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1.
一次暴风雪过程中的中尺度重力波特征及其影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用地面自动气象站观测资料、数字化多普勒天气雷达探测资料和WRFV2.2.1中尺度数值模拟资料,分析了中尺度重力波与基本气流的相互作用,以及重力波活动对暴雪和大风天气的重要影响。结果表明,在波导中传播的中尺度重力波能够与基本气流进行动量交换,使得对流层中上层4.5—8 km气层内的水平平均风速趋于均匀,形成斜穿整个对流层的饱和湿空气急流,即"湿急流"。在高空急流出口区激发的垂直向下传播的重力波,使基本气流的水平风速在垂直方向上出现了加速和减速的交替变化,水平风加速的气层,反射率增大;水平风减速的气层,反射率减小。随着波动下传及其随基本气流的移动,反射率回波强度沿高空风的方向(由西南向东北)出现周期性变化,回波带呈西北—东南走向,强回波中心之间为宽约40 km的弱回波区。重力波下传期间,当地面气压迅速下降时,东北风快速增长,风向有明显的改变,反射率强度开始减弱;气压脊线过后,反射率降低到最低点。地面大风中心出现在反射率回波强度周期性变化的地带,沿西南—东北方向间隔着分布。雷达探测表明,对流层低层风速在风向切变层上下边界对称相等,因此推测在重力波与切变层汇合的高度层存在垂直环流,由风切变层上下边界附近的西南气流和东北气流与受重力波影响形成的垂直方向上的上升和下沉气流共同组成。切变层上方的动量通过垂直环流的下沉支到达地面,强风中心对应着下沉气流,出现在降水回波开始减弱之际。 相似文献
2.
由1991年7月5—6日一次梅雨期暴雨过程的中尺度扰动场分析, 发现高低层重力惯性波的发展与传播和雨带、低涡的发展与传播有密切的联系, 高低层重力惯性波有明显不同的传播形式。结果表明:降水初期, 对流不稳定激发出重力惯性波, 低层南部相对稳定, 有向南传播的重力惯性波, 高层出现传播的重力惯性波, 高低层向南传播的重力惯性波有利于多条雨带的形成; 降水中期, 高层的重力惯性波出现围绕低层涡旋中心逆时针旋转, 降水也开始加大并东移; 高层向北传播的重力惯性波可导致低层的涡旋和降水发展。 相似文献
3.
利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）开发的新一代ERA5再分析资料、中国自动站与CMORPH降水产品融合的逐小时降水资料以及国家卫星气象中心FY-2G卫星云图资料,对2018年5月21～22日发生在四川盆地西南部的一次山地突发性暴雨过程中的重力波特征进行天气动力学分析。得到以下结果:此次山地突发性暴雨受到了波长约为150 km,周期为5 h的重力波活动的影响,是典型的β中尺度天气系统诱发的暴雨事件。此过程中的重力波主要是在地形和切变不稳定的共同作用下触发的。切变不稳定先于重力波的传播出现在下游降水区域,可表征切变不稳定的理查逊数对重力波传播方向及降水落区有很好指示作用。此次暴雨发生前,重力波中的上升支气流输送低层水汽到高空助力对流发展,而下沉支气流使得低层不稳定能量不断累积。随着东北低空急流的发展,在大气低层（700～800 hPa）东西风切变的过渡带内形成临界层,临界层不断吸收高空波动能量造成重力波能量下传,触发低层不稳定能量释放,促使对流不断加强,最终引发此次山地突发性暴雨。 相似文献
4.
5.
青藏高原东侧陡峭地形对一次强降水天气过程的影响 总被引：12，自引：19，他引：12
利用高分辨率中尺度模式分析资料,研究了青藏高原东侧陡峭地形对一次暴雨天气发生发展的影响。结果显示,青藏高原地形对大气环流的动力阻挡作用形成了本次暴雨过程的水汽输送通道,青藏高原东侧陡峭地形结构造成了四川西北部和黄河上游的强水汽辐合中心,并使低层高能舌和能量锋区位于海拔较低的四川盆地,在四川盆地对流层低层建立起位势不稳定层结。青藏高原东侧陡峭地形结构引起了低层偏东气流强烈的垂直上升运动,最强的垂直上升运动出现在东西风垂直切变与陡峭地形交汇处,激发不稳定能量释放,促使强对流猛烈发展,暴雨过程中高原东侧还有一个中尺度涡旋的发生发展相伴。青藏高原东侧暴雨区最显著的热力特征是高温高湿区域仅出现在对流层低层,最显著的动力特征是强涡度柱也仅出现在对流层低层。 相似文献
6.
