共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
Four-dimensional variational data assimilation experiments for a heavy rain case during the 2002 IOP in China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A heavy rainfall event along the mei-yu front during 22-23 June 2002 was chosen for this study. To assess the impact of the routine and additional IOP (intensive observation period) radiosonde observations on the mesoscale heavy rainfall forecast, a series of four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation and model simulation experiments was conducted using nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 and the MM5 4DVAR system. The effects of the intensive observations in the different areas on the heavy rainfall forecast were also investigated. The results showed that improvement of the forecast skill for mesoscale heavy rainfall intensity was possible from the assimilation of the IOP radiosonde observations. However,the impact of the IOP observations on the forecast of the rainfall pattern was not significant. Initial conditions obtained through the 4DVAR experiments with a 12-h assimilation window were capable of improving the 24-h forecast. The simulated results after the assimilation showed that it would be best to perform the intensive radiosonde observations in the upstream of the rainfall area and in the moisture passageway area at the same time. Initial conditions created by the 4DVAR led to the low-level moisture convergence over the rainfall area, enhanced frontogenesis and upward motion within the mei-yu front,and intensified middle- and high-level unstable stratification in front of the mei-yu front. Consequently,the heavy rainfall forecast was improved. 相似文献
2.
The number of tropical cyclone (TC) genesis over the South China Sea and the Northwest Pacific Ocean in 2009 is significantly less than the average (27.4). However, the number of landfall TC over mainland China and its associated rainfall is more than the average. This paper focuses on the performance of numerical weather prediction (NWP) of landfall TC precipitation over China in 2009. The China Meteorological Administration (CMA) and Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) models are compared. Although the schemes of physical processes, the data assimilation system and the dynamic frame are entirely different for the two models, the results of forecast verification are similar to each other for TC rainfall and track except for TC Goni. In this paper, a day with daily rainfall amount greater than 50 mm was selected as a storm rain day when there was a TC affecting the mainland. There are 32 storm rain days related to the landing of typhoons and tropical depressions. The rainfall forecast verification methods of National Meteorological Centre (NMC) of CMA are selected to verify the models’ rainfall forecast. Observational precipitation analyses related to TCs in 2009 indicate a U-shape spatial distribution in China. It is found that the rain belt forecasted by the two models within 60 hours shows good agreement with observations, both in the location and the maximum rainfall center. Beyond 3 days, the forecasted rainfall belt shifts northward on average, and the rainfall amount of the model forecasts becomes under-predicted. The rainfall intensity of CMA model forecast is more reasonable than that of JMA model. For heavy rain, the JMA model made more missing forecasts. The TC rainfall is verified in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Hainan where rainfall amount related to TCs is relatively larger than in other regions. The results indicate that the model forecast for Guangdong and Guangxi is more skillful than that for Hainan. The rainfall forecast for Hainan remains difficult for the models because of insufficient observation data and special tropical ocean climate. 相似文献
3.
Soil Moisture Retrieval from Satellite Images and Its Application to Heavy Rainfall Simulation in Eastern China 总被引：3，自引：4，他引：3
The soil water index (SWI) from satellite remote sensing and the observational soil moisture from agricultural meteorological stations in eastern China are used to retrieve soil moisture. The analysis of correlation coefficient (CORR), root-mean-square-error (RMSE) and bias (BIAS) shows that the retrieved soil moisture is convincible and close to the observation. The method can overcome the difficulties in soil moisture observation on a large scale and the retrieved soil moisture may reflect the distribution of the real soil moisture objectively. The retrieved soil moisture is used as an initial scheme to replace initial conditions of soil moisture (NCEP) in the model MM5V3 to simulate the heavy rainfall in 1998. Three heavy rainfall processes during 13–14 June, 18–22 June, and 21–26 July 1998 in the Yangtze River valley are analyzed. The first two processes show that the intensity and location of simulated precipitation from SWI are better than those from NCEP and closer to the observed values. The simulated heavy rainfall for 21–26 July shows that the update of soil moisture initial conditions can improve the model’s performance. The relationship between soil moisture and rainfall may explain that the stronger rainfall intensity for SWI in the Yangtze River valley is the result of the greater simulated soil moisture from SWI prior to the heavy rainfall date than that from NCEP, and leads to the decline of temperature in the corresponding area in the heavy rainfall days. Detailed analysis of the heavy rainfall on 13–14 June shows that both land-atmosphere interactions and atmospheric circulation were responsible for the heavy rainfall, and it shows how the SWI simulation improves the simulation. The development of mesoscale systems plays an important role in the simulation regarding the change of initial soil moisture for SWI. 相似文献
4.
