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通过对二维准动量无辐散、无摩擦、密度非均匀分布的层结大气中基本气流切变对非线性方程组行波解的影响问题的研究，证明：（ａ）在对称稳定（ｑ＝Ｎ２Ｆ２－Ｓ４＞０）的大气中：非线性行波解为周期解，且其周期与相应的线性周期解的周期相等；（ｂ）在对称非稳定（ｑ＝Ｎ２Ｆ２－Ｓ４≤０）的大气中：存在两类非线性行波解，其性质是由参数Ｂ决定的。Ｂ＝（Ｎ２ｓｉｎ２φ－２Ｓ２ｓｉｎφｃｏｓφ＋Ｆ２ｃｏｓ２φ）／σ２。（１）当Ｂ＞０时为周期解，且其周期与相应的线性周期解的周期相等；（２）当Ｂ≤０时为孤立波解。 相似文献
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地形对重力惯性波发展的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
本文研究了具有南北坡的地形对重力惯性波发展的影响。利用WKB方法，建立了含地形作用的重力惯性波能量方程。研究结果表明:在层结稳定的情况下，当扰动“上坡”（沿地形高度的升度方向传播）时，其能量将减少，即扰动将减弱；当扰动“下坡”（沿地形高度的负升度方向传播）时，其能量将增加，即扰动将发展。如层结为不稳定，情形则相反，即扰动“上坡”时将发展，“下坡”时将减弱。此外，文中对波动的稳定性问题也作了一些讨论。 相似文献
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中尺度对称不稳定和横波不稳定的波动性质 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
使用纬向线性以及非线性切变基流下中尺度扰动的Boussinesq近似方程组，讨论了两种典型的中尺度扰动发生对称不稳定或者横波不稳定时，其不稳定的一些特征以及扰动的波动性质。研究结果表明：（1）对于扰动的等位相面平行于基本气流方向的对称性扰动来说，对称不稳定的波动实质是沿着与基本气流方向相垂直的方向传播的重力惯性内波的不稳定。基流二次切变对于中尺度对称扰动来说是一个不稳定因子，并且驱动不稳定的中尺度对称扰动在南北方向传播；（2）对于扰动的等位相面垂直于基本气流方向的横波性扰动来说，在基本气流为常数或者只具有线性切变的情况下，此时根本不存在涡旋Rossby波，横波不稳定的波动实质则是沿着基本气流方向双向传播的重力惯性内波的不稳定。如果考虑基本流场的风速存在二次切变或者非线性切变时，此时就会产生一支新的波动（涡旋Rossby波），涡旋Rossby波相对于基本气流^-U0是单向传播的，涡旋Rossby波产生的物理根源是基本流场的风速^-U二次切变（β＊=^-Uzz≠0），此时横波型不稳定可能是混合的涡旋Rossby——重力波的不稳定。实际大气中，涡旋Rossby波对于中够尺度对流云核、暴雨团等天气系统的发生、发展和演变的物理机制具有极其重要的意义。 相似文献
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用 Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ 方法对激发洪水暴雨的中尺度系统对称不稳定性进行了分析。由于对称不稳定指数ｓ 的贡献与大气的环境状态密切相关,所以区别扰动大气所处的环境状态是预报成败的关键。当环境空气扰动量 Ｑ＝ ０或│（ｌｎｓｙ） － １ │→０ 时,都可视为小振幅运动,如以下环流背景形势：⑴风场较弱（ 弱梯度,鞍形场等） ,⑵ｓ 的径向梯度（ 即ｌｎｓｙ） 较大;当 Ｑ≠０ 时,为大振幅运动,如有明显的锋面、低涡、风切变、急流等天气系统影响。实际预报时,在计算出ｓ 场的同时,还需要分析背景形势场的非线性特征,以确定ｓ 对暴雨过程贡献的性质 相似文献
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该文利用ＴＯＧＡ－ＣＯＡＲＥ强化观测期（ＩＯＰ）所获得的辐射观测资料（１９９２年１１月１０日—１９９３年２月１８日），对考察点（２°１５′Ｓ，１５８°００′Ｅ）的辐射分量进行了分析，其中包括总辐射、直接辐射、散射辐射、海表长波辐射、大气逆辐射、海表反射辐射及其反照率、净辐射及有效辐射。结果表明：和其它地区（如高原）比较，观测点的总辐射、直接辐射均很强；反射率小，晴天平均为０．０４—０．０５，阴天为０．０６—０．０８；海表长波辐射大而日变化小，大气逆辐射强而日变化大；有效辐射小而净辐射大。 相似文献
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本文采用线性化、无粘、绝热的 Boussinesq方程组 ,研究了 β中尺度波段的不稳定问题 ,讨论在不同理逊数下扰动的稳定性增长率分布。在不同的 Ri下 ,不稳定的出现对波长有选择性 ,在小 Ri 时 ,即 Ri<0 .95 ,β中尺度波段存在对称不稳定 ,Ri 数越小 ,对称不稳定的增长率越大 ,此外还存在横波型扰动的不稳定和斜交型扰动的不稳定。当 Ri 数增大时 ,Ri>1时对称不稳定已不存在 ,但其余两类不稳定仍存在 ,且在 β中尺度波段中较大尺度的扰动以横波型扰动的不稳定占优 ,而较小尺度的扰动以斜交型扰动的不稳定占优。 相似文献
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本文建立了一个用于研究“雅安天漏”的有限区域数值预报模式，并用该模式对１０个“雅安天漏”个例进行了数值预报试验，取得了较满意的结果。该模式动力框架的主要特点是：（１）模式的基本方程组便于构造出完全能量守恒的差分格式；（２）采用了静力扣除；（３）模式的垂直坐标选用了η坐标；（４）选用Ｅ网格作为变量的水平分布形式；（５）位势高度与其他预报量在垂直方向交错分布；（６）对Ｅ网格的波解分离问题采取了特殊的处理技巧；（７）首次采用“半格距”差分解决了矩形Ｅ网格及球坐标Ｅ网格沿对角线的差分计算；（８）采用显示分解的时间积分方案；（９）尽量保留初始场信息。模式的物理过程主要包括：（１）大尺度凝结降水；（２）对流调整及对流降水；（３）水平扩散和垂直通量输送；（４）地面辐射收支和边界层参数化。试报降水的主要降水中心及降水范围与观测分析比较相似。大于１０ｍｍ和２５ｍｎ降水的ＴＳ平均评分分别为０．４１和０．３２。 相似文献
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O3,CO2浓度及太阳光谱变化对作物光合作用影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