一种对资源不稳定性敏感的EASY-backfill算法 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
利用合成技术对1995—2006年冬季（11月—次年2月）生成在西北太平洋上的34个热带气旋（tropicalcyclone,TC）个例进行分析,研究冬季西北太平洋TC生成的大尺度环流特征及其生成机制,结果表明：冬季TC生成的大尺度环流特征型为东风波西传型;北半球冬季对流层低层出现的跨赤道气旋对是冬季北半球TC形成的重要特征;太平洋中部赤道混合Rossby重力波西北传,与强对流中心重合,性质转为＂热带低压型扰动＂,为冬季热带气旋生成提供扰动源。对合成TC初始场的涡动扰动动能的收支分析表明,涡动有效位能和正压不稳定转换为TC形成提供了能量,这两种能量分别与积云对流加热和水平不均匀气流有关。正压不稳定能量转换为动能主要位于对流层中下层,而扰动有效位能的转换主要位于对流层中上层。低层热带东风波动从平均气流中获得正压不稳定能量,并与强积云对流耦合,热力和动力共同作用下形成TC。 相似文献
7.
利用合成技术对1995—2006年冬季(11月—次年2月)生成在西北太平洋上的34个热带气旋(tropicalcyclone,TC)个例进行分析,研究冬季西北太平洋TC生成的大尺度环流特征及其生成机制,结果表明:冬季TC生成的大尺度环流特征型为东风波西传型;北半球冬季对流层低层出现的跨赤道气旋对是冬季北半球TC形成的重要特征;太平洋中部赤道混合Rossby重力波西北传,与强对流中心重合,性质转为"热带低压型扰动",为冬季热带气旋生成提供扰动源。对合成TC初始场的涡动扰动动能的收支分析表明,涡动有效位能和正压不稳定转换为TC形成提供了能量,这两种能量分别与积云对流加热和水平不均匀气流有关。正压不稳定能量转换为动能主要位于对流层中下层,而扰动有效位能的转换主要位于对流层中上层。低层热带东风波动从平均气流中获得正压不稳定能量,并与强积云对流耦合,热力和动力共同作用下形成TC。 相似文献
8.
对流对称不稳定的发展演变和环流特征 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
利用1999年6月一次典型梅雨锋暴雨过程和敏感性试验的数值模拟结果分析了对流对称不稳定的发展演变和环流特征.结果表明：条件对称不稳定是大气稳定状态和条件不稳定状态之间的中间纽带,大气由稳定向不稳定或者由不稳定向稳定的演变均通过条件对称不稳定来实现;对流对称不稳定环流的形成与不稳定层的配置有关,当低层为条件不稳定而高层叠加深厚的条件对称不稳定时,对流对称不稳定环流低层出现垂直上升气流,高层出现范围较广的倾斜上升气流,对称不稳定能量释放产生中尺度云带.当低层和高层出现条件不稳定,中间呈条件对称不稳定或弱稳定度层结时,从低层到高层出现较深厚的垂直上升气流,湿重力不稳定能量的释放导致了云带的形成. 相似文献
9.
球面斜压大气中上传行星波与纬向平均气流的相互作用 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：8
本文指出在球面斜压大气中的行星尺度扰动与纬向平均气流相互作用中必须考虑非地转风分量对位涡度南北方向输送的作用,从而证明了球面大气中行星尺度运动的波作用守恒,并求得球面大气中的行星尺度扰动与纬向平均气流相互作用的欧拉平均运动方程组。 本义利用1979年2月的实际天气观测资料分析了北半球一次对流层阻塞形势建立与平流层爆发性增温过程的行星波与纬向平均气流的相互作用。从分析结果可以看到:由于行星波向上传播,使得在高纬度对流层中、上层出现行星波的波作用通量(也称E-P通量)辐合,使得西风气流减速,因而在高纬度对流层中、上层形成阻塞形势。并且,随着行星波的继续向上传播,使得平流层下、中层的基本气流相继减速并出现东风,因而在平流层下、中层出现爆发性增温。然而,由于高纬度对流层低层出现东风,行星波不能往上传播,在上层波的E-P通量矢量变成辐散,气流由东风又变成西风。 相似文献
10.