Statistical characteristics of environmental parameters for warm season short-duration heavy rainfall over central and eastern China 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13 
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下载免费PDF全文 Water vapor content,instability,and convergence conditions are the key to short-duration heavy rainfall forecasting.It is necessary to understand the large-scale atmospheric environment characteristics of shortduration heavy rainfall by investigating the distribution of physical parameters for different hourly rainfall intensities.The observed hourly rainfall data in China and the NCEP final analysis（FNL）data during 1May and 30 September from 2002 to 2009 are used.NCEP FNL data are 6-hourly,resulting in sample sizes of 1573370,355346,and 11401 for three categories of hourly rainfall（P）of no precipitation(P<0.1 mm h-1),ordinary precipitation(0.1≤P<20 mm h-1),and short-duration heavy rainfall(P≥20.0 mm h-1),respectively,by adopting a temporal matching method.The results show that the total precipitable water（PWAT）is the best parameter indicating the hourly rainfall intensity.A PWAT of 28 mm is necessary for any short-duration heavy rainfall.The possibility of short-duration heavy rainfall occurrence increases with PWAT,and a PWAT of 59 mm is nearly sufficient.The specific humidity is a better indicator than relative humidity.Both 700-and 850-hPa relative humidity greater than 80%could be used to determine whether or not it is going to rain,but could not be used to estimate the rainfall intensity.Temperature and potential pseudo-equivalent temperature are also reasonable indicators of short-duration heavy rainfall.Among the atmospheric instability parameters,the best lifted index（BLI）performs best on the shortduration rainfall discrimination;the next best is the K index（KI）.The three rainfall categories are not well recognized by total totals（TT）or the temperature difference between 850 and 500 hPa（DT85）.Threequarters of short-duration heavy rainfall occurred with BLI less than-0.9,while no short-duration heavy rainfall occurred when BLI was greater than 2.6.The minimum threshold of KI was 28.1 for short-duration heavy rainfall.The importance of dynamic conditions was well demonstrated by the 925-and 850-hPa divergence.The representativeness of 925-hPa divergence is stronger than that of 850 hPa.Three-quarters of short-duration heavy rainfall occurred under a negative divergence environment.However,both the best convective potential energy（BCAPE）and vertical wind shear were unable to discriminate the hourly rainfall intensities. 相似文献
5.
On the basis of the joint estimated 1-h precipitation from Changde, Jingzhou, and Yichang Doppler radars as well as Wuhan digital radar, and the retrieved wind fields from Yichang and Jingzhou Doppler radars, a series of numerical experiments with an advanced regionalη-coordinate model (AREM) under different model initial schemes, i.e., Grapes-3DVAR, Barnes objective analysis, and Barnes-3DVAR, are carried out for a torrential rain process occurring along the Yangtze River in the 24-h period from 2000 BT 22 July 2002 to investigate the effects of the Doppler-radar estimated rainfall and retrieved winds on the rainfall forecast. The main results are as follows: (1) The simulations are obviously different under three initial schemes with the same data source (the radiosounding and T213L31 analysis). On the whole, Barnes-3DVAR, which combines the advantages of the Barnes objective analysis and the Grapes-3DVAR method, gives the best simulations: well-simulated rain band and clear mesoscale structures, as well as their location and intensity close to observations. (2) Both Barnes-3DVAR and Grapes-3DVAR schemes are able to assimilate the Doppler-radar estimated rainfall and retrieved winds, but differences in simulation results are very large, with Barnes-3DVAR's simulation much better than Grapes-3DVAR's. (3) Under Grapes-3DVAR scheme, the simulation of 24-h rainfall is improved obviously when assimilating the Doppler-radar estimated precipitation into the model in compared with the control experiment; but it becomes a little worse when assimilating the Doppler-radar retrieved winds into the model, and it becomes worse obviously when assimilating the Doppler-radar estimated precipitation as well as retrieved winds into the model. However, the simulation is different under Barnes-3DVAR scheme. The simulation is improved to a certain degree no matter assimilating the estimated precipitation or retrieved winds, or both of them. The result is the best when assimilating both of them into the model. And (4) Barnes-3DVAR is a new and efficient initial scheme for assimilating the radar estimated rainfall and retrieved winds. 相似文献
6.