对光合作用 蒸腾作用 气孔调节进行耦合 ,从生物化学尺度扩展至冠层尺度 ,发展了一个冬小麦冠层光合作用生态动力模式 ,模式考虑了O3,CO2 和光谱变化对作物光合的综合影响。利用美国光合作用实测资料对模式进行验证 ,叶片模式通过了相关显著性检验并具有较高的准确度。数值分析表明 :当O3 浓度由 0× 10 -9V/V上升至2 0 0× 10 -9V/V时 ,冠层光合速率下降 2 9%左右 ;当CO2 浓度由 330× 10 -6V/V上升至 6 6 0× 10 -6V/V时 ,冠层光合速率增加大约 37% ;当光谱比例系数由目前的 0 .5下降至 0 .4时 ,冠层光合速率将下降 2 7%左右。对于污染严重、易发生光化学烟雾的城郊附近 ,在阳光强烈的典型晴天 ,中午O3 浓度达到 2 0 0× 10 -9V/V时 ,即使气候条件不发生改变 ,CO2 浓度对作物光合作用的正效应也不足以弥补O3 浓度升高所造成的负效应 ,冠层光合速率将比目前干洁地区略有下降 ,如果进一步考虑光合作用有效辐射光谱成分下降至 0 .4左右 ,冠层光合作用将比目前的BASE值下降 35 %左右。 相似文献
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PERIOD-DOUBLING BIFURCATIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION AND APERIODIC VARIATIONS OF THE FLOW PATTERNS 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Luo Zhexian 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1988,2(1):47-54
An eighth-order set of ordinary differential equations, which governs the dynamics of aquasi-geostrophic flow of the baroclinic atmosphere, is used to investigate bifurcational and chaoticforms of the atmospheric circulation. Numerical integrations of the set exhibit period-doublingbifurcations of the flow patterns. It would seem that the Feigenbaum relation (r_n-r_(n-1))/(r_(n+1)-r_n)=4.6692 is satisfied approximately. Above a limit point the solutions are aperiodic and chaotic, anda strange attractor having four inter-linked chaotic fragments appears. A window of period-6emerges also in the chaotic region. 相似文献
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中国地区城市热岛环流研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
城市热岛环流是由城市热岛激发的、存在于边界层的局地环流。这一环流常影响城市区域污染物的扩散及城市降水,是城市气象学的重点研究对象。在过去30多年间,中国城市热岛环流的研究不断取得突破,研究成果丰富。为了今后更有效地开展相关研究,本文从观测分析、理论与数值模拟研究两方面,回顾并总结了我国在热岛环流研究方面取得的成果,包括热岛环流的时空特征、产生机制,以及热岛环流与其他局地环流的相互作用。此外,本文总结了热岛环流对城市及其周边地区污染物水平和垂直分布的影响。 相似文献
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Kiafar Hamed Babazadeh Hosssien Marti Pau Kisi Ozgur Landeras Gorka Karimi Sepideh Shiri Jalal 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,130(1-2):377-389
Evapotranspiration estimation is of crucial importance in arid and hyper-arid regions, which suffer from water shortage, increasing dryness and heat. A modeling study is reported here to cross-station assessment between hyper-arid and humid conditions. The derived equations estimate ET0 values based on temperature-, radiation-, and mass transfer-based configurations. Using data from two meteorological stations in a hyper-arid region of Iran and two meteorological stations in a humid region of Spain, different local and cross-station approaches are applied for developing and validating the derived equations. The comparison of the gene expression programming (GEP)-based-derived equations with corresponding empirical-semi empirical ET0 estimation equations reveals the superiority of new formulas in comparison with the corresponding empirical equations. Therefore, the derived models can be successfully applied in these hyper-arid and humid regions as well as similar climatic contexts especially in data-lack situations. The results also show that when relying on proper input configurations, cross-station might be a promising alternative for locally trained models for the stations with data scarcity.
