析了观测海温海冰驱动大气环流模式试验（AMIP试验）以及耦合模式的历史气候模拟试验（Historical试验）的结果。结果表明,模式能够合理地模拟出东亚夏季风环流和降水的气候态特征。相比大气模式,耦合模式能够明显改善对气候态的模拟,特别是耦合模式能够较好地模拟出副热带高压从6～8月向北以及向东移动的季节内演变特征。对于El Ni?o衰减年和La Ni?a年合成来说,大气模式能够在一定程度上模拟出El Ni?o衰减年（La Ni?a年）副高偏西（东）、对流减弱（增强）的特征,但是对于位置和强度的模拟存在偏差,特别是对于其季节内尺度的演变。耦合模式相比大气模式来说,并没有改善对于ENSO循环影响东亚夏季风季节内演变的模拟,这可能和耦合模式模拟的ENSO本身的偏差有关。因此要想改善对于东亚夏季风季节内演变及其年际差异的模拟,除了考虑海气相互作用之外,还需要改进模式对于ENSO的模拟效果。 相似文献
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10月份热带印度洋海气耦合的统计动力诊断 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
本文将热带印度洋10月份的大气风场和海洋上层流场看作一个整体, 对其作了动力统计诊断, 即作了复EOF分析, 考察了其年际和年代际变化, 并揭示其与印度洋偶极子 (IOD) 和ENSO的关系。结果表明: 在同一模态中, 海洋模态表现出很强的赤道俘获现象, 而大气则无此现象; 第一模态为印度洋偶极子模态; 第二模态为ENSO前期在印度洋的延伸模态。前2个模态的风场都揭示了Walker环流异常的结构; 印度洋海温的年际变化主要取决于印度洋地区的海气耦合状态, 但太平洋的ENSO循环对其也有一定影响。 相似文献
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本文对1950～2001年1月份的大气风场和大洋流场做了联合复EOF（Empirical Orthogonal Function）分解,用以探讨1月份两类ENSO（El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation）的海气环流及耦合情况,所得结果主要有:该分解第1、2模态空间场分别相应于东部型、中部型ENSO,前者在赤道太平洋东部和中部都有海温动力异常,并以东部异常最强,后者仅在中部存在此异常,两模态的时间系数都与ENSO有很好相关,为此第1、2模态可分别称为东部型、中部型ENSO的风场流场（异常）模态。东部型ENSO模态具有3～6年的年际变化和13～14年的年代际变化,中部型则有明显的7年年际变化和12、17年的年代际变化,两者中约13年的周期与冬季北太平洋NPGO（North Pacific Gyre Oscillation）的周期相同。东、中部型El Ni?o期间,沃克环流上升支分别从印尼东移至赤道西、中太平洋,并有所减弱;南、北支哈得莱环流则分别位于日界线以东及该线附近,且均有所加强,从而使南、北太平洋副热带高压偏强;而在5°S的南美沿岸则分别有垂直运动上升和下沉异常。在海气耦合上,两类ENSO模态在赤道中太平洋均存在西风异常与海洋赤道Kelvin波和Rossby波的波包解耦合,而海温动力异常对大气的影响则都起到负反馈作用,从而有利于ENSO的维持和稳定。 相似文献
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全球海洋大气耦合环流模式中的ENSO特征对气候背景态改变的敏感性 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
文中利用一个高分辨率全球海-气耦合环流模式设计两组长期积分试验,揭示了在不同气候背景态下热带太平洋年际变化特征及模式ENSO循环控制机理的差异。通过分析海表温度、上层海洋热容量和低层风场异常的年际变化特征及其和赤道中东太平洋海表温度异常的关系,揭示了基于不同气候背景场的ENSO循环的不同演变过程。结果表明:ENSO年际变率特征(包括振幅、频率等)对气候背景态相当敏感,在不同的背景场下ENSO循环的控制模态可以明显不同。试验表明,当热带太平洋东冷西暖的背景热力梯度接近多年气候平均时,模式ENSO循环表现为所谓的“时滞振子”模态控制,而随着东西向背景热力梯度显著减小,ENSO循环则可以表现为驻波模态控制。研究结果为认识年代际背景变化影响年际ENSO循环的机理提供了一种启示。 相似文献
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A new hybrid coupled model(HCM) is presented in this study, which consists of an intermediate tropical Pacific Ocean model and a global atmospheric general circulation model. The ocean component is the intermediate ocean model(IOM)of the intermediate coupled model(ICM) used at the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(IOCAS). The atmospheric component is ECHAM5, the fifth version of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology atmospheric general circulation model. The HCM integrates its atmospheric and oceanic components by using an anomaly coupling strategy. A100-year simulation has been made with the HCM and its simulation skills are evaluated, including the interannual variability of SST over the tropical Pacific and the ENSO-related responses of the global atmosphere. The model shows irregular occurrence of ENSO events with a spectral range between two and five years. The amplitude and lifetime of ENSO events and the annual phase-locking of SST anomalies are also reproduced realistically. Despite the slightly stronger variance of SST anomalies over the central Pacific than observed in the HCM, the patterns of atmospheric anomalies related to ENSO,such as sea level pressure, temperature and precipitation, are in broad agreement with observations. Therefore, this model can not only simulate the ENSO variability, but also reproduce the global atmospheric variability associated with ENSO, thereby providing a useful modeling tool for ENSO studies. Further model applications of ENSO modulations by ocean–atmosphere processes, and of ENSO-related climate prediction, are also discussed. 相似文献