To examine the effect of radar data assimilation and increasing horizontal resolution on the short-term numerical weather prediction, comparative numerical experiments are conducted for a Huabei (North China) torrential rainfall event by using the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) and ARPS Data Analysis System (ADAS). The experiments use five different horizontal grid spacings, i.e., 18, 15, 9, 6, and 3 km,respectively, under the two different types of analyses: one with radar data, the other without. Results show that, when radar data are not used in the analysis (i.e., only using the conventional observation data), increasing horizontal resolution can improve the short-term prediction of 6 h with better representation of the frontal structure and higher scores of the rainfall prediction, particularly for heavy rain situations. When radar data are assimilated, it significantly improves the rainfall prediction for the first 6 h, especially the locality and intensity of precipitation. Moreover, using radar data in the analysis is more effective in improving the short-term prediction than increasing horizontal resolution of the model alone, which is demonstrated by the fact that by using radar data in the analysis and a coarser resolution of the 18-km grid spacing, the predicted results are as good as that by using a higher resolution of the 3-km grid spacing without radar data. Further study of the results under the radar data assimilation with grid spacing of 18-3 km reveals that the rainfall prediction is more sensitive to the grid spacing in heavy rain situations (more than 40 mm) than in ordinary rain situations (less than 40 mm). When the horizontal grid spacing reduces from 6 to 3 km, there is no obvious improvement to the prediction results. This suggests that there is a limit to how far increasing horizontal resolution can do for the improvement of the prediction. Therefore, an effective approach to improve the short-term numerical prediction is to combine the radar data assimilation with an optimal horizontal resolution. 相似文献
7.
We investigated the impact of tuning the length scale of the background error covariance in the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) three-dimensional variational assimilation(3DVAR) system.In particular,we studied the effect of this parameter on the assimilation of high-resolution surface data for heavy rainfall forecasts associated with mesoscale convective systems over the Korean Peninsula.In the assimilation of high-resolution surface data,the National Meteorological Center method tended to exaggerate the length scale that determined the shape and extent to which observed information spreads out.In this study,we used the difference between observation and background data to tune the length scale in the assimilation of high-resolution surface data.The resulting assimilation clearly showed that the analysis with the tuned length scale was able to reproduce the small-scale features of the ideal field effectively.We also investigated the effect of a double-iteration method with two different length scales,representing large and small-length scales in the WRF-3DVAR.This method reflected the large and small-scale features of observed information in the model fields.The quantitative accuracy of the precipitation forecast using this double iteration with two different length scales for heavy rainfall was high;results were in good agreement with observations in terms of the maximum rainfall amount and equitable threat scores.The improved forecast in the experiment resulted from the development of well-identified mesoscale convective systems by intensified low-level winds and their consequent convergence near the rainfall area. 相似文献
8.
