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1.
近50年火山喷发和太阳活动对我国气候影响的研究 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
利用特征向量分析与时序叠加分析和谱分析相结合的方法，分析了近50a来我国地面气温和降水场中火山喷发和太阳活动的气候信号，强烈的火山喷发导致全国大部分地区降温，喷发1a多以后降温最明显，并能持续约半年。除这个主信号以外，青藏高原、东南沿海和东北地区都可能出现较为复杂的温度变化，温度变化与太阳活动之间的联系更多地反映在二者的振荡关系上。在降水场中的火山信号较弱，表现为火山喷发后的秋冬季节南方地区降水偏多。在青藏高原积雪和深层地温的变化中，没有发现火山和太阳活动信号。 相似文献
2.
分析了本世纪发生的２１次火山喷发个例与齐齐哈尔市温度变化的关系，得出很有意义的结果，火山喷发后，当地夏季降温最明显，其影响滞后１０个月以上；降温幅度与火山喷发的强度和距离呈正相关，火山喷发后，生长季积温减少，易出现氏温冷害。 相似文献
3.
本文的数值实验结果表明:火山喷发主要造成全球性降温，火山所在的纬度和喷发的季节都可以对喷发后全球温度变化的形式产生影响。需要特别注意的是，火山喷发，尤其是北半球高纬春夏季节的喷发，能产生很强的冷夏作用，可能会对全球天气、气候的变化产生深远的影响。 相似文献
4.
重大的火山喷发对气候的影响表现为地面温度降低，由于火山喷发存在季节、纬度和强度的差异，因此喷发物的空间分布特征不同，对辐射的影响也不同，降温出现的时间和降温的幅度不一致。中高纬喷发的火山主要影响发生喷发的半球，而中低纬的喷发可影响到全球，且影响时间较长；不同季节的火山喷发后，高纬度的温度响应较低纬明显，夏季的温度响应较冬季明显。有关火山活动对降水的影响目前已有了一些研究，但由于降水序列中火山信号较弱，同时还有ENSO等其他因子的影响，客观地分辨出火山的影响较复杂，目前尚无一致结论。 相似文献
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平流层气溶胶的辐射强迫及其气候响应的水平二维分析 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用比较先进的辐射模式计算了平流层气溶胶的辐射强迫,并对之进行了参数化。结果发现平流层气溶胶的辐射强迫的水平分布不仅与其本身的水平变化有关,而且与下垫面的反照率有很大的关系。利用近期开发的二维能量平衡模式模拟了皮纳图博火山气溶胶对地面平衡温度的影响,结果表明:皮纳图博火山至喷发后1年半左右降温达最大,至喷发后第5年降温已很小。 相似文献
7.
利用Mauna Loa和南极站点月均观测大气CO_2和δ~(13)C资料分析了大气CO_2浓度的年际变化特征,发现大气CO_2浓度年际变化与ENSO呈正相关而与火山喷发指数呈负相关。大规模火山喷发能够降低强ENSO对大气CO_2浓度的年际变化的影响,不仅与喷发强度有关,还与持续作用时间有关。ENSO与火山喷发共同影响大气CO_2浓度年际变化,而分析期间内的El Chichon和Pinatubo喷发后大气CO_2和δ~(13)C年际变化的差异则受ENSO和火山喷发的强度以及两者的相对起始时间的影响。δ~(13)C分析结合Keeling Plot计算表明,ENSO对大气CO_2浓度年际变化的影响主要通过影响陆地生态系统生产量的变化,而火山喷发对其影响则通过因温度降低和海洋施肥效应所引起的海洋吸收增加。 相似文献
8.
每次火山喷发都会导致降温,全球性降温0.05℃,地区性降温0.2℃,并且会持续到第二年,其后逐渐平息。但是,除此以外,数年后仍存有影响。这并不就是直接的阳伞效应,而是由于气候系统中有自我调节机制,此机制因火山喷发而受刺激,引起变动,从而持续发生影响。另外,在火山活动的变动中,有70年左右的周期性,在气温长周期变动中也有这种反映。 相似文献
9.
