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1.
青藏高原东南部昌都地区近地层湍流输送的观测研究 总被引：37，自引：0，他引：37
利用我国1998年第2次青藏高原气象科学试验 (TIPEX) 昌都的湍流观测资料, 初步分析了三维风速、温度和湿度湍流谱、归一化方差与稳定度的关系、湍流通量和整体输送系数.结果表明, 白天标准化的湍流谱大多数满足2/3次方定律.风速方差与稳定度的关系在不稳定条件下基本服从1/3次方定律, 但水平风速方差比垂直速度方差与稳定度的关系离散.中性层结下的A、B值比平原地区大, 与起伏地形的值接近, C值与平原地区和起伏地区的差异不大.温度和湿度方差与不稳定层结的关系基本满足1/3次方定律, 而在稳定层结下的关系均无明显规律.湍流通量在干湿期转换中有突变现象, 干期的动量和热量通量均大于湿期, 热源强度以感热为主, 占80%.湿期热源强度明显增大, 其中以潜热为主, 占热源强度的60%.整体输送系数与稳定度的关系明显, 拟合得到的中性层结条件下的CDN和CHN分别为4.40×10-3和4.70×10-3, 其结果大于高原中、西部的同期观测值. 相似文献
2.
分析2003年9月5-27日在黑河下游额济纳绿洲取得的近地面层湍流观测资料,讨论无量纲湍流方差与稳定度参数Z/L的关系.无量纲风速分量σu/u*、σv/u*和σw/u*在不稳定层结与稳定度Z/L满足1/3次方时,符合Monin-Obkuhov相似理论.在近中性时,σu/u*、σw/u*值比平坦下垫面的略小些,σv/u*值比平坦下垫面的略大.无量纲温度脉动方差和湿度脉动方差在对流状态下与Z/L满足-1/3次方,在稳定和不稳定层结下,随|Z/L|减小而增大.地面热量以感热输送为主,感热通量峰值约为250 W/m2,潜热通量的峰值为170 W/m2;夜间潜热通量较小,感热通量则出现负值.动量通量日间平均在0.2-0.3 N/m2,峰值为0.31 N/m2.黑河下游绿洲柽柳林动力学粗糙度比HEIFE戈壁及其他绿洲下垫面的大,中性时z0m=0.47551 m.中性状态下动量整体输送系数CD=22.2×10-3,不稳定层结时平均值CD=10.3×10-3,稳定层结时平均值CD=7.2 × 10-3.热量整体输送系数CH,中性状态下CH=3.2 × 10-3,不稳定层结时平均值为CH=3.3×10-3,稳定层结时平均值为CH=2.7×10-3. 相似文献
3.
南京冬季城、郊近地面湍流特征的对比分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2006年2月17日—3月2日南京及其郊区的近地层湍流资料,分析了城、郊下垫面的无量纲化风速、温度的湍流特征,验证了Monin-obukhov（M-O）相似理论在城、郊下垫面的适用性,并与其他城市和地区的观测结果进行了比较,结果表明：在市区和郊区无量纲脉动风速标准差随稳定度的变化虽然都符合“1/3”次方律,但城、郊有一定差异,尤其在水平方向更为明显。在非中性时垂直向的变化要比水平向更符合“1/3”次方律;σT/｜T＊｜与Z/L关系在城、郊有一定差异,在不稳定时在市区和郊区分别按“-1/3”次和“-2/3”次方规律变化,而在稳定时市区按“-2/3”次方变化,郊区无普适函数关系。在稳定和不稳定条件下,城、郊σT/｜T＊｜都随着｜Z/L｜的减小而增大。 相似文献
4.
