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为了提高水下航行器的导航定位精度,设计了以捷联式惯性导航系统、地形匹配、多普勒计程仪等构成的组合导航系统,建立了各子导航系统的误差模型,采用联邦滤波技术对水下组合导航进行信息融合,建立了水下组合导航系统的观测方程并进行了计算机仿真．仿真结果表明：使用联邦卡尔曼滤波技术进行信息融合提高了组合导航系统定位精度和定位可靠性,能满足水下航行器高精度和高可靠性的要求． 相似文献
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庐山一次积冰天气过程冻雨滴谱及下落末速度物理特征个例研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用PARSIVEL激光雨滴谱仪和自动气象站观测资料及MICAPS数据,对2014年2月7~15日庐山地区积冰天气期间持续时间在5 h以上的2次冻雨过程[2月10日（个例1）和2月13日（个例2）]降水谱分布特征及下落末速度粒径分布进行研究。所观测到的两次个例均是以冻雨为主体的混合相态降水,下落末速度粒径分布偏离G-K曲线,与常规液态降水存在差异,低落速的冻雨滴随降水过程会逐渐向冰粒和干雪转化。结果表明:（1）个例1总降水粒子谱谱宽大于个例2,但峰值数密度比个例2小:个例1谱宽为10 mm,个例2谱宽为4.25 mm,两者峰值粒径均为0.5 mm;个例1降水粒子谱宽为干雪>冻雨>冰粒,个例2降水粒子谱宽为冻雨>干雪>冰粒。（2）Gamma分布更适合描述混合相态降水粒子谱以及冻雨滴谱,个例1中总降水粒子谱Gamma分布为:N（D）=20D-3.61exp（-0.08D）,冻雨Gamma分布:N（D）=76D-2.18exp（-1.11D）;个例2中总降水粒子谱Gamma分布为:N（D）=30D-4.68exp（-0.75D）,冻雨Gamma分布:N（D）=30D-4.67exp（-0.75D）。（3）混合相态降水因混有干雪或冰粒而使得下落末速度粒径谱分布表现出不同程度地向大粒径小落速方向或小粒径大落速方向延展的趋势,这为今后依据下落末速度粒径谱区分同时期降水类型提供了新的思路。 相似文献
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利用2014年7月在黄山光明顶观测的气溶胶吸湿性参数（κ）和气溶胶离子化学组分、有机碳（OC,organic carbon）数据,对多尺度气溶胶吸湿性参数进行分析,并在此基础上建立了多尺度κ的参数化方案。研究结果表明,影响黄山夏季气溶胶来源的主要气团包括西南气团、北方气团以及东南气团。黄山夏季κ的变化范围为0.2-0.48,且随粒径增大成先增大后减小的分布特征;气溶胶粒径在0.15-1.1 μm的强吸湿段,κ>0.3,而在粒径小于0.15 μm和粒径大于1.1 μm弱吸湿段,κκ分布不同,气溶胶粒子在小于1.1 μm的粒径段,当受西南气团影响时,κ值最大,而受东南气团影响时,κ值最小;在气溶胶粒径大于1.1 μm时,κ在两个气团背景下呈现与气溶胶粒径小于1.1 μm时相反的分布特征。影响粒径小于1.1 μm气溶胶吸湿能力的主要水溶性化学组分为NH4+、SO42-、水溶性有机碳（WSOC,water soluble organic carbon）,而影响大于1.1 μm粒径范围气溶胶吸湿能力的主要水溶性化学组分为NH4+、SO42-、NO3-、WSOC和Ca2+。由气溶胶多尺度离子化学组分和WSOC构建的气溶胶κ的参数化方案,在小于1.1 μm和大于1.1 μm的粒径范围内的表达式分别为κreg=0.12+0.45fNH4++0.63fSO42-+0.18fWSOC和κreg=0.01+0.78fNH4++0.76fNO3-+0.8fSO42--0.28fCa2++0.14fWSOC（f为对应组分的质量份数）。两个参数化方案均能较好地预报κ,预报值κreg与κ的计算值间存在较好的相关关系,相关系数通过了置信度99%的显著性检验,且预报误差在30%范围内。 相似文献
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轮式机器人执行巡逻、播种和工业生产等任务是一个强非线性的间歇过程.针对重复运行的轮式机器人轨迹跟踪问题,本文提出了一种基于数据驱动的高阶迭代学习控制算法.首先,对轮式移动机器人的模型进行推导设计,并对推导得到的状态空间形式的离散时间模型利用基于状态转移的迭代动态线性化方法,将轮式机器人系统转化为线性输入输出数据模型;其次,设计高阶迭代优化目标函数得到控制律,并利用参数更新律估计线性输入输出数据模型中的未知参数.控制器的设计和分析只使用系统的输入输出数据,不包含任何显式的模型信息.通过采用高阶学习控制方法,在控制律中利用更多之前迭代的控制输入信息,提高了控制性能.最后,仿真结果验证了该方法在轮式机器人轨迹跟踪控制中的有效性. 相似文献
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本文介绍了实时、多功能卫星云图微机处理系统的性能,主要是红外云图增强,屏幕伪彩色显示,同时从传真机得到硬拷贝。实时地在云图上加经纬网格以及动画显示。提出了“硬件”和“软件”设计的基本原理。并为满足红外云图定量分析的要求给出必要的参数。 相似文献
