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1.
为探究江淮地区低涡型暖切变暴雨的中尺度特征,利用常规观测资料、自动站加密观测资料以及FY-2E卫星云图和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,针对江淮地区两次不同类型的典型暴雨过程进行对比分析。其中,"稳定型"过程降水持续时间长、范围广,而"东移型"过程降水相对集中,持续时间短、雨强大。结果表明:(1)两次降水均发生在高空槽和低层暖切变影响下,"稳定型"系统少动,而"东移型"的500 hPa低压槽和低空低涡向东移动发展,与地面中尺度低压相对应,且中低层辐合较强。(2)"稳定型"对流组织形式为"前向次第发展",对流系统结构相对松散,而"东移型"对流组织形式为"后向次第发展",对流系统组织化程度较高。(3)两次暴雨过程均发生在整层高湿环境中,低空急流对水汽输送起关键作用,降水主要位于西南急流轴前部的风速辐合区。其中,"稳定型"水汽主要输送能力体现在850 hPa上,稳定形势下的持续性水汽输送有利于形成较大范围的强降雨;"东移型"西南低空急流风速相对较强,降水后期有活跃的超低空东南急流,两支急流共同作用有利于局地出现更集中的降水。(4)两次过程中,低空西南与东南风的风速辐合形成明显的中尺度抬升条件,且"东移型"比"稳定型"的外力抬升条件更好。强降水多位于地面辐合线附近,对应的中尺度风场辐合线是触发对流的有利条件,对短临降水落区预报有一定指示意义。  相似文献   

2.
利用常规天气资料及地面自动站、风廓线雷达、新一代天气雷达资料和ERA-Interim逐6 h 0.125°×0.125°再分析资料,分析2015年5月19日福建西部山区一次极端降水的中尺度特征。结果表明:(1)极端降水分为锋前暖区降水和锋面降水两个阶段,暴雨区位于低空西南急流轴左侧,水汽充足,冷暖空气交汇,不稳定能量大,抬升凝结高度和自由对流高度低,大气可降水量大及中等强度的垂直风切变形成有利于中尺度对流系统(mesoscale covective system, MCS)发展的环境条件。(2)锋前暖区降水期间,西南气流携带高能量和水汽充足的空气移入暴雨区被中尺度边界附近的冷出流空气抬升,不断产生新的对流单体,对流单体向东北偏东方向移动,排列形成短雨带;若干条东北—西南向长度不等的短雨带在中尺度出流边界北侧建立,缓慢向东移动,依次重复影响关键区;暴雨关键区存在辐合线和风速辐合,为降水提供了良好的动力抬升条件;向西南开口的河谷地形加强了对流的发展;对流单体不断后部建立和东北西南向多个短雨带重复影响同一地区的列车效应是此阶段MCS主要发展方式。(3)锋面降水期间,对流单体在低涡切变南侧风速辐合、水汽和能量大值区发展东移南压,中高层先于低层转偏北气流,表现出前倾特征,垂直风切变加大,冷空气从中高层先扩散南下,与低层暖湿空气交汇使对流加强,冷暖气流的交汇叠加风速辐合使得强降水加强并维持。对流单体后向传播向东移动产生的列车效应是此阶段MCS主要发展方式。  相似文献   

3.
利用浙江省逐日降水量资料、自动站雨量及FNL 1°×1°再分析资料对2017年6月19—25日浙江省梅雨期暴雨过程的高低空环流形势和中尺度对流系统及其物理量特征进行了分析和诊断。结果表明:此次暴雨过程为典型的梅雨天气系统背景下低空急流的加强和低层切变线的北抬或南压造成的具有明显的中尺度特征的一次降水过程。强降水分为3个阶段,前两个阶段均发生在低层暖湿空气北抬的过程中:低层切变线北抬过程中,伴随着西南和东南急流增强,使得中尺度辐合抬升运动增强,暴雨过程具有明显的暖区暴雨的中尺度特征。第3个阶段则为冷空气南下过程中:中低层的切变线和急流东移南压,锋区内垂直风切变增大,不稳定能量得以增强,中尺度对流系统沿着锋区不断的产生和发展。  相似文献   