长江三角洲常熟地区近地层湍流特征的研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
利用1999年5－9月长江三角洲常熟地区的湍流脉动观测资料，分析了该地区感热，潜热和动量通量的日变化以及湍流强度和湍流谱特征，结果表明：该地区各能量的日变化与常见情况相同，白天潜热通量的输送占主导地位，感热通量比潜热小得多，且湍流的日变化与天气的关系非常密切，晴天比阴天要大得多。湍流强度和湍流谱的分析结果表明，在近中性条件下，常熟地区各方向湍流强度接近典型平坦下垫面的值。非中性条件下，垂直方向规一化标准差与稳定度的关系都较好地满足1／3次幂定律，水平方向没有垂直方向上的规律好，特别是稳定条件下，数据点分散性大；各风速分量变在高频段满足理论上的－2／3次幂定律，纵向和垂直方向速度谱的峰值频率与典型平坦下垫面上的结果一致，总体输送系数CD，CH与稳定度的关系密切，随稳定度增加有减小的趋势。 相似文献
5.
Yu Zhang Heping Liu Thomas Foken Quinton L. Williams Matthias Mauder Christoph Thomas 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,103(1-2):119-131
The turbulence data measured at two levels (i.e., 8.7 and 2.7?m) in the Energy Balance Experiment (EBEX), which was conducted in San Joaquin Valley in California during the period from July 20 to August 24, 2000, are used to study the characteristics of coherent structures over an irrigated cotton field. Patch-to-patch irrigation in the field generated the dry-to-wet horizontal advection and the oasis effects, leading to the development of a stably internal boundary layer (SIBL) in the late mornings or the early afternoons. The SIBL persisted in the rest of the afternoons. Under this circumstance, a near-neutral atmospheric surface layer (ASL) developed during the period with a stratification transition from the unstable to stable conditions during the daytime. Therefore, EBEX provides us with unique datasets to investigate the features of coherent structures that were generated over the patches upstream and passed by our site in the unstable ASL, the near-neutral ASL, and the SIBL. We use an objective detection technique and the conditional average method that is developed based on the wavelet analysis. Our data reveal some consistencies and inconsistencies in the characteristics of coherent structures as compared with previous studies. Ramp-like structures and sweep?Cejection cycles under the daytime SIBL have similar patterns to those under the nocturnal stable ASL. However, some features (i.e., intermittence) are different from those under the nocturnal stable ASL. Under the three stratifications, thermal and mechanical factors in the ASL perform differently in affecting the ramp intensity for different quantities (i.e., velocity components, temperature, and specific humidity), leading to coherent structures that modulate turbulence flow and alter turbulent transfer differently. It is also found that coherent structures contribute about 10?C20% to the total fluxes in our case with different flux contributions under three stratifications and with higher transporting efficiency in sensible heat flux than latent heat and momentum fluxes. 相似文献
6.
利用位于青藏高原东侧理塘大气综合观测站2008年观测资料,分析了高寒草甸下垫面上地表通量的时间变化特征,确定了温度、水汽和CO2的归一化标准差在不稳定情况下随稳定度变化的通量方差关系,应用通量方差法对感热、潜热和CO2通量进行了计算,并与涡旋相关系统的观测结果进行了比较。结果表明：地表通量月平均日变化呈较为规则的日循环特征,季节变化特征也很明显,雨季（5-9月）潜热大于感热,干季则以感热为主,CO2通量以6-9月值最大。在不稳定条件下,温度、水汽和CO2的归一化标准差随稳定度的变化均满足-1/3规律,其通量方差相似性常数分别为1.2,1.4和0.9。通量方差法估算出的通量值与涡旋相关观测得到的通量值有较好的一致性,但感热通量的效果优于潜热通量和CO2通量。该方法高估了感热通量尤其是潜热通量,而低估了CO2通量。采用直接观测的感热通量值计算潜热通量和CO2通量可改善计算结果。 相似文献
7.