Analysis of a Heavy Rainfall Event over Beijing During 21-22 July 2012 Based on High Resolution Model Analyses and Forecasts 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 JIANG Xiaoman YUAN Huiling XUE Ming CHEN Xi TAN Xiaoguang 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2014,28(2):199-212
The heaviest rainfall over 61 yr hit Beijing during 21-22 July 2012.Characterized by great rainfall amount and intensity,wide range,and high impact,this record-breaking heavy rainfall caused dozens of deaths and extensive damage.Despite favorable synoptic conditions,operational forecasts underestimated the precipitation amount and were late at predicting the rainfall start time.To gain a better understanding of the performance of mesoscale models,verification of high-resolution forecasts and analyses from the WRFbased BJ-RUCv2.0 model with a horizontal grid spacing of 3 km is carried out.The results show that water vapor is very rich and a quasi-linear precipitation system produces a rather concentrated rain area.Moreover,model forecasts are first verified statistically using equitable threat score and BIAS score.The BJ-RUCv2.0forecasts under-predict the rainfall with southwestward displacement error and time delay of the extreme precipitation.Further quantitative analysis based on the contiguous rain area method indicates that major errors for total precipitation（〉 5 mm h~（-1）） are due to inaccurate precipitation location and pattern,while forecast errors for heavy rainfall（〉 20 mm h~（-1）） mainly come from precipitation intensity.Finally,the possible causes for the poor model performance are discussed through diagnosing large-scale circulation and physical parameters（water vapor flux and instability conditions） of the BJ-RUCv2.0 model output. 相似文献
9.
With PSU/NCAR nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5, the rainfall process of tropical storm
Fitow(0114) is simulated for 00:00 UTC 31 Aug. – 00:00 UTC 2 Sept. 2001. Mesoscale separation is performed
on the results with the filtering scheme. Analyses show that the MM5 model well reproduced the position and
intensity of heavy rain. Mesoscale characteristics of heavy rain were well represented in rainfall time scale,
rainfall area, stream field and divergence at lower and upper levels. The interaction between inverted typhoon
troughs and the mesoscale systems lead to heavy rain occurrence. The distribution of divergence fields at lower
and upper levels can have a kind of indication for the rainfall. Heavy rains are closely associated with topography
and land-sea distribution in South China. Weak instability is favorable to the generation of heavy rain. 相似文献
10.
An ensemble prediction system based on the GRAPES model, using multi-physics, is used to discuss the influence of different physical processes in numerical models on forecast of heavy rainfall in South China in the annually first raining season(AFRS). Pattern, magnitude and area of precipitation, evolution of synoptic situation, as well as apparent heat source and apparent moisture sink between different ensemble members are comparatively analyzed. The choice of parameterization scheme for land-surface processes gives rise to the largest influence on the precipitation prediction. The influences of cumulus-convection and cloud-microphysics processes are mainly focused on heavy rainfall;the use of cumulus-convection parameterization tends to produce large-area and light rainfall. Change in parameterization schemes for land-surface and cumulus-convection processes both will cause prominent change in forecast of both dynamic and thermodynamic variables, while change in cloud-microphysics processes show primary impact on dynamic variables. Comparing simplified Arakawa-Schubert and Kain-Fritsch with Betts-Miller-Janjic schemes, SLAB with NOAH schemes, as well as both WRF single moment 6-class and NCEP 3-class with simplified explicit schemes of phase-mixed cloud and precipitation shows that the former predicts stronger low-level jets and high humidity concentration, more convective rainfall and local heavy rainfall, and have better performance in precipitation forecast. Appropriate parameterization schemes can reasonably describe the physical process related to heavy rainfall in South China in the AFRS, such as low-level convergence, latent heat release, vertical transport of heat and water vapor, thereby depicting the multi-scale interactions of low-level jet and meso-scale convective systems in heavy rainfall suitably, and improving the prediction of heavy rainfall in South China in the AFRS as a result. 相似文献
11.
