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陇中黄土高原气候生产潜力时空变化及水热因子驱动分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《干旱气象》2015,(5)
根据陇中黄土高原27个气象台站1971~2013年气象资料,采用Thornthwaite Memorial模型计算气候生产潜力,通过经验正交函数(EOF)方法分析其变化特征。研究表明:研究区域升温明显,降水以及气候生产潜力呈波动性变化,实际产量占气候生产潜力的43.8%(2000~2013年),农业开发力度还待大幅提升。气候生产潜力南高北低,纬向分布差异明显;在热量驱动下温度每降低1℃,气候生产潜力减产22 kg·hm-2·a-1;温度每增加1℃,气候生产潜力增产18 kg·hm-2·a-1,热量不足对农业产量有明显抑制作用;在水分驱动下每减少10 mm降水,气候生产潜力将减产11 kg·hm-2·a-1;降水每增加10 mm时,气候生产潜力将增加10 kg·hm-2·a-1。在热量、水分双驱动时气候生产潜力同步叠加了水热条件的共同影响,加大水热供应量将会有效提升农业产量,并且使气候生产潜力差异性变化趋缓。驱动效益分析将陇中黄土高原划分为4个区域,在不同区域农业发展需要因地制宜,区别对待。 相似文献
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利用汉中市11个气象站点1959-2008年逐年年平均气温、年降水量资料,应用Miami模型、Thornthwaite模型估算了温度气候生产潜力（Tspt）、降水气候生产潜力（TspR）和蒸散量气候生产潜力（TspV）。结果表明：汉中市热量条件较好,大部分地区水分是限制作物产量的主要因素;Tspt、TspR对应的粮食作物的经济产量较高,TspV对应的粮食作物的经济产量与实际粮食产量相对较接近,未来粮食增产的主要途径是提高温度和水分的利用率。北部山区、南部山区和平川各区特点明显,可为当地的农业生产布局提供参考。 相似文献
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根据河西走廊20个气象台站1971—2006年4—9月温度和降水资料,采用Thornthwaite Memorial模型计算气候生产潜力,使用Mann-Kendall检验、EOF经验正交函数、敏感性分析等研究其时空变化特征。分析表明,河西走廊农业气候资源与地理分布显著相关,东南部明显优于西北部。气候变化显著趋暖,气候生产潜力减少趋势明显,减少中心向西偏移,严重限制了西部农业发展。气候生产潜力对温度响应东部比西部明显,特别是祁连山东段增暖增益显著;对降水响应西部比东部明显,尤其是西部及临近沙漠边缘地带干旱区增湿增益显著;暖湿效应使气候生产潜力普遍增加。在农业集中区降水对气候生产潜力影响比温度显著,从根本上看降水是研究区域农业增产的首要因素。 相似文献
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气候变化对环青海湖地区天然牧草影响研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
近47a来环青海湖地区的气候变化特征及其对环湖盆地草地生态环境的影响,分析表明：环青海湖地区年平均温度升高、年蒸发量减少比较显著,而降水量呈增加趋势,气候有向暖湿化过渡的趋势。随着气候变化,环湖盆地天然草地植被盖度,高度和产量变化明显。在全球气候变暖的背景下,环青海湖地区,随气温升高、降水增加牧草产量有所增加, 相似文献
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安徽淮北平原冬小麦气候适宜度分析及作物年景评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选取安徽省淮北平原37个气象站1960-2016年逐日气象资料,构建气温、降水、日照及气候适宜度模型,分析气候变暖背景下冬小麦气候适宜度时空演变特征,揭示冬小麦生育期气候风险,评判农业气候年景。结果表明：淮北平原冬小麦不同生育期对气候因子适宜程度不同,单要素各生育期适宜度均为灌浆-乳熟期较高,返青-拔节期较低,其中降水适宜度分蘖期最低;全生育期温度适宜度最高、日照适宜度次之、降水适宜度最低,水分是冬小麦生长的限制因子。气候综合适宜度灌浆-乳熟期最高,分蘖期降水适宜度最低,并且其序列变异系数大,常遭遇秋冬连旱,引起产量波动;全生育期气候适宜度呈东高西低分布,淮北中东部较高,而淮北西部及沿淮地区较低,冬小麦生产风险相对较高。1961-2016年全生育期温度适宜度线性增大趋势显著,降水适宜度线性趋势不明显,而日照适宜度呈显著的线性减小趋势;综合来看,全生育期气候适宜度无明显线性增减趋势,空间上淮北东部略有增大,而西部及沿淮地区略有减小,气候风险增加。淮北平原多数年份气候适宜度适中,适宜性偏差年发生概率高于偏好年。基于气候适宜度评判冬小麦气候年景等级,评估结果与实际产量增减情况基本相符,表明农业气候年景模型评估精度能满足业务服务需求,具有推广应用价值。 相似文献
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陕甘宁三省区自然环境复杂多样,生态环境脆弱,对气候变化响应敏感。在全球气候变化背景下,植被气候生产潜力的研究对该地区农林牧业的生产布局以及生态系统管理等方面起到积极作用。本文选取陕西、甘肃以及宁夏三省区BCC-CSM2-MR模式下SSP126、 SSP245和SSP585三种路径2025-2100年气温和降水的模拟数据,运用Thornthwaite Memorial模型计算研究区未来植被气候生产潜力的变化特征及驱动机制。结果表明：2025-2100年甘肃河西走廊大部分地区保持历史时期向“暖湿型”发展的气候特点,与基准期相比,植被气候生产潜力增量分别集中在10%～40%(SSP126)、 10%～30%(SSP245)、 10%～56.1%(SSP585)。陕西省在SSP126路径下陕北地区植被气候生产潜力呈下降趋势,在SSP245和SSP585路径下全省植被气候生产潜力均呈增加趋势,且陕北地区增加趋势最强。陕西省在SSP126和SSP245路径下大部分地区相对基准期增加了5%～10%,在SSP585路径下增加了10%～20%。宁夏回族自治区在SSP126路径下气候向“暖干型”发展,全区... 相似文献
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根据2002年和历年牧业区气候条件、土壤墒情、牧草的生育及产量状况对照分析：2002年春季，青海省牧业区气象条件及土壤墒情好于往年，牧草长势普遍较好；夏季前期(6月一7月中旬)降水基本正常、气温偏高、雨热配合较好，对天然牧草的生长发育十分有利，后期降水偏少、温度偏高，土壤失墒较为严重，部分地区出现了轻一中度旱情；秋季(9一11月)，大部分地区降水偏少、气温偏高，黄枯期较历年平均日期提前了1—10d；8月下旬，青海省牧业区各地牧草产量稍高于去年及历年平均值，属平偏丰，气候年景较为有利于畜牧业生产. 相似文献