Helmut Kraus 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1993,66(3):219-235
The Prandtl-layer concept, assuming constant turbulent fluxes in the lowest meters or decameters of the atmosphere under horizontal homogeneous and steady-state conditions, is widely used; and it is also one of the fundamentals of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. Thus, surface-layer condensation processes-essentially formation of shallow fog layers-implying convergence and divergence of turbulent fluxes of water vapour, liquid water content and sensible heat, cannot be treated within this concept. This paper tries to overcome this restriction by a modified Monin-Obukhov theory, which deals with constant fluxes of total water content and moist static energy (instead of water vapour and sensible heat). It shows that surface-layer fog situations (under steady-state and horizontally homogeneous conditions and neglecting radiational effects) can be treated by this modified theory, which yields turbulent vertical fluxes of sensible heat, water vapour and liquid water content and their divergences.The paper also derives a simple formula for the divergence of the turbulent flux of water vapour (E/z) under saturation conditions, which elucidates convergence ofE very close to the ground and divergence ofE higher up independent of whether the stratification is stable or unstable, i.e., whether there is fog over cold or warm ground. Model computations with the modified Monin-Obukhov theory are in full accordance with this formula. Thus a steam-fog case can be given as a demonstration of vertical profiles of turbulent fluxes of sensible heat, water vapour and liquid water content and their divergences. 相似文献
8.
TIPEX高原东南部近地层湍流参数的分析 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
The characteristics of the turbulence spectrum, turbulence variance, and turbulence flux at Qamdo overthe Southeastern Tibetan Plateau measured during the TIPEX experiment from 18 May to 30 June 1998are analyzed by the eddy correlation method. During periods of intense convection, most of the spectraof the 3D winds, temperature, and humidity follow a power law with a slope of -2/3. The normalizedvariances of the 3D winds in relation to z/L satisfy the similarity law but the normalized variances oftemperature and humidity are related to z/L by a -1/3 power law only in unstable conditions. In near-neutral stratification, σu/u* and σy/u* at Qamdo and Gerze are nearly constant in rugged terrain andσw/u* at Qamdo and Gerze is similar to the value found in plains, which indicates that the, effects oflandform on vertical turbulence is not significant over the southeast and western Tibetan Plateau. Duringthe dry period, the sensible heat dominates, comprising 81% of the heat intensity, with the other 19%being latent heat; during the wet period on the other hand, the latent heat accounts for about 64% ofthe available energy and the sensible heat only around 36%. The maximum intensity of the heating of airoccurs in the middle of the Plateau during the summertime. 相似文献
9.
Turbulence data collected over a total of 25 days during two summers are used to describe processes responsible for the nonstationarity
of turbulent sensible heat fluxes at Summit, Greenland. A stationarity test shows that about 40% of the data are classified
as nonstationary. Three main factors are explored to account for the large fraction of nonstationary runs: (1) intermittency
of turbulence in stable conditions, (2) changes in net all-wave radiation in response to cloud forcing, and (3) diurnal trends
in stability. A classification procedure that accounts for the intermittent nature of turbulence shows that during stable,
nonstationary conditions 50% of the total sensible heat flux is realized in 22% of the sampling time. Intermittency often
occurs at Summit during periods characterized by weak and irregular horizontal winds in combination with strong stability.
Rapid changes in net all-wave radiation in response to cloud forcing results in nonstationarity during unstable conditions.
Between 0930–1130 and 1900–1930 UTC turbulent heat fluxes are not only small in magnitude but also typically change sign,
with nonstationarity during these periods often as high as 65%. These results should help resolve some of the present uncertainties
in obtaining reliable fluxes at this site, in particular under stable atmospheric conditions. 相似文献
10.
We analyzed the structure and evolution of turbulent transfer and the wind profile in the atmospheric boundary layer in relation to aerosol concentrations during an episode of heavy haze pollution from 6 December 2016 to 9 January 2017. The turbulence data were recorded at Peking University’s atmospheric science and environment observation station. The results showed a negative correlation between the wind speed and the PM2.5 concentration. The turbulence kinetic energy was large and showed obvious diurnal variations during unpolluted (clean) weather, but was small during episodes of heavy haze pollution. Under both clean and heavy haze conditions, the relation between the non-dimensional wind components and the stability parameter z/L followed a 1/3 power law, but the normalized standard deviations of the wind speed were smaller during heavy pollution events than during clean periods under near-neutral conditions. Under unstable conditions, the normalized standard deviation of the potential temperature σ θ /|θ*| was related to z/L, roughly following a –1/3 power law, and the ratio during pollution days was greater than that during clean days. The three-dimensional turbulence energy spectra satisfied a –2/3 power exponent rate in the high-frequency band. In the low-frequency band, the wind velocity spectrum curve was related to the stability parameters under clear conditions, but was not related to atmospheric stratification under polluted conditions. In the dissipation stage of the heavy pollution episode, the horizontal wind speed first started to increase at high altitudes and then gradually decreased at lower altitudes. The strong upward motion during this stage was an important dynamic factor in the dissipation of the heavy haze. 相似文献
11.