相似文献17.
The formation of longitudinal vortex rolls in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is investigated by means of perturbation analysis. The method is the same as that used by previous authors who have investigated the instability of a laminar Ekman layer. To study the instability of the turbulent boundary layer of the atmosphere, vertical profiles are needed of the eddy viscosity and of the two components of the basic flow. These profiles have been obtained by a numerical PBL-model; they are universal for zz
0. (However, the stability equations are not completely universal, i.e., independent of the external parameters). For each thermal stratification, expressed by the internal stratification parameter , one has a set of three consistent profiles.The numerical solution of the stability equations gives the critical values and the perturbation growth rates as functions of thermal stratification and of the surface Rossby number Ro0. This is in contrast to the case of a laminar Ekman layer, where the instability depends on a Reynolds number only, which makes atmospheric applications difficult. The most unstable perturbations are found for Ro0 = 1 × 106 approximately, which is in the range of surface Rossby numbers observed in the atmosphere. However, considering vortex rolls oriented in the direction of the surface stress, the instability is found to be universal, i.e., independent of the external parameters combined in the surface Rossby number. With respect to thermal stratification, the results show that the instability of the perturbations increases with increasing static stability. 相似文献
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Equilibrium Evaporation and the Convective Boundary Layer 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
M. R. Raupach 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2000,96(1-2):107-142
A theory is developed for surface energy exchanges in well-mixed, partlyopen systems, embracing fully open and fully closed systems as limits.Conservation equations for entropy and water vapour are converted intoan exact rate equation for the potential saturation deficit D in a well-mixed, partly open region. The main contributions to changes in D arise from (1) the flux of D at the surface, dependent on a conductance gq that is a weighted sum of the bulk aerodynamic and surface conductances; and (2) the exchange flux of D with the external environment by entrainment or advection, dependent on a conductance ge that is identifiable with the entrainment velocity when the partly open region is a growing convective boundary layer (CBL). The system is fully open when ge/gq , and fully closed when ge/gq 0. The equations determine the steady state surface energy balance (SEB) in a partly open system, the associated steady-state deficit, and the settling time scale needed to reach the steady state. The general result for the steady-state SEB corresponds to the equations of conventional combination theory for the SEB of a vegetated surface, with the surface-layer deficit replaced by the external deficit and with gq replaced by the series sum (gq
-1 + ge
-1)-1. In the fully open limit D is entirely externally prescribed, while in the fully closed limit, D is internally determined and the SEB approaches thermodynamic equilibrium energy partition. In the case of the CBL, the conductances gq and ge are themselves functions of D through short-term feedbacks, induced by entrainment in the case of ge and by both physiological and aerodynamic (thermal stability) processes in the case of gq. The effects of these feedbacks are evaluated. It is found that a steady-state CBL is physically achievable only over surfaces with at least moderate moisture availability; that entrainment has a significant accelerating effect on equilibration; that the settling time scale is well approximated by h/(gq + ge), where h is the CBL depth; and that this scale is short enough to allow a steady state to evolve within a semi-diurnal time scale only when h is around 500 m or less. 相似文献
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The stability theory that describes the local stability of atmospheric systems is set up by the generaliz-ed Liapunovian second method on the basis of the nonequilibrium statistical physics. A combinedhydro-thermodynamic stability criterion for the atmosphere is derived in light of the constructedgeneralized Liapunov functional which is suitable to describing the atmospheric system defined by thesystem of partial differential equations, and the concept and criterion of the hydro-thermodynamicstability are first introduced into the atmospheric thermodynamics, thus many ways of atmosphericmotions with the background of macroscopic thermodynamics are explained. 相似文献
20.