4.
甘肃陇东南一次大暴雨的中尺度特征分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
2013年6月19-20日在甘肃陇东南出现一次罕见的暖区降水和切变线降水共同造成的区域性大暴雨过程,暖区降水强度大、持续时间长、强降水范围集中、中尺度特征明显。利用常规和非常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料等对此次大暴雨天气过程的成因和中尺度特征进行了分析。结果表明,暖区降水时段:对流层低层高湿有利于降低暖区降水对抬升条件的要求,并与中层温度冷槽配合形成不稳定层结,前期低层的逆温层也有利于不稳定能量的堆积;低层垂直风切变、低空急流和地形抬升在对流触发和维持中具有重要作用,徽成盆地是生成对流单体的主要源地;中尺度对流系统具有暖云降水特点,质心低,降水效率高,且具有明显的后向传播和"列车效应"特征。切变线降水时段:受对流层中层暖平流、正涡度平流和低层冷空气侵入影响,武都涡不断发展加强;对流层湿层厚度增加,热力不稳定条件明显减弱,在低空切变线、武都涡和地面辐合线附近形成大范围的稳定性降水。  相似文献   

5.
2014年7月19日夜间黑龙江克山出现雨强超过90 mm的短时强降水,利用常规观测资料、区域站资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等对此次冷锋前部的暖区强降水成因进行分析。结果表明:(1)此次强降水出现在580 dagpm线附近,副高诱发的超低空急流为强降水提供了充沛的水汽和不稳定能量。(2)地面辐合线和地形抬升触发对流。高空急流东移,高空急流出口区左侧和辐散区与低层辐合相耦合促使对流快速发展增强。耦合消失,强降水则快速减弱。(3)低层暖平流明显,尤其地面具有暖锋锋生特征。强降水出现在不稳定层结和上升运动快速增强的阶段。(4)地面~200 hPa辐合层形成深厚的上升运动区,促使对流快速发展。(5)中尺度对流雨带沿地面辐合线生消。降水先出现在暖湿舌前部。随后,强降水产生的冷空气抬升暖湿空气形成冷锋特征的降水,由于强降水和冷空气的正反馈作用,降水持续时间长。冷空气势力最强时,伴随中尺度气旋性环流及0~1 km强垂直风切变有利于龙卷产生。(6)开口状地形的辐合作用、抬升及局地地形导致的中尺度环流风场对暖区降水的形成和维持作用显著。  相似文献   

6.
利用地面和高空、卫星TBB、多普勒雷达和GFS(0.5°×0.5°)逐6 h再分析等资料,对2011年6月10日江西省西北部一次短历时暖区暴雨中尺度结构及发生维持机制进行分析。结果表明:1)此次过程是在有利的高、低空系统配置下发生在梅雨锋南侧的暖区暴雨,边界层急流和低空急流提供了充足的水汽条件,增强低层热力不稳定;高空分流区使大气动力不稳定发展,高低空急流的耦合作用为MCS维持提供了必备的不稳定机制;中低层热力不稳定,中高层对称不稳定,形成此次对流性强降水。2)地面中尺度辐合线、非锋性斜压带、能量锋的抬升作用为MCS生成和发展提够了启动机制。3)低层强盛的水汽输送、层结不稳定和地面持续而强的中尺度抬升使得多个雷暴单体在江西省西北部连续传播,形成"列车效应",降水强而集中。4)在水汽和不稳定条件具备的情况下,暖区对流性强降水发生在强低层辐合与强高层辐散相重迭的区域。  相似文献   

7.
胡雅君  张伟  赵玉春  陈德花 《气象》2020,46(5):629-642
利用双偏振多普勒雷达、风廓线雷达、雨滴谱仪等新型探测资料以及双雷达风场反演资料、地面加密自动观测站资料与FNL再分析资料,分析了2018年5月7日闽南沿海一次暖区特大暴雨过程的中尺度特征。结果表明:此次特大暴雨发生在强盛的超低空西南急流区内;超低空急流具有明显的脉动特征,其突然增强引起低空扰动加强,造成明显的低层辐合;深厚的西南急流导致对流回波形态与回波移动方向高度一致,使得多个强降水对流系统接连经过同一区域,形成列车效应,这是强降水长时间维持的重要原因;强降水对流回波带中,水平方向存在风向、风速双重辐合,垂直方向上存在明显的波状运动,上升运动位于强回波前部,使其不断向东北方向移动,同时在强降水对流回波带东南侧存在明显的补偿性次级环流,使低层辐合和上升运动得以维持;高浓度的小雨滴与大雨滴并存是此次暖区强降水云微物理的重要特征。  相似文献   