新疆克拉玛依地区位于背风坡,长期受翻山气流形成的局地大风影响。该地区日常大风预报业务主要依托克拉玛依气象局的精细化数值预报系统,为进一步完善该系统的预报效果,本文开展了重力波拖曳参数化方案应用试验,对比分析了三组试验方案:不开启重力波拖曳、只开启外层区域重力波拖曳以及两重嵌套设置下均开启重力波拖曳的结果。试验结果表明:在克拉玛依大风预报个例中,对于山区地形背风坡处的克拉玛依站,不启动重力波拖曳会导致风速偏大和起风时间较早;开启外层重力波拖曳方案可以延迟克拉玛依站起风时间,两重区域均开启可以进一步延迟该站的起风时间,使起风时间更接近实况;对于非山区地形背风坡处的站点,在内层开启重力波拖曳会导致一定的负效果;对内层区域的统计检验结果表明不开启重力波拖曳,会使地形复杂区域风场预报存在一定的正偏差,在外层开启重力波拖曳会使正偏差有一定改善,而两重嵌套均开启重力波拖曳方案会导致非地形陡峭区域的负偏差增加。综合全区域内大风预报检验结果表明,只在外层开启重力波拖曳会获得最小的误差和较好的预报效果。 相似文献
11.
Severe downslope windstorms occurred on 5 April 2005 in the Taebaek Mountain Range, located in the eastern coast of Korea, are examined using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Strong winds are observed at Gangneung and Yangyang during two separate periods with a rapidly decreasing period in between. These downslope windstorms are reproduced in the simulation reasonably well, although the rapidly decreasing surface wind speed after the second windstorm could not be captured at Yangyang. It is found that the generation mechanisms of the downslope windstorms in these two periods are somewhat different. The severe wind in the first period is likely due to the reflection of the mountain waves from a critical level that locates near z = 8–9 km. Upward-propagating waves and reflected downward-propagating waves interact constructively in a duct between the critical level and the surface, resulting in strong surface wind. In the second period, the hydraulic-jump theory can be applied in that the wave breaking above the downstream induces a well-mixed region, and severe downslope wind is developed beneath this turbulent region as the streamlines descend along the downstream. Simultaneous lee wave structure is also reproduced during the second windstorm period. The sensitivity of the downslope wind speed to the change in the land-cover map showed that the absorption of trapped lee waves in the boundary layer reduces the downslope wind speed significantly after the second windstorm at Gangneung, improving the model performance, although with no significant impact at Yangyang. 相似文献
12.
地形对于气流运动影响的数值研究 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7
建立了二维、非静力平衡的数值模式，研究地形对上游气流的阻挡以及大振幅背风波谷与下坡风的形成。结果表明：地形的阻挡效应受地形高度、大气层结及地形非对称性等因子的影响。数值试验与理论分析都证明地形越高、层结越稳定时阻挡作用越强；同样条件下，迎风坡坡度大的地形容易对气流形成阻挡。此外，分析了地形高度、大气层结、地形非对称性以及基本入流大小对背风波谷及下坡风强度影响的规律，并通过一次实际观测对数值模拟结果进行了检验。 相似文献
13.