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河西沿祁连山冷凉灌区春小麦气候生态的研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
河西冷凉灌区春小麦增产潜力大,具有光能丰富、温度适中、光温配合好、降水相对集中、有效风速大等气候优势,它可成为我国又一个小麦高产地区。限制该区春小麦生产潜力发挥的气候因素是分蘖—拔节期的干旱和开花—灌浆期的光照不足。本文还提出了相应的提高气候生产潜力的途径。 相似文献
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基于5种气候生产力模型的乌鲁木齐地区NPP计算分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
王胜兰 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2008,2(4):40-44
根据大西沟、小渠子、乌鲁木齐和达坂城等4个台站1961-2007年的气候资料,分别采用Miami模型、Thornthwaite Memorial模型、Chikugo模型、朱志辉模型和周广胜模型对乌鲁木齐地区各类草场自然植被净第一性生产力进行了计算,并以周广胜模型计算结果为标准,分析了其它模型估算不同类型天然草场NPP的误差。 相似文献
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湖北省潜在蒸散估算模型对比 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用湖北省74个气象站1961~2011年逐日气象资料,通过与FAO56-Penman-Monteith(FAO-PM)模型潜在蒸散估算结果对比,从月、季、年际变化及不同干湿状况条件比较了PriestleyTaylor、Hargreaves及Thornthwaite 3种简化的经验模型在湖北省的适用性。结果表明:3种简化模型与FAO-PM模型计算的逐月潜在蒸散均存在一定偏差,Thornthwaite模型偏差最大且冬夏季偏差反位相,Priestley-Taylor模型偏差最小,Hargreaves模型各月间的偏差最为稳定。3种简化模型与FAOPM模型估算结果具有良好的线性关系,且在各区域间相对稳定,但不同季节和干湿状况下各有差异,其中Hargreaves模型各季节间和不同干湿状况下与FAO-PM模型的关系均最为稳定。在年际变化上,Priestley-Taylor和Hargreaves模型与FAO-PM模型计算结果年际波动基本一致,Thornthwaite模型与FAO-PM模型计算结果尽管在量值上较为接近,但年际波动偏小;Priestley-Taylor和FAOPM模型年潜在蒸散趋势变化基本一致,Hargreaves模型年潜在蒸散趋势变化微弱,而Thornthwaite模型年潜在蒸散趋势变化与FAO-PM模型相反。建议在湖北省气象资料匮乏或不便应用的情况下,作物模拟模型及气候变化等研究中采用Priestley-Taylor估算模型,日常干旱监测及水资源规划中采用Hargreaves模型,干湿气候区划等工作中可采用Thornthwaite模型。同时,使用中应基于FAO-PM模型对经验模型进行适当订正,模型订正应建立在季节或月尺度。 相似文献
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曹兴 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2013,7(6):42-49
利用干旱条件下的吐鲁番盆地1981-2010年的逐月降水、气温资料,通过Thornthwaite方法计算潜在蒸散量确定气候相对湿润指数,并分析其时空变化特征;同时应用小波分析及Mann-Kendall法,对相对湿润指数进行突变和周期分析,结果表明：近30 a来,降水量呈非显著性的减少趋势,气温增暖趋势明显,倾向率为0.53益·（10 a）-1;在气候变暖的背景下,潜在蒸散量呈波动增加趋势,空间分布差异显著（P〈0.05）;相对湿润指数呈较弱的减小态势,气候总体趋于干旱化,表现为：鄯善最强,吐鲁番次之,托克逊相对较弱;相对湿润指数未出现显著的转折年份和突变时间区域;周期变化表现为较强的对称性,4～5a的变化周期一致性较好。研究区域内气温升高,降水减少,是导致气候干旱化趋势得以维持和加剧的重要因素。 相似文献
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李晓川 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2013,7(5):35-39
摘要：焉耆盆地种植冬小麦关键在于越冬期气象条件能否保证冬麦安全越冬。通过对焉耆县近60a来冬季气候变化特征分析,年极端最低气温总体呈上升趋势,趋势变化率为0．67℃／10a;极端最低气温与积雪深度成明显的反相关,相关系数r=-0．62,即没有积雪的年份最低气温一般不会特别低;60a中积雪深度不到5cm且最低气温低于-24℃的概率只有14％,正常年份焉耆盆地种植强抗寒性冬麦品种可以安全越冬。2008、2009年冬季偏暖,无稳定积雪覆盖,极端最低气温分别为-17．9℃、-21℃,试种冬麦均获得成功。 相似文献
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邢文渊 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2014,8(1):61-65
利用250m的EOS／MODIS数据,结合1：250000的土地利用分类图,借助ENVI软件对巴里坤草地变化进行研究,制作掩膜,剔除巴里坤的非草地NDVI信息,只保留草地的NDVI信息,提取巴里坤县2003--2012年连续10a的草地NDVI信息数据,并以2003年巴里坤草地NDVI为本底数据,计算巴里坤草地面积的动态变化。结果表明：巴里坤草地NDVI差值动态变化较大的主要发生在区间[0．001,0．1）与（-0．1,-0．001],两区间面积合计能占到巴里坤草地面积的90％以上;其次位于区间[0．1,O．2）与（-0．2,-0．11,两区间面积合计占比不到巴里坤草地面积的6％。表明其年际间发生的变化是以微幅变动为主,其发生区域主要集中在覆盖度较低的荒漠化草地和低盖度草地;NDVI差值动态变化发生较大范围变化的面积占比并不大,表明当地的草地生态系统具有一定的相对稳定性。草地NDVI的差值动态变化更能体现出局部区域的细微变化。 相似文献