8.
2010年8月8-10日辽东半岛暴雨过程的中尺度特征分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用自动气象站资料、卫星资料、GTS1型数字式探空仪资料和常规气象观测资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对辽东半岛地区2010年8月8-10日3次暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,研究了该地区暴雨发生的天气尺度背景、中尺度对流系统发展过程及其发展的中尺度环境和触发机制。结果表明:(1)副热带高压位置偏北且稳定为此次强降水提供了有利的大尺度背景,切变线上生成的β或γ中尺度雨团发展的中尺度对流复合体是造成强降水的直接系统。(2)辽东半岛地区与低空急流水汽输送通道相连,并形成水汽辐合中心,有利于该地区强降水的产生。(3)暴雨发生前暴雨区域对流层低层的增温增湿、对流性不稳定层结及抬升凝结高度和对流自由高度的明显降低,是导致暴雨的重要条件。(4)切变线附近对流层低层的强正涡度中心和中高层的强正散度中心的耦合有利于上升运动的维持和水汽的向上抬升,促使中尺度对流系统生成,并沿切变线向东北方向移动和迅速发展,产生暴雨。强降水出现在切变线前方低空急流上的风速脉动区。  相似文献   

9.
北京721特大暴雨极端性分析及思考(一)观测分析及思考   总被引:32,自引:12,他引:20  
谌芸  孙军  徐珺  杨舒楠  宗志平  陈涛  方翀  盛杰 《气象》2012,38(10):1255-1266
本文利用多种常规和非常规观测资料对北京2012年7月21日大暴雨过程的降水特点,引发特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的环境场条件及其发生发展过程进行了全面的分析。观测分析发现:这次特大暴雨是一次极端性降水过程,具有持续时间长、雨量大、范围广的特点。降水过程由暖区降水和锋面降水组成。暖区降水开始时间早,强降水中心较为分散,持续时间长。锋面降水阶段,多个强降水中心相连,形成雨带,雨强大,降水效率高,持续时间较短。引发此次特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的环境场条件分析发现:极端降水过程发生在高层辐散、中低层低涡切变和地面辐合线等高低空系统耦合的背景下。来源于热带和副热带的暖湿空气在暴雨区辐合,持续输送充沛的水汽,具有极高的整层可降水量、强低层水汽辐合等极端水汽条件。在充沛的水汽条件下,低涡切变、低空急流上的风速脉动、地面辐合线、地形作用等触发了强降水。随着锋面系统东移,在冷空气和适度的垂直风切变作用下对流系统组织化发展,产生较强的锋面降水。中尺度对流系统发生发展过程分析发现:降水过程首先以层状云降水和分散的对流性降水为主。随着干冷空气的侵入逐渐转化为高度组织化的对流性降水,多个中小尺度对流云团组织化发展并形成MCC,产生极端强降水。由于回波长轴方向、地形以及回波移动方向三者平行,此次过程的雷达回波具有明显的“列车效应”;并具有明显的后向传播特征和低质心的热带降水回波特点。通过此次罕见暴雨事件观测资料的综合分析,提出了需要进一步研究的问题:此次特大暴雨过程极端性降水特点及极端水汽条件的成因;北方地区暖区暴雨的形成机制;列车效应和后向传播的形成机制;对流单体的组织维持机制以及数值预报对暖区降水的模拟诊断能力等。  相似文献   

10.
北方一次暖区大暴雨降水预报失败案例剖析   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
目前全球模式对暖区暴雨的捕捉能力有限,北方地区的暖区暴雨预报更是业务预报中的一个难点。2013年7月1—2日河北、天津等地出现了一次区域性大暴雨过程,降水由锋前暖区降水和锋面降水组成,特别是冀中的特大暴雨[409mm·(24h)~(-1)]暖区降水占60%以上。预报员对此次过程的预报量级显著偏小,特大暴雨、暴雨均出现漏报。各家数值模式预报均不能给预报员提供足够的有用信息,给预报带来很多困难,导致预报的失败。本文利用业务预报中常用的数值预报产品、加密自动站观测资料、常规地面、高空观测资料、新一代天气雷达资料等对此次北方暖区暴雨预报失败案例进行剖析,结果显示:高温高湿的环境中,未能捕捉到可触发对流的次天气及以下尺度的小扰动,如地面辐合线、阵风锋、冷池及中尺度涡旋等及其对强降水的影响,加之对中尺度对流系统的环境场条件,如低空急流、急流核的发展演变等的精细分析不足是导致强降水预报量级偏弱的重要因素;对于发生在深厚暖湿气团中的暖区降水的预报,需考虑高温高湿环境下地面辐合线、冷池及中尺度涡旋的相互作用对对流的触发及组织化发展导致的局地性、对流性强降水的产生;基于地面自动站资料和雷达资料等的短时临近预报可以弥补全球数值预报对中小尺度系统的捕捉能力的不足,提高暖区暴雨的预报准确率。  相似文献   

11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.  相似文献   

12.
Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.  相似文献   

13.
The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.  相似文献   

14.
正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.  相似文献   

15.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.  相似文献   

16.
Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.  相似文献   

17.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.  相似文献   

18.
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on  相似文献   

19.
Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.  相似文献   

20.
The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.  相似文献   

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