In usual aerodynamic bulk formulas, the drag coefficient C
d has been best estimated in the 5 to 16 m s–1 range of mean wind velocity; a value of 1.3 × 10–3 is often considered for operational use. However, in the 0 to 5 m s–1 range of mean wind velocity, corresponding to meteorological conditions of very light wind, experimental results have not resulted in any convincing agreement between various authors (Hicks et al., 1974; Wu, 1969; Kondo and Fujinawa, 1972; Mitsuta, 1973; Brocks and Krugermeyer, 1970).In the present paper, the drag coefficient is experimentally determined in conditions of very light wind and limited fetch (about 250 m). Due to this limited fetch, we have to be cautious in the extrapolation of our results to other sites. Nevertheless, some of experimental results are worth describing, considering the paucity of data in light wind conditions.Mean value and standard deviation (respectively 1.84 × 10–3 and 1.24 × 10–3) are obtained from 70 runs of 10-min duration. Mean wind velocities observed at 2 m above water surface are found to lie between 1.2 and 3.6 m s–1. Whereas this mean value is in fair agreement with C
d 10 = 1.3 × 10–3, usually given for the 5 to 16 m s–1 range (Kraus, 1972), the above value for the standard deviation seems too large to be left without further analysis.A more exhaustive analysis of the 70 values obtained for C
d shows that it depends on a parameter characteristic of longitudinal fluctuations of the wind velocity. A similar idea was put forward earlier by Kraus (1972). Relations between the drag coefficient and wind fluctuations may be tentatively given by: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4qamaaBa% aaleaacaWGKbGaaGOmaaqabaGccqGH9aqpdaqadaqaaiabgkHiTiaa% igdacaGGUaGaaGimaiaaiEdacqGHRaWkcaaIXaGaaGinaiaac6caca% aIZaGaaGinamaalaaabaGaeq4Wdm3aaSbaaSqaaiaadwhacaGGNaaa% beaaaOqaaaaaaiaawIcacaGLPaaaruqqYLwySbacfaGaa8hEaiaa-b% cacaaIXaGaaGimamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaG4maaaakiaabcca% caqGGaGaaeiiaiaabccacaqGXaGaaeOlaiaabAdacaqGGaGaaeyBai% aabccacaqGZbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaqGTaGaaeymaaaakiabgsMiJkqa% dwhagaqeamaaBaaaleaacaaIYaaabeaakiabgsMiJkaaiodacaGGUa% GaaGOnaiaab2gacaqGGaGaae4CamaaCaaaleqabaGaaeylaiaabgda% aaaaaa!634E!\[C_{d2} = \left( { - 1.07 + 14.34\frac{{\sigma _{u'} }}{{}}} \right)x 10^{ - 3} {\text{ 1}}{\text{.6 m s}}^{{\text{ - 1}}} \leqslant \bar u_2 \leqslant 3.6{\text{m s}}^{{\text{ - 1}}} \] and % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaam4qamaaBa% aaleaacaWGKbGaaGOmaaqabaGccqGH9aqpdaqadaqaaiabgkHiTiaa% iodacaGGUaGaaGioaiaaiAdacqGHRaWkcaaIZaGaaiOlaiaaiodaca% aI2aGaam4raaGaayjkaiaawMcaaerbbjxAHXgaiuaacaWF4bGaa8hi% aiaaigdacaaIWaWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaaIZaaaaOGaaeilaa% aa!4B42!\[C_{d2} = \left( { - 3.86 + 3.36G} \right)x 10^{ - 3} {\text{,}}\] where
u/\-u
2 and G, respectively, represent the standard deviation of u normalized with \-u
2 and the longitudinal gust factor quoted in Smith (1974).We have established a relationship between these fluctuation parameters and the stability as given by a bulk layer Richardson number (between 0 and 2 m). These relations are given by: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaSaaaeaacq% aHdpWCdaWgaaWcbaGaamyDaiaacEcaaeqaaaGcbaGabmyDayaaraWa% aSbaaSqaaiaaikdaaeqaaaaakiabg2da9iaaicdacaGGUaGaaGymai% aaikdacqGHRaWkcaaIZaGaaiOlaiaaiIdacaaI1aGaaeiiaiaabkfa% caqGPbWaaSbaaSqaaiaabcdacaqGTaGaaeOmaaqabaaaaa!4802!\[\frac{{\sigma _{u'} }}{{\bar u_2 }} = 0.12 + 3.85{\text{ Ri}}_{{\text{0 - 2}}} \] and G=1.35+14.56 Ri0–2. The increase in gustiness with stability is in qualitative agreement with Goptarev (1957)'s experimental results.In spite of the high-level correlation between C
d and
u/\-u
2(G) on the one hand and between
u/\-u
2(G) and Ri0–2on the other hand, we found a poor relationship between C
d and Ri0–2. It is worth noting too that the trend observed here for C
d to increase with stability is in complete disagreement with the usual theoretical expectation for C
d to decrease with increasing layer stability above water.
E.R.A. du C.N.R.S. n 259. 相似文献
E.R.A. du C.N.R.S. n 259. 相似文献