Summary Numerical experiments are performed for inviscid flow past an idealized topography to investigate the formation and development of lee mesolows, mesovortices and mesocyclones. For a nonrotating, low-Froude number flow over a bell-shaped moutain, a pair of mesovortices form on the lee slope move downstream and weaken at later times. The advection speed of the lee vortices is found to be about two-thirds of the basic wind velocity, which is due to the existence of a reversed pressure gradient just upstream of the vortices. The lee vortices do not concur with the upstream stagnation point in time, but rather form at a later time. It is found that a pair of lee vortices form for a flow withFr=0.66, but take a longer time to form than in lower-Froude number flows. Since the lee vortices are formed rather progressively, their formation may be explained by the baroclinically-induced vorticity tilting as the mountain waves become more and more nonlinear.A stationary mesohigh and mesolow pressure couplet forms across the mountain and is produced in both high and low-Froude number flows. The results of the high Froude number simulations agree well with the classical results predicted by linear, hydrostatic mountain wave theory. It is found that the lee mesolow is not necessarily colocated with the lee vortices. The mesolow is formed by the downslope wind associated with the orographically forced gravity waves through adiabatic warming. The earth's rotation acts to strengthen (weaken) the cyclonic (anticyclonic) vortex and shifts the lee mesolow to the right for an observer facing downstream. The cyclonic vortex then develops into a mesocyclone with the addition of planetary vorticity at later times. For a flow over a steeper mountain, the disturbance is stronger even though the Froude number is kept the same.For a southwesterly flow past the real topography of Taiwan, there is no stagnation point or lee vortices formed because the impinging angle of the flow is small. A major mesoscale low forms to the southeast of the Central Mountain Range (CMR), while a mesohigh forms upstream. For a westerly flow past Taiwan, a stagnation point forms upstream of the mountain and a pair of vortices form on the lee and move downstream at later times. The cyclonic vortex then develops into a mesocyclone. A mesolow also forms to the southeast of Taiwan. For a northeasterly flow past Taiwan, the mesolow forms to the northwest of the mountain. Similar to flows over idealized topographies, the Taiwan mesolow is formed by the downslope wind associated with mountain waves through adiabatic warming. A conceptual model of the Taiwan southeast mesolow and mesocyclone is proposed.With 16 Figures 相似文献
14.
The article considers the reasons for the underestimation of the wind speed by the WRF-ARW model when simulating downslope windstorms in the Russian Arctic. Simulation results for the Tiksi windstorm, for which sensitivity tests were carried out, appeared to be weakly dependent on the initial and boundary conditions, topography resolution, and boundary layer parameterization. Wind speed underestimation was mostly related to improper land use and the highly overestimated roughness length, which are used in the model. Reduction of the roughness length in accordance with the observations leads not only to a quantitative change in the wind speed in the boundary layer, but to qualitative changes in the dynamics of the flow. Wind underestimation in simulations with the overestimated roughness was caused by the jet stream unrealistically jumping over the lee slope and wake formation in the station area, while jet stream stayed near the surface and propagated to the station area in simulations with the modified roughness length. Modification of land use and roughness length in Tiksi and other regions where downslope windstorms are observed (Novaya Zemlya, Pevek, Wrangel Island) led to a decrease in wind speed modelling error by more than 2.5 times. 相似文献
15.
Summary ?We have investigated the effects of shear and sharp gradients in static stability and demonstrated how a mountain wave and
its associated surface winds can be strongly influenced. Linear theory for two-dimensional, nonrotating stratified flow over
an isolated mountain ridge with positive shear and constant static stability shows that the horizontal wind speeds on both
the lee and upslope surfaces are suppressed by positive shear. The critical F(=U/Nh where U is the basic wind speed, N the Brunt-Vaisala frequency, and h the mountain height) for the occurrence of wave breaking decreases when the strength of the positive shear increases, while
the location for the wave-induced critical level is higher in cases with larger positive shear. The linear theory is then
verified by a series of systematic nonlinear numerical experiments. Four different flow regimes are found for positive shear
flow over a two-dimensional mountain. The values of critical F which separate the flow regimes are lower when the strength of the positive shear is larger. The location of stagnation aloft
from numerical simulations is found to be quite consistent with those predicted by linear theory.
We calculate the strongest horizontal wind speed on the lee surface (U
max), the smallest horizontal wind speed on the upslope surface (U
min), the reflection (Ref), and the transmission (Tran) coefficients for different combinations of the stability ratio between
the upper and lower layers (i.e. and z
1 (interface height) in a two-layer atmosphere from linear analytical solutions. Both Ref and Tran are found to be functions
of log() but not the interface height (z
1). Ref is larger when is much different from 1, no matter whether it is larger or smaller than 1. However, Tran decreases when log() increases and approaches 0 when log() is large. The magnitude of the largest U
max (smallest U
min) increases (decreases) as the absolute value of log() increases. It is found that the largest U
max occurs when the nondimensional z
1 is near for cases with a less stable upper layer or when z
1 is near for cases with a more stable upper layer. These results are confirmed by nonlinear numerical simulations. We find that linear
theory is very useful in qualitative analysis of the possibility of high-drag state for different stability profiles. The
location of stagnation aloft in a two-layer atmosphere from numerical simulations agrees very well with those predicted by
linear theory.