本文采用标准降水检验方法、EDI方法和MODE方法对新一代上海区域中尺度模式SMS-WARMS V2.0模式2015年12月至2016年11月的西南地区降水预报效果进行评估。结果表明:(1)模式对西南地区四季的降水TS评分均较高,夏季和秋季相对更高,且在48 h内预报性能比较稳定。(2)预报偏差和TSS评分显示,模式对西南地区春、夏两季的各个量级降水预报均较实况偏多,而对秋季的大暴雨和冬季的大雨以上量级预报则相对偏少。总体而言,对西南地区的降水技巧呈现出预报成功率高于空报率的特征。(3)模式对西南地区的小雨、暴雨和大暴雨预报评分优于EC模式。(4)EDI检验显示模式对西南地区的极端降水有较高的预报技巧,对四川中部和东北部以及贵州西南部的极端降水预报技巧相对更高。(5)模式对2015年8月一次西南涡诱发的暴雨过程的空间落区预报较好,强度较实况偏强。(6)MODE方法统计结果表明,模式对西南地区暴雨预报的目标质心偏差较小,降水中心强度偏强。 相似文献
12.
利用国家气象中心中尺度业务数值预报模式GRAPES-MESO v3.0,以2010年6月1～30日为例,开展地面降水率1DVAR(one-dimensional variational assimilation)同化方案在GRAPES-3DVAR(three-dimensional variational assimilation)同化系统中的应用试验研究(ASSI试验),并以未加降水资料同化的试验为对照试验(CNTL试验),以评估全国1h加密雨量资料在模式中同化应用的效果。结果表明:1)在相对湿度背景误差和降水率观测误差范围内,1DVAR同化方案能够对湿度廓线进行有意义的调整,使分析降水向观测降水靠近;ASSI试验对初始温、压、湿、风场的修正主要为正效果;2)对2010年6月17～21日江南、华南连续性降水过程进行了分析,整体而言ASSI试验对逐日及逐时降水强度的预报普遍强于CNTL试验,与实况更加接近;3)ASSI试验对2010年6月1～30日08时起报的0～24 h模式预报的小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨、大暴雨各个降水量级TS评分及ETS评分相比CNTL试验均有较明显提高,预报偏差也更接近于1;4)ASSI试验较CNTL试验能更好地模拟雨带的分布、雨带演变特征和降水强度的变化;5)对降水所做的典型个例和统计检验分析从不同角度说明了地面降水资料1DVAR同化方案在GRAPES-3DVAR系统中的应用改善了GRAPES-MESO v3.0的降水模拟效果。 相似文献
13.
随着数值预报技术的飞速发展, 模式定量降水预报已成为天气预报业务工作中的主要参考依据。本文对目前在国家气象中心应用的3个业务运行模式T213L31, HLAFS0.25, 华北中尺度模式MM5和德国模式及日本模式的降水预报产品进行了季节空间分布、区域时间序列演变及统计检验, 试图从空间、时间及统计方面对降水预报产品的预报性能进行综合评估。检验结果表明:目前的数值预报模式对短期时效内定量降水预报均具有一定的空间预报能力, 但强降水中心位置有一定的偏差; 从时间序列演变检验来看, 模式对区域强降水过程的发展趋势具有较强的预报能力, 但降水量预报与实况有一定的差距; 从累加统计评分检验结果来看, 模式短期时效的预报性能差别不大, 全球模式在小中雨预报方面有一定优势, 其中日本模式的综合预报性能最好, 大雨以上量级的预报则是国内的模式有一定的优势, 其中华北中尺度MM5模式, T213L31模式各有所长, 但均存在预报量和预报区偏大问题。 相似文献
14.
-WRF多模式集合3组试验,对比分析混合集合预报法与传统方法的降水预报效果。结果表明:ARPS模式集合改善了广东省南部局地强降水预报,该方法在中雨、大雨、暴雨量级改进效果显著。WRF模式集合对广东省北部强降水预报优于ARPS模式集合,但空报、漏报率较大,该方法有一定局限性。ARPS-WRF多模式集合在降水落区和量级预报上均优于传统方法。混合集合预报法利用低分辨率 (36 km) 集合预报和高分辨率 (12 km) 控制预报实现了高分辨率 (12 km) 集合预报,改善了降水预报效果,该方法可为业务高分辨率集合预报提供参考。 相似文献
15.