Atmospheric measurements from several field experiments have been combined to develop a better understanding of the turbulence structure of the stable atmospheric boundary layer. Fast response wind velocity and temperature data have been recorded using 3-dimensional sonic anemometers, placed at severalheights (1 m to 4.3 m) above the ground. The measurements wereused to calculate the standard deviations of the three components of the windvelocity, temperature, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation andtemperature variance dissipation. These data were normalized and plottedaccording to Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. The non-dimensional turbulencestatistics have been computed, in part, to investigate the generalapplicability of the concept of z-less stratification for stable conditions. From the analysis of a data set covering almost five orders ofmagnitude in the stability parameter = z/L (from near-neutral tovery stable atmospheric stability), it was found that this concept does nothold in general. It was only for the non-dimensional standard deviation oftemperature and the average dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energythat z-less behaviour has been found. The other variables studied here(non-dimensional standard deviations of u, v, and w velocity components and dissipation of temperature variance) did not follow the concept of z-less stratification for the very stable atmospheric boundary layer. An imbalance between production and dissipation of TKE was found for the near-neutral limit approached from the stable regime, which matches with previous results for near-neutral stability approached from the unstable regime. 相似文献
12.
The Characteristics of Turbulence Structure and Transfer over the Middle Area of the Tibetan Plateau 
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下载免费PDF全文 In this paper, turbulent data obtained from the Damxung site during the Secondary Tibetan Plateau Science Experiment (TIPEX) in 1998 are used to study the characteristics of the turbulent spectra, turbulence transport, and the dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy, temperature variance, and humidity variance in the middle area of the Tibetan Plateau. The turbulent spectra of wind velocity, potential temperature, and humidity satisfy the-2/3 power law in the high frequency range. Horizontal transportation of heat and water vapor is negligible compared with vertical transportation under strong unstable conditions, and as the stability parameter z/L increases (where z is the observational height, and L is the Monin Obukhov length), horizontal transportation becomes dominant under near-neutral, neutral, and stable conditions. The non-dimensional temperature and humidity variances are 20% less than the temperature and humidity gradient variances. These deficits appear to increase as the absolute stability parameter increases. Moreover, the effects of turbulence transportation and pressure variance exist throughout the entire stability region. 相似文献
13.
Andrey A. Grachev Laura S. Leo Harindra J. S. Fernando Christopher W. Fairall Edward Creegan Byron W. Blomquist Adam J. Christman Christopher M. Hocut 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2018,167(2):181-210
Atmospheric turbulence measurements made at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility (FRF) located on the Atlantic coast near the town of Duck, North Carolina during the CASPER-East Program (October–November 2015) are used to study air–sea/land coupling in the FRF coastal zone. Turbulence and mean meteorological data were collected at multiple levels (up to four) on three towers deployed at different landward distances from the shoreline, with a fourth tower located at the end of a 560-m-long FRF pier. The data enable comparison of turbulent fluxes and other statistics, as well as investigations of surface-layer scaling for different footprints, including relatively smooth sea-surface conditions and aerodynamically rough dry inland areas. Both stable and unstable stratifications were observed. The drag coefficient and diurnal variation of the sensible heat flux are found to be indicators for disparate surface footprints. The drag coefficient over the land footprint is significantly greater, by as much as an order of magnitude, compared with that over the smooth sea-surface footprint. For onshore flow, the internal boundary layer in the coastal zone was either stable or (mostly) unstable, and varied dramatically at the land-surface discontinuity. The offshore flow of generally warm air over the cooler sea surface produced a stable internal boundary layer over the ocean surface downstream from the coast. While the coastal inhomogeneities violate the assumptions underlying Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST), any deviations from MOST are less profound for the scaled standard deviations and the dissipation rate over both water and land, as well as for stable and unstable conditions. Observations, however, show a poor correspondence with MOST for the flux-profile relationships. Suitably-averaged, non-dimensional profiles of wind speed and temperature vary significantly among the different flux towers and observation levels, with high data scatter. Overall, the statistical dependence of the vertical gradients of scaled wind speed and temperature on the Monin–Obukhov stability parameter in the coastal area is weak, if not non-existent. 相似文献
14.