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Attribution of Maize Yield Increase in China to Climate Change and Technological Advancement Between 1980 and 2010 
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下载免费PDF全文 GUO Jianping ZHAO Junfang WU Dingrong MU Ji XU Yanhong 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2014,28(6):1168-1181
Crop yields are affected by climate change and technological advancement. Objectively and quantitatively evaluating the attribution of crop yield change to climate change and technological advancement will ensure sustainable development of agriculture under climate change. In this study, daily climate variables obtained from 553 meteorological stations in China for the period 1961-2010, detailed observations of maize from 653 agricultural meteorological stations for the period 1981-2010, and results using an Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) model, are used to explore the attribution of maize (Zea mays L.) yield change to climate change and technological advancement. In the AEZ model, the climatic potential productivity is examined through three step-by-step levels: photosynthetic potential productivity, photosynthetic thermal potential productivity, and climatic potential productivity. The relative impacts of different climate variables on climatic potential productivity of maize from 1961 to 2010 in China are then evaluated. Combined with the observations of maize, the contributions of climate change and technological advancement to maize yield from 1981 to 2010 in China are separated. The results show that, from 1961 to 2010, climate change had a significant adverse impact on the climatic potential productivity of maize in China. Decreased radiation and increased temperature were the main factors leading to the decrease of climatic potential productivity. However, changes in precipitation had only a small effect. The maize yields of the 14 main planting provinces in China increased obviously over the past 30 years, which was opposite to the decreasing trends of climatic potential productivity. This suggests that technological advancement has offset the negative effects of climate change on maize yield. Technological advancement contributed to maize yield increases by 99.6%-141.6%, while climate change contribution was from-41.4% to 0.4%. In particular, the actual maize yields in Shandong, Henan, Jilin, and Inner Mongolia increased by 98.4, 90.4, 98.7, and 121.5 kg hm-2 yr-1 over the past 30 years, respectively. Correspondingly, the maize yields affected by technological advancement increased by 113.7, 97.9, 111.5, and 124.8 kg hm-2 yr-1, respectively. On the contrary, maize yields reduced markedly under climate change, with an average reduction of-9.0 kg hm-2 yr-1. Our findings highlight that agronomic technological advancement has contributed dominantly to maize yield increases in China in the past three decades. 相似文献