近40年中国高空温度变化的初步分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为了了解高空气温的长期变化趋势,利用中国28个高空探空站1961—2000年间地面至高空10hPa的温度资料进行了统计分析,结果表明:从地面到高空200hPa最冷在1月,最热在7月;但是在最冷的100hPa层以上,其气温年变化位相相反,即1月最热,8月最冷;50hPa层以上温度的年变化不大。近40余年来,年平均气温变化趋势自地面至700hPa,绝大部分地区温度上升,尤其是地面增温最为显著,而西南地区有降温趋势;对流层上层至50hPa的平流层的温度在降低,尤其是50hPa降温最为显著。北半球的较强火山喷发对中国32°N以南的低纬与32°N以北的中高纬地区高空温度的影响不同。火山喷发后,低纬地区平流层第1~26个月温度均有不同程度增温,其中在第7~8个月增温最明显;在对流层以下,第6~11个月、第16~27个月出现2次明显降温时段,第1次降温最明显。中高纬地区平流层在第1~16个月、第20~29个月出现2段增温,第1段增温时间跨度长、强度大,第17~19个月出现了降温。在对流层以下第2~5个月、第14~18个月、第21~30个月出现3次明显降温时段,第3次降温持续时间长,整体降温强度较大。 相似文献
10.
文章系统地总结了火山活动对气候影响的数值模拟研究，主要结论如下:近百年至千年的气候变化和火山活动关系密切，强火山喷发可造成平流层4℃以上的增温和地表年、月平均温度约0.4℃、1℃的下降。地表温度下降的时空分布受许多因素的影响，如火山喷发特征（包括喷发位置、季节、强度等）；海陆分布；火山气溶胶的光学特性；及其由直接辐射强迫引起的经向潜热输送的变化等等。同时还回顾了1991年皮纳图博喷发的有关研究及其对全球气候的可能影响的数值模拟工作。 相似文献
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Attribution of twentieth century temperature change to natural and anthropogenic causes 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
P. A. Stott S. F. B. Tett G. S. Jones M. R. Allen W. J. Ingram J. F. B. Mitchell 《Climate Dynamics》2001,17(1):1-21
We analyse possible causes of twentieth century near-surface temperature change. We use an “optimal detection” methodology
to compare seasonal and annual data from the coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model HadCM2 with observations averaged
over a range of spatial and temporal scales. The results indicate that the increases in temperature observed in the latter
half of the century have been caused by warming from anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases offset by cooling from tropospheric
sulfate aerosols rather than natural variability, either internal or externally forced. We also find that greenhouse gases
are likely to have contributed significantly to the warming in the first half of the century. In addition, natural effects
may have contributed to this warming. Assuming one particular reconstruction of total solar irradiance to be correct implies,
when we take the seasonal cycle into account, that solar effects have contributed significantly to the warming observed in
the early part of the century, regardless of any relative error in the amplitudes of the anthropogenic forcings prescribed
in the model. However, this is not the case with an alternative reconstruction of total solar irradiance, based more on the
amplitude than the length of the solar cycle. We also find evidence for volcanic influences on twentieth century near-surface
temperatures. The signature of the eruption of Mount Pinatubo is detected using annual-mean data. We also find evidence for
a volcanic influence on warming in the first half of the century associated with a reduction in mid-century volcanism.
Received: 24 January 2000 / Accepted: 20 April 2000 相似文献
13.
George C. Reid 《Climatic change》1997,37(2):391-405
Spacecraft measurements of the sun's total irradiance since 1980 have revealed a long-term variation that is roughly in phase with the 11-year solar cycle. Its origin is uncertain, but may be related to the overall level of solar magnetic activity as well as to the concurrent activity on the visible disk. A low-pass Gaussian filtered time series of the annual sunspot number has been developed as a suitable proxy for solar magnetic activity that contains a long-term component related to the average level of activity as well as a short-term component related to the current phase of the 11-year cycle. This time series is also assumed to be a proxy for solar total irradiance, and the irradiance is reconstructed for the period since 1617 based on the estimate from climatic evidence that global temperatures during the Maunder Minimum of solar activity, which coincided with one of the coldest periods of the Little Ice Age, were about 1 °C colder than modern temperatures. This irradiance variation is used as the variable radiative forcing function in a one-dimensional ocean–climate model, leading to a reconstruction of global temperatures over the same period, and to a suggestion that solar forcing and anthropogenic greenhouse-gas forcing made roughly equal contributions to the rise in global temperature that took place between 1900 and 1955. The importance of solar variability as a factor in climate change over the last few decades may have been underestimated in recent studies. 相似文献
14.