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Components of interannual, intermonthly, and total monthly variability of lower troposphere temperature are calculated from a global coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (GCM) (referred to as the coupled model), from the same atmospheric model coupled to a nondynamic mixedlayer ocean (referred to as the mixed-layer model), and from microwave sounding unit (MSU) satellite data. The coupled model produces most features of intermonthly and interannual variability compared to the MSU data, but with somewhat reduced amplitude in the extratropics and increased variability in the tropical western Pacific and tropical Atlantic. The relatively short 14-year period of record of the MSU data precludes definitive conclusions about variability in the observed system at longer time scales (e.g., decadal or longer). Different 14-year periods from the coupled model show variability on those longer time scales that were noted in Part 1 of this series. The relative contributions of intermonthly and interannual variability that make up the total monthly variability are similar between the coupled model and the MSU data, suggesting that similar mechanisms are at work in both the model and observed system. These include El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-type interannual variability in the tropics, Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) type intermonthly variability in the tropics, and blocking-type intermonthly variability in the extratropics. Manifestations of all of these features have been noted in various versions of the model. Significant changes of variability noted in the coupled model with doubled carbon dioxide differ from those in our mixed-layer model and earlier studies with mixed-layer models. In particular, in our mixed-layer model intermonthly and interannual variability changes are similar with a mixture of regional increases and decreases, but with mainly decreases in the zonal mean from about 20°S to 60°N and near 60°S. In the coupled model, intermonthly and interannual changes of variability with doubled CO2 show mostly increases of tropical interannual variability and decreases of intermonthly variability near 60°N. These changes in the tropics are related to changes in ENSO, the south Asian monsoon, and other regional hydrological regimes, while the alterations near 60°N are likely associated with changes in blocking activity. These results point to the important contribution from ENSO seen in the coupled model and the MSU data that are not present in the mixed-layer model. 相似文献
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The intraseasonal oscillation in ECHAM4 Part I: coupled to a comprehensive ocean model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study discusses the representation of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in three simulations with the ECHAM4 atmosphere general circulation model (GCM). First, the model is forced by AMIP sea surface temperatures (SST), then coupled to the OPYC3 global ocean GCM and third forced by OPYC3 SSTs to clarify possible air-sea interactions and connections of the ISO and the ENSO cycle. The simulations are compared to ECMWF reanalysis data and NOAA outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) observations. Although previous studies have shown that the ECHAM4 GCM simulates an ISO-like oscillation, the main deficits are an overly fast eastward propagation and an eastward displacement of the main ISO activity, which is shown with a composite analysis of daily data between 1984 to 1988 for the reanalysis and the AMIP simulation, 25 years of the coupled integration, and a five year subset of the coupled SST output used for the OPYC3 forced atmosphere GCM experiment. These deficits are common to many atmospheric GCMs. The composites are obtained by principal oscillation pattern (POP). The POPs are also used to investigate the propagation speed and the interannual variability of the main ISO activity. The present coupled model version reveals no clear improvements in the ISO simulation compared to the uncoupled version forced with OPYC3 SSTs, although it is shown that the modeled ISO influences the simulated high-frequency SST variability in the coupled GCM. Within the current analysis, ECHAM4 forced by AMIP SSTs provides the most reasonable ISO simulation. However, it is shown that the maximum amplitudes of the annual cycle of the ISO variability in all analyzed model versions are reached too late in the year (spring and summer) compared to the observations (winter and spring). Additionally, the ENSO cycle influences the interannual variability of the ISO, which is revealed by 20 years of daily reanalysis data and 100 years of the coupled integration. The ENSO cycle is simulated by the coupled model, although there is a roughly 1 K cold bias in the East Pacific in the coupled model. This leads to a diminished influence of the ENSO cycle on the spatial variability of the modeled ISO activity compared to observations. This points out the strong sensitivity of the SST on the ISO activity. Small biases in the SST appear to cause large deterioration in the modeled ISO. 相似文献