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Environmental change in grasslands: Assessment using models 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Modeling studies and observed data suggest that plant production, species distribution, disturbance regimes, grassland biome boundaries and secondary production (i.e., animal productivity) could be affected by potential changes in climate and by changes in land use practices. There are many studies in which computer models have been used to assess the impact of climate changes on grassland ecosystems. A global assessment of climate change impacts suggest that some grassland ecosystems will have higher plant production (humid temperate grasslands) while the production of extreme continental steppes (e.g., more arid regions of the temperate grasslands of North America and Eurasia) could be reduced substantially. All of the grassland systems studied are projected to lose soil carbon, with the greatest losses in the extreme continental grassland systems. There are large differences in the projected changes in plant production for some regions, while alterations in soil C are relatively similar over a range of climate change projections drawn from various General Circulation Models (GCM's). The potential impact of climatic change on cattle weight gains is unclear. The results of modeling studies also suggest that the direct impact of increased atmospheric CO2 on photosynthesis and water use in grasslands must be considered since these direct impacts could be as large as those due to climatic changes. In addition to its direct effects on photosynthesis and water use, elevated CO2 concentrations lower N content and reduce digestibility of the forage. 相似文献
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Grassland is one of the most widespread vegetation types worldwide and plays a significant role in regional climate and global
carbon cycling. Understanding the sensitivity of Chinese grassland ecosystems to climate change and elevated atmospheric CO2 and the effect of these changes on the grassland ecosystems is a key issue in global carbon cycling. China encompasses vast
grassland areas of 354 million ha of 17 major grassland types, according to a national grassland survey. In this study, a
process-based terrestrial model the CENTURY model was used to simulate potential changes in net primary productivity (NPP)
and soil organic carbon (SOC) of the Leymus chinensis meadow steppe (LCMS) under different scenarios of climatic change and elevated atmospheric CO2. The LCMS sensitivities, its potential responses to climate change, and the change in capacity of carbon stock and sequestration
in the future are evaluated. The results showed that the LCMS NPP and SOC are sensitive to climatic change and elevated CO2. In the next 100 years, with doubled CO2 concentration, if temperature increases from 2.7-3.9˚C and precipitation increases by 10% NPP and SOC will increase by 7-21%