Climatic change caused by solar variability has been proposed for at least a century, but could not be assessed reliably in the past because the uncertainty in solar irradiance measured from the Earth's surface is too large. Now satellite measurements by such instruments as the Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM) permit a preliminary assessment. The satellite data exhibit irradiance variations over a spectrum of shorter timescales, but the first 5-yr overall trend indicates slightly decreasing luminosity. The global temperature response to monthly-mean ACRIM-measured fluctuations from 1980–1984 was computed from the NYU 1D transient climate model - which includes thermal inertia effects of the world oceans - starting from an assumed pre-existing steady state, and the results compared with observations of recent global temperature trends. The modeled surface temperature evolution exhibited a complex history-dependent behavior whose fluctuations were an order of magnitude smaller than observed, primarily owing to oceanic thermal damping. Thus solar variability appears unlikely to have been an important factor in global-scale climate change over this period. The possibility of using the measurements to develop simple correlations for irradiance with longer term solar activity observable from the surface, and therefore to analyze historical effects, was considered, but is not supported by the satellite data. However, we have used a model of solar irradiance variation with time (Schatten, 1988), covering the period 1976–1997 in order to assess our model's response to forcing whose fluctuation timescale is comparable to the thermal relaxation time of the upper ocean. Continuous monitoring of solar flux by space-based instruments over timescales of 20 yr or more, comparable to timescales for thermal relaxation of the oceans, and of the solar cycle itself, is probably needed to resolve issues of long-term solar variation effects on climate.Presently at Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964. 相似文献
15.
Hengyi WENG 《大气科学进展》2012,29(4):867-886
The impacts of solar activity on climate are explored in this two-part study.Based on the principles of atmospheric dynamics,Part I propose an amplifying mechanism of solar impacts on winter climate extremes through changing the atmospheric circulation patterns.This mechanism is supported by data analysis of the sunspot number up to the predicted Solar Cycle 24,the historical surface temperature data,and atmospheric variables of NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis up to the February 2011 for the Northern Hemisphere winters.For low solar activity,the thermal contrast between the low-and high-latitudes is enhanced,so as the mid-latitude baroclinic ultra-long wave activity.The land-ocean thermal contrast is also enhanced,which amplifies the topographic waves.The enhanced mid-latitude waves in turn enhance the meridional heat transport from the low to high latitudes,making the atmospheric "heat engine" more efficient than normal.The jets shift southward and the polar vortex is weakened.The Northern Annular Mode(NAM) index tends to be negative.The mid-latitude surface exhibits large-scale convergence and updrafts,which favor extreme weather/climate events to occur.The thermally driven Siberian high is enhanced,which enhances the East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM).For high solar activity,the mid-latitude circulation patterns are less wavy with less meridional transport.The NAM tends to be positive,and the Siberian high and the EAWM tend to be weaker than normal.Thus the extreme weather/climate events for high solar activity occur in different regions with different severity from those for low solar activity.The solar influence on the midto high-latitude surface temperature and circulations can stand out after removing the influence from the El Nin o-Southern Oscillation.The atmospheric amplifying mechanism indicates that the solar impacts on climate should not be simply estimated by the magnitude of the change in the solar radiation over solar cycles when it is compared with other external radiative forcings that do not influence the climate in the same way as the sun does. 相似文献
16.
利用1948—2017年再分析资料以及反映太阳周期活动的太阳黑子数资料,研究了太阳活动11年周期变化对南海夏季风爆发早晚的可能影响及相关的物理过程,发现太阳黑子数与南海夏季风建立日期之间存在显著的正相关关系,即太阳活动偏强（弱）年南海夏季风爆发偏晚（早）。对相关大气环流特征进行合成分析表明,太阳活动峰值（谷值）年,5月菲律宾附近上空往往出现异常反气旋（气旋）,西太平洋副热带高压偏强、西伸（偏弱、东撤）。一方面,这与赤道以南海洋性大陆的对流活动异常以及与之相联系的局地经向环流密切相关,另一方面,热带印度洋-西太平洋沿赤道的纬向Walker环流异常对此也有一定贡献。进一步的研究揭示出太阳活动影响南海夏季风爆发的信号最初很可能来源于平流层温度的响应,随着太阳辐射增强,春季前期整个南半球对流层下层-平流层上层一致偏暖,温度梯度的变化削弱了对流层的平均经圈环流,导致大气质量的重新分布,引起低层出现负的南极涛动（AAO）型分布,在南半球中纬度地区形成气旋性环流异常,造成索马里越赤道气流建立偏晚,进而有利于南海夏季风爆发的推迟。 相似文献
17.