The above findings are applied to investigate the Boulder severe downslope windstorm of 11 January 1972. We find that the
windstorm cannot develop if the near mountain-top inversion is located at a higher altitude (e.g., km). However, if there exists a less stable layer right below the tropopause, the windstorm can develop in the absence of
a low-level inversion. These results indicate the importance of partial reflection due to the structured atmosphere in influencing
the possibility of severe downslope windstorms, although partial reflection may not be the responsible mechanism for the generation
of windstorms.
Received September 25, 1999/Revised February 9, 2000 相似文献
16.
条件不稳定湿大气中三维理想地形上空对流的动力学特征 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
条件不稳定湿大气情况下,气流经过三维地形可以形成不同性质的对流系统以及不同特征的地形流结构,其对流系统、地形流的性质主要取决于地形上空的对流触发、对流-地形流-重力波三者之间的相互作用,同样这些过程对于地形降水的性质、分布起重要的作用.根据不同湿Fr数(Froude number),湿条件不稳定大气经过三维小尺度山地上空时其对流和地形流动存在4种不同的流域(flow regirnes):(1)下游传播对流模态;(2)上游传播和下游传播共存对流模态;(3)山峰附近准静止和下游传播共存对流模态;(4)下坡稳定和下游传播对流共存模态.地形上空对流系统主要可以通过两种不同机制形成:(1)地形直接的抬升或减速作用;(2)在地形流形成后,由于地形流本身特性(如上游分离、背风涡旋和下坡重力波破碎)触发.在较大的Fr数情况下,地形上空对流生成后反过来可以破坏上、下游的地形流结构,但对背风坡的重力波破碎影响较小.不同初始对流有效位能(CAPE)不仅可以影响对流系统的传播、发展,而且可以影响整体地形流性质.较低的初始CAPE有利于地形流的形成,此时对流对地形流结构特征的影响相对较小,其流场性质与低Fr数流域性质相似. 相似文献
17.
为了研究风场对背风波的影响,针对边界层附近为弱稳定层结的背风波,建立了一个三维三层的理论模型和线性计算模式,分析了各层中风速和风向的变化对背风波特征的影响,揭示了气流过孤立山脉产生背风波的有利风场条件。结果表明：背风波的波长、振幅等特征对各层风速和风向的变化具有相当的敏感性,波长随着低、高层风速的增大而增大,随着中层风速的增大先减小后增大;振幅随着低、中层风速的增大先增大后减小,随着高层风速的增大而增大。此外,风速和上下层风向切变的增大均使背风波的形态逐渐由横波型转为辐散型,但是上下层风向的切变对背风波形态的影响比风速更为显著。 相似文献
18.
Summary This study addresses simulation of the local bora wind and its properties as reflected on typical trajectories. Trajectory calculations are implemented in the Eta Model. The Eta Model has a vertical coordinate which permits a step-like representation of mountains and quasi-horizontal coordinate surfaces, the so-called eta coordinate. A realistic real data simulation of a bora wind case in achieved using the model with a 28 km horizontal resolution and 16 layers in the vertical. Numerical experiments with different mountain heights and shapes in the bora wind region are performed. These are motivated by observational indications and theoretically based expectations that a certain intermediate mountain elevation is required for generation of downslope windstorms with bora wind properties. Three-dimensional trajectories over various mountains mimicing real mountains but differing primarily in elevation are calculated and analysed. The maximum bora wind speed is predicted as expected through three-dimensional channels in the step mountain representations. The results illustrate and are in agreement with the observational evidence that mountain barriers of the elevation of about 1000 m are a necessary requirement for the occurrence of the bora-type downslope windstorms.With 10 Figures 相似文献
19.
Summary Numerical simulations of four mountain wave events over the Colorado Rockies were carried out with a two-dimensional hydrostatic model including a turbulent mixing parameterization in order to investigate the effect of surface friction. Surface friction was found to play a major role in modulating and even in some cases preventing the wave amplification mechanism from producing severe downslope windstorms.With 8 Figures 相似文献