基于TIGGE资料中欧洲中期天气预报中心、日本气象厅、美国国家环境预报中心及英国气象局1～7 d日降水量预报以及中国自动站观测资料与CMORPH降水产品融合的逐时降水量网格数据集,利用频率匹配法(Frequency-Matching Method,FMM)对中国降水预报进行客观订正。首先利用卡尔曼滤波方法对降水频率进行调整,并根据不同区域降水强度差异将全国分为7个子区域分别进行频率匹配。结果表明,FMM可以有效减小降水量预报的误差。经过频率匹配法订正后各模式降水预报的平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error,MAE)大幅减小,且订正后各量级降水的雨区面积更加接近实际观测值。FMM对小于5 mm和大于15 mm的降水预报技巧改进明显。此外,FMM降低了模式预报的小雨空报率和大雨漏报率,并且明显提高了晴雨预报的准确率。FMM明显消除了大范围小雨空报区域,但是对强降水预报FMM仅能调整降水量大小,强降水落区预报并不能得到明显改善。 相似文献
16.
从’98特大洪水中看改进的HLAFS数值降水预报的性能 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
文章对1998年大洪水期间改进的HLAFS[1 ]的降雨预报产品进行检验.结果表明, 改进的HLAFS对松嫩流域的暴雨预报较好, 中到大雨则是长江中下游地区预报较好, 而三峡库区相对较差; 对于主要降雨过程降雨区的强度预报往往比实况弱, 且其落区约有半数较实况偏北, 但其轴向一般与实况一致; 改进的HLAFS对小雨预报比原HLAFS好, 对中雨和暴雨预报也有不同程度的改进; 整体预报面积偏大和大雨以上降水预报准确率低仍是HLAFS有待改进的问题.对三峡库区面降水量预报, 半数左右的预报较好; 对大量级降水预报往往偏弱, 而小量级则相反 相似文献
17.
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8.19华北暴雨模拟中微物理方案的对比试验 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
在中尺度模式多种物理过程中,微物理过程是一个非常关键的环节,其不仅直接影响降水预报,而且也影响模式的动力过程.微物理方案有明确的物理基础,但是在实际暴雨模拟中,究竟采取哪一种方案的结果更理想,需要深入比较,因为不同的微物理方案对降水模拟结果有着很大的差异.本文利用中尺度非静力模式WRF (V3.2.1版本),采用36 km、12 km和4 km的格点分辨率,选用七种微物理方案,对2010年8月18~19 日华北地区的暴雨过程进行了敏感性试验.从降水落区和强度方面对总降水的预报性能进行了对比,模拟结果表明:选用不同的微物理方案,可以不同程度地模拟这场暴雨的范围和强度,且选择合理的微物理方案对细网格（4 km）嵌套的模拟也可以相应的提高,从而提高了暴雨模拟的分辨率,为暴雨中小尺度成因分析提供了参考.其中,水平分辨率为36 km时,Lin方案模拟的雨带范围和降水强度与实况拟合的最好;水平分辨率为12 km时,Thompson方案模拟的强降水位置、强度与实况最为接近;而水平分辨率为4 km时,WSM6方案模拟的强降水位置、强度与实况拟合得较好.再结合垂直速度、涡度、散度和雨水混合比等基本物理量的诊断分析,可以更好地理解各微物理方案对降雨预报的影响,所得的结论对我国华北暴雨强降水预报和中尺度模式微物理过程在业务和研究方面有相当的参考价值. 相似文献
19.
利用中国1956—2008年逐日降水量资料,以全国主要河流流域为研究区域,分析了年最大日降水量、年暴雨(日降水量≥50.0mm)日数的多年平均状况及长期变化趋势。分析表明,近53年,全国平均年最大日降水量没有明显的线性变化趋势,但全国范围内多数气象站点年最大日降水量呈现出增加趋势,并存在南方流域增加、北方流域减少的变化趋势,这种变化特征在2001年以来表现更加突出。全国平均年暴雨日数呈不显著的增多趋势,20世纪90年代最多,70年代最少。空间上,我国南北方流域年暴雨日数呈现相反的变化特征,南方流域多呈上升趋势,北方流域呈减少趋势。 相似文献