利用超声风速仪、能见度仪等探测资料,采用Fortran、Matlab、Origin等软件处理数据并绘图分析,对比了南京郊区2013年12月4日一次霾过程、2013年12月7—9日一次雾过程和2013年12月3日一个晴天的湍流运动特征。结果表明,霾天和晴天平均水平风速、平均动能、湍流动能、湍流强度、摩擦速度、动量通量和热量通量都有明显的日变化,而这些参量在雾天没有明显的日变化,不同天气湍流参量大小有差异;霾、雾、晴天近中性层结下,u、v、w三个方向风速归一化标准差近似为常数,霾天分别为3.15、2.72、1.17,雾天分别为3.11、2.45、1.25,晴天分别为3.40、3.45、1.50;不稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天风速归一化标准差和湍流动能归一化标准差符合1/3幂次律,稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天无因次湍流动能均满足1/3幂次律;不稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天温度和湿度归一化标准差满足-1/3幂次律,稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天温度归一化标准差符合-2/3幂次律;雾天归一化u、v、w谱与Kansas谱吻合度比霾天和晴天高,霾天u、v、w谱峰值频率约为0.01 Hz,雾天u谱峰值频率约为0.004 Hz,v、w谱峰值频率约为0.1 Hz,晴天u、v、w谱峰值频率约为0.01 Hz。得出结论:雾天的边界层结构与霾天和晴天有所不同;不稳定条件下霾、雾、晴天风速、湍流动能、温度、湿度归一化标准差均符合莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论;雾天归一化u、v、w谱比霾天和晴天更加符合莫宁-奥布霍夫局地各向同性理论,且霾天和晴天以机械湍流为主,雾天既有机械湍流也有热力湍流。 相似文献
15.
Krzysztof Fortuniak Włodzimierz Pawlak Mariusz Siedlecki 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,146(2):257-276
Atmospheric measurements over 5 years (2005–2010) at two sites in ?ód?, central Poland have been analyzed to develop a better understanding of turbulence in urban areas. Fast response wind velocity, temperature, humidity and CO2 concentration were measured using sonic anemometers and gas analyzers, placed on narrow masts at 37 and 42 m above the ground. The measurements were used to calculate standard deviations of each parameter, and were then normalized according to local Monin–Obukhov similarity theory and plotted as a function of stability parameter ζ = z′/L. Results for the wind components show typical scaling with a power law with exponent ±1/3 in the free convection limit, and that approaches a constant value close to neutral stratification. For stable conditions, the constant value in the neutral limit remains the same for stability parameters lower than 0.1–0.2, then increases. The normalized standard deviation of temperature fits the ?1/3 law in the free convection limit, approaching a constant value within a stable limit. However, it exhibits hyperbolic characteristics for close to neutral stratification. The normalized standard deviations for humidity and CO2 concentration exhibit scaling similar to the wind components in the unstable regime and remain constant in the stable domain. The results for the wind components and for temperature are in the range of various functions found in other studies. The absolute values for humidity and CO2 concentration seem to be slightly higher, but only single examples of such investigations can be found in the literature. 相似文献
16.
17.