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Bodies located in outdoor environments are radiatively heated in the daytime and cooled at night. Convective heat transfer is subsequently activated between the body surface and the surrounding air. To investigate these heat-exchange processes, we developed a new apparatus, referred to as a “polyethylene chamber”, for use in physical model experiments. The chamber is a 1.51-m-long tube with the ends serving as the air inlet and outlet, and is ventilated in the longitudinal direction by using an exhaust fan. The measurement section of the chamber is open but otherwise the device is covered with 0.02-mm-thick polyethylene film. Because such thin polyethylene film transmits approximately 85 % of both shortwave and longwave radiation, the model surface in the chamber is exposed to a radiation level almost equivalent to the outdoor radiation level. For example, at night the surface of the model is cooled by radiation, and subsequently, the air inside the chamber is cooled by the surface. Consequently, the outlet air temperature becomes lower than the inlet air temperature. The use of this temperature difference between the air inlet and outlet, together with other heat balance components, is a unique approach to the chamber technique for evaluating the heat exchange rate at a model’s surface. This report describes the design and heat balance of the chamber, and compares the heat-balance-based approach with another approach based on the radiation–convection balance on the model surface. To demonstrate the performance of the polyethylene chamber, two chambers were exposed to outdoor radiation on a clear night; one contained a leaf model. Air and surface temperatures were measured and the convective heat flux at the surfaces of the model and floor surface were calculated from the heat balance components of the chambers by assuming steady-state heat transfer. The fluxes agreed closely with those obtained from the radiation–convection balance at the model or floor surface. The results also clearly showed that the air flowing in the polyethylene chamber was cooled more efficiently when the model surface was installed in the chamber, even though the model surface temperature was high. 相似文献
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BCC_CSM气候系统模式移植优化及其气候模拟验证 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了提高BCC_CSM气候系统模式运行效率,保障业务科研工作的顺利开展,进行BCC_CSM气候系统模式在IBM高性能计算系统的移植工作;通过性能优化使BCC_CSM模式运行效率显著提高,通过气候要素形势场分布和相对误差量化指标对BCC_CSM气候系统模式模拟性能进行验证。结果表明：移植优化后,BCC_CSM气候系统模式计算效率提高为原来的1.4倍;基于CMIP5 piControl试验,完成531-540年10 a的气候模拟,年平均地表气温形势场分布合理,相对误差小于0.5%,BCC_CSM气候系统模式计算和模拟性能均能满足应用需求。 相似文献