and 5-6% respectively. However, if temperature increases by 7.5-7.8˚C and precipitation increases by only 10% NPP and SOC
would decrease by 24% and 8% respectively. Therefore, changes in the NPP and SOC of the meadow steppe are attributed mainly
to the amount of temperature and precipitation change and the atmospheric CO2 concentration in the future. 相似文献
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The Russian Federation contains approximately 20% of the world's timber resources and more than half of all boreal forests. These forests play a prominent role in environmental protection and economic development at global, national, and local levels, as well as, provide commodities for indigenous people and habitat for a variety of plant and animal species. The response and feedbacks of Russian boreal forests to projected global climate change are expected to be profound. Large shifts in the distribution (up to 19% area reduction) and productivity of boreal forests are implied by scenarios of General Circulation Models (GCMs). Uncertainty regarding the potential distribution and productivity of future boreal forests complicates the development of adaptation strategies for forest establishment, management, harvesting and wood processing. Although a low potential exists for rapid natural adaptation of long-lived, complex boreal forests, recent analyses suggest Russian forest management and utilization strategies should be field tested to assess their potential to assist boreal forests in adaptation to a changing global environment. Current understanding of the vulnerability of Russian forest resources to projected climate change is discussed and examples of possible adaptation measures for Russian forests are presented, including: (1) artificial forestation techniques that can be applied with the advent of failed natural regeneration and to facilitate forest migration northward; (2) silvicultural measures that can influence the species mix to maintain productivity under future climates; (3) identifying forests at risk and developing special management adaptation measures for them; (4) alternative processing and uses of wood and non-wood products from future forests; and (5) potential future infrastructure and transport systems that can be employed as boreal forests shift northward into melting permafrost zones. Current infrastructure and technology can be employed to help Russian boreal forests adapt to projected global environmental change, however many current forest management practices may have to be modified. Application of this technical knowledge can help policymakers identify priorities for climate change adaptation. 相似文献
20.
分析了黄河三角洲地区主要栽培草种的气候生态适应性以及牧草生长季气候条件的优劣势。计算得出该区天然草场和人工草场的气候生产力、气候增产潜力，研究其时空分布规律，提出草场改良措施。结果表明：天然草场年气候生产力为９２１０—１１８２０ｋｇ／ｈａ。增产潜力为４５００—１０５００ｋｇ／ｈａ；种植紫花苜蓿的人工草场年气候生产力为２３７７５—２８０８０ｋｇ／ｈａ，增产潜力为６０００—１９５００ｋｇ／ｈａ。 相似文献