利用长白山森林生态系统定位研究站观测资料,及2003年8月和9月涡旋相关资料,分析和比较了该地区近地层包括风速、风向、大气稳定度在内的平均场特征,以及湍流强度、无量纲化风脉动方差相似性和地表通量变化特征。结果表明:(1)8月和9月稳定度都基本集中在0附近;(2)风速2 m·s-1的环境中,湍流发展最为旺盛,随着风速的增大湍流强度先迅速减小,当风速增大到3 m·s-1后,湍流强度偏离0值变大了一些,再继续增大到一定风速大小以后,湍流强度基本不随风速变化;(3)无量纲化三维风脉动方差符合Monin-Obukhov相似理论的"1/3"定律,其最佳通用相似函数在稳定和不稳定条件下都可以拟合得到;(4)地表通量均表现出明显的日变化特征,8月以潜热为主,感热较小;9月仍以潜热为主,但是相比8月明显偏小,感热变化不大。 相似文献
18.
HUBEX试验区近地面层的湍流输送 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
1998年淮河流域能量和水循环试验(HUBEX)期间曾进行了1个月的近地面层湍流观测.分析不稳定条件下湍流的统计特性和谱特征,并与Monin-Obukhov相似理论进行了比较.结果表明,不稳定的时候各湍流量的统计特征与相似理论的预期相符.虽然不稳定条件下温度和湿度涨落的相关系数很高,谱的式样也相近,但湿度谱的峰值频率高于温度谱.协谱曲线的形状显示感热通量的谱峰较宽,表现出w和T在较宽范围的强相关性,而水汽通量谱在高频段下降很快,说明水汽的输送更多地出现在低频部分.从谱相关系数可见,在近中性的时候,各尺度湍流涡的热量输送效率普遍较低,随着不稳定性增强而显著提高.分析还发现,不论不稳定性的程度如何,小尺度湍流的水汽输送效率都较低.水汽通量谱的相关系数随稳定度的变化不如热通量的谱相关系数大,表明近中性时除小尺度湍流外其他湍流涡的水汽输送效率高于热量输送. 相似文献
19.
The exchange coefficients for latent and sensible heat flux over lakes: Dependence upon atmospheric stability 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Components of the energy budget of a small lake were estimated over the autumnal cooling period. Measured values of the stored thermal energy and radiative heating were used to evaluate several bulk formulae for sensible and latent heat transfer. Over 50–100 day intervals, bulk formulae for latent and sensible heat flux without stability corrections were as good as formulae that incorporated such corrections; both satisfactorily reproduced the measured heat storage data. Over shorter (daily to weekly) time-scales, predictions incorporating stability corrections were superior to those without stability corrections. Over daily periods when the atmosphere was nearly neutral or was unstable, a formulation for sensible and latent heat transfer designed for small-scale systems (cooling ponds and reservoirs) agreed closely with the usual large-scale (oceanic) bulk formulations. The corrections for stability in the small-scale formulation are based on laboratory and theoretical studies of free convection; the stability correction in the large-scale formulation uses a bulk Richardson number in a manner consistent with flux-profile theory. Both agreed with the measured data for the unstable and near-neutral cases. Under stable atmospheric conditions (in a daily average sense), both formulations underestimated the measured fluxes 相似文献
20.
利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University,简称SACOL)2008年12月观测资料,研究了稳定边界层湍流特征.使用涡动相关资料研究湍流通量时,定义湍流的平均时间τ内的中尺度运动是造成湍流统计量变化范围大的主要原因,稳定情形? τ取几十秒至几分钟.对梯度理查森数大于0.3的强稳定情形的湍流尺度分解(MRD)谱分析表明,感热通量在112.4～449.9 s存在谱隙,尺度大于谱隙的中尺度运动造成了通量观测资料离散性大,甚至有支配性影响.动量通量的谱隙在112.4～224.9 s之间.弱风时,中尺度运动的影响更大,垂直风速标准差以0.1的比率随中尺度风速变化;垂直风速标准差同广义风速表现出很好的相关性,并随着广义风速消失而消失.三维风速标准差与摩擦速度呈很好的线性关系,垂直、水平、横风风速的无量纲标准差分别为1.35、2.54、2.21.对湍流动能的研究发现,在梯度理查森数大于0.3的条件下,仍然存在连续的湍流.以湍动能为依据,分析了湍流的平稳时间长度,其长度随稳定度变化而变化,2008年12月7～11日从133.5 s变化到856.2 s,湍流平稳时间长度反映了中尺度运动的发生频率. 相似文献