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IMPACTS OF THE TROPICAL PACIFIC COUPLED PROCESS ON THE INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY IN THE INDIAN OCEAN 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The basic features of climatology and interannual variations of tropical Pacific and Indian
Oceans were analyzed using a coupled general circulation model (CGCM), which was constituted with an
intermediate 2.5-layer ocean model and atmosphere model ECHAM4. The CGCM well captures the spatial
and temporal structure of the Pacific El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the variability features in
the tropical Indian Ocean. The influence of Pacific air-sea coupled process on the Indian Ocean variability
was investigated carefully by conducting numerical experiments. Results show that the occurrence
frequency of positive/negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event will decrease/increase with the
presence/absence of the coupled process in the Pacific Ocean. Further analysis demonstrated that the
air-sea coupled process in the Pacific Ocean affects the IOD variability mainly by influencing the zonal
gradient of thermocline via modulating the background sea surface wind. 相似文献
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The El Nin o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is modulated by many factors; most previous studies have emphasized the roles of wind stress and heat flux in the tropical Pacific. Freshwater flux (FWF) is another environmental forcing to the ocean; its effect and the related ocean salinity variability in the ENSO region have been of increased interest recently. Currently, accurate quantifications of the FWF roles in the climate remain challenging; the related observations and coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling involve large elements of uncertainty. In this study, we utilized satellite-based data to represent FWF-induced feedback in the tropical Pacific climate system; we then incorporated these data into a hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model (HCM) to quantify its effects on ENSO. A new mechanism was revealed by which interannual FWF forcing modulates ENSO in a significant way. As a direct forcing, FWF exerts a significant influence on the ocean through sea surface salinity (SSS) and buoyancy flux (Q B ) in the western-central tropical Pacific. The SSS perturbations directly induced by ENSO-related interannual FWF variability affect the stability and mixing in the upper ocean. At the same time, the ENSO-induced FWF has a compensating effect on heat flux, acting to reduce interannual Q B variability during ENSO cycles. These FWF-induced processes in the ocean tend to modulate the vertical mixing and entrainment in the upper ocean, enhancing cooling during La Nin a and enhancing warming during El Nin o, respectively. The interannual FWF forcing-induced positive feedback acts to enhance ENSO amplitude and lengthen its time scales in the tropical Pacific coupled climate system. 相似文献
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利用日本东京大学气候系统研究所、日本环境研究所和日本地球环境研究中心联合开发的海气耦合模式MIROC3.2，研究了全球变暖对ENSO年际变率的影响。该模式较好地模拟了ENSO循环的不同阶段表层和次表层海水温度变化，海表温度最大振幅出现在120°W以东，与观测一致，表明模式可以较好反映热带地区大气、海洋的动力、热力特征。研究还比较了控制试验和CO2浓度年增长1%的瞬时试验，结果表明，在全球变暖的大环境下ENSO事件发生频率没有显著变化，但ENSO事件强度增大，年际变率变大；热带太平洋呈现整体增暖趋势，表层温度尤其是热带中太平洋地区温度升高显著。敏感性分析表明，年际ENSO变率的振幅增大的主要贡献来自于海洋。海水增温导致热带太平洋海温垂直梯度增大，在热带西太平洋海温垂直温度梯度变化最为明显；次表层海温对单位大气风应力变化的响应大于表层海温响应。当这种响应与热带太平洋赤道地区径向温度梯度变化的共同作用导致温室效应下ENSO振幅增大。 相似文献