Prediction of the Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the coming decades is a challenge as the SST anomaly changes over time due to natural and anthropogenic climate forcing. The climate changes in the mid-1970s and late-1990s were related to the decadal Pacific SST variability. The changes in the mid-1970s were associated with the positive phase of decadal El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like SST variation, and the changes in the late-1990s were related to its negative phase. However, it is not clear whether this decadal SST variability is related to any external forcing. Here, we show that the effective solar radiation (ESR), which includes the net solar radiation and the effects of volcanic eruption, has modulated this decadal ENSO-like oscillation. The eastern Pacific warming (cooling) associated with this decadal ENSO-like oscillation over the past 139 years is significantly related to weak (strong) ESR. The weak ESR with strong volcanic eruption is found to strengthen the El Niño, resulting in an El Niño-like SST anomaly on the decadal time scale. The strong eruptions of the El Chicho’n (1982) and Pinatubo (1991) volcanoes reduced the ESR during the 1980s and 1990s, respectively. The radiation reduction weakened the Walker circulation due to the “ocean thermostat” mechanism that generates eastern Pacific warming associated with a decadal El Niño-like SST anomaly. This mechanism has been confirmed by the millennium run of ECHO-G model, in which the positive eastward gradient of SST over the equatorial Pacific was simulated under the weak ESR forcing on the decadal time scale. We now experience a reversal of the trend in the ESR. The strong solar radiation and lack of strong volcanic eruptions over the past 15 years have resulted in strong ESR, which should enhance the Walker circulation, leading to a La Niña-like SST anomaly. 相似文献
18.
太阳活动异常与降水和地面气温的关系 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
利用1951~2000年太阳10.7 cm射电流量、全国160站观测到的降水和气温距平资料,分析了太阳活动异常对中国夏季、冬季降水和气温的影响。结果表明:太阳活动强的年份,夏季南方、东北少雨,黄河中上游流域、黄淮地区以及长江中上游则多雨;冬季全国均多雨。北方(尤其是东北和新疆)冬季气温偏高,夏季气温偏低。太阳活动弱的年份,夏季华南及黄河以北多雨,而长江流域及以北到黄河中上游夏季则少雨;冬季全国均少雨,北方冬季气温偏低。进一步讨论了中国东北地区夏季降水与太阳活动的密切关系。 相似文献
19.
太阳活动变化对东亚冬季气候的非对称影响及可能机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于1959～2013年的观测和再分析资料以及10.7 cm(2800 MHz)太阳射电通量资料, 本文分析了太阳活动变化与东亚冬季气候的相关关系, 分析结果表明:太阳活动变化与东亚冬季大气环流有较好的相关性, 且在太阳活动的强、弱时期该相关关系存在很大差异, 在强太阳活动时期太阳活动变化与东亚冬季气候的联系更为显著, 而在弱太阳活动时期二者之间的直接联系微弱, 这表明太阳活动变化对东亚冬季气候的影响具有非对称性特征。在太阳活动较强的时期, 随着太阳活动的增强, 东亚中高纬对流层中层的大气环流倾向纬向型, 东亚大槽减弱, 850 hPa出现异常偏南风, 地面上西伯利亚高压以及冬季风减弱, 东亚大部分地区气温显著偏高;而在太阳活动较弱的时期, 太阳活动的年际差异与东亚冬季大气环流之间几乎不存在显著联系。分析太阳活动较强和较弱时期纬向平均纬向风的差异发现, 其间平流层行星波活动、热带西北太平洋海表温度的差异可能是造成这种非对称影响的重要原因。在强太阳活动时期, 平流层行星波在太阳活动的异常增强年有异常的从极地向赤道的水平传播, 高纬地区E-P通量(Eliassen-Palm flux)异常辐散, 导致中高纬西风及北极涛动(AO)增强, 同时热带西北太平洋海温异常偏冷, 海陆热力差异缩小, 大气环流经向度减弱, 东亚冬季风偏弱。 相似文献