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Currently, air pollution in Beijing has become a complex problem with two types of source pollutants： coal smoke and photochemical smog. Furthermore the maximum hourly mean concentration of O3 increases continuously, especially in the summer. In order to simulate the photochemical reaction, develop an air quality simulation model and further improve the air quality of Beijing, a precisely temperature-controlled, indoor, smog chamber facility was designed and constructed at Tsinghua University. Characterization experiments have been carried out to acquire the basic parameters of the smog chamber, such as the wall loss rates of NO2, NO, O3, C3H6 and particulate matter （PM）, the intensity of ultraviolet （UV） light in the chamber, the reactivity of the purified air and the reproducibility of the experimental results. The results indicate that the facility performs up to specifications, and can meet the demands required for simulating the photochemical reaction. The effect of high primary contaminated PM on the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol （SOA） is under investigation. 相似文献
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主要评估了美国国家大气研究中心的NCAR CESM（Community Earth System Model,NCAR）和中国科学院的CAS ESM（Earth System Model,Chinese Academy of Sciences）两个地球系统模式对亚洲东部夏季气候态的模拟性能。使用NCAR CESM和CAS ESM各两种不同的水平分辨率,一共进行了4组长达19年（1998~2016年）的数值积分试验,并通过对2 m气温、降水强度和降水日变化等的分析,比较了这两个模式在亚洲东部的模拟性能。结果表明,CAS ESM和NCAR CESM均能模拟出夏季2 m气温和降水强度的大尺度分布特征,但整体上模拟得到的地表面气温偏暖、降水强度偏弱。对于降水日变化而言,观测的日降水峰值在陆地上主要发生在下午到傍晚时段,在海洋上则出现在午夜到凌晨时段。两组低分辨率试验模拟的陆地降水峰值出现过早,且无法模拟出四川盆地的夜间降水峰值和部分海洋地区凌晨或上午的降水峰值。提高分辨率对模式的模拟性能有显著的提升作用。高分辨率下,NCAR CESM和CAS ESM对陆地和海洋的降水日变化模拟性能都明显提高。对降水日变化的定量化分析表明,高分辨率CAS ESM模式对整个亚洲东部降水日变化的模拟最优。目前模式对海陆风的模拟还不太理想,未来要进一步提高模式模拟性能,需要重点完善与气温、降水过程相关的物理参数化方案。 相似文献
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不同水平分辨率BCC_CSM模式对中亚地面气温模拟能力评估 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本研究基于IPCC AR5(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:Fifth Assessment Report)中BCC_CSM1.1(Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model version 1.1)和BCC_CSM1.1(m)(Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model version 1.1 with a Moderate Resolution)气候模式的历史试验结果和CRU(Climatic Research Unit)资料, 采用趋势分析和滑动平均等方法检验了两个版本BCC_CSM模式对中亚地区1948～2011年平均地表气温、各热通量及其趋势的模拟性能, 并讨论了不同模式水平分辨率的影响, 结果显示:BCC_CSM1.1和BCC_CSM1.1(m)两个模式均能够模拟出中亚地区显著增温以及感热通量、长/短波净辐射等要素由南向北递减的总体趋势。其中, BCC_CSM1.1(m) 在对中亚地面年平均气温、感热通量和长/短波净辐射空间分布的模拟结果好于BCC_CSM1.1, 但对于气温标准差的模拟, BCC-CSM1.1模式略好于BCC-CSM1.1(m)。模式分辨率的提高, 能够更好地表现出地形的影响, 对气温和各热通量模拟性能改善较大, 在中亚地区年平均气温的模拟中表现出了一定的优势。 相似文献
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利用国际耦合模式比较计划第六阶段（CMIP6）的全球气候模式历史模拟试验资料，通过旋转经验正交函数分析得到了CMIP6模式中的我国冬季气温变化主要的区域空间模态。结果表明：CMIP6多模式集合平均中我国冬季气温有4个主要的区域空间模态，分别为中原—西北型，华南型，东北型以及滇藏型。其中，东北型与滇藏型是较为稳定的空间模态，在所选CMIP6模式及观测资料中都稳定存在，这也是前人研究中一致性较高的模态。而我国新疆、西北、华中及华南地区的冬季气温在空间分型上存在分歧，这些地区的分型在以往研究中的一致性也较差。华南型在所选CMIP6模式内是一致存在的模态，中原—西北型在模式内部的差异性较大。在近40 a观测资料中，新疆及西北到我国南方为统一的空间分型，在CMIP6多模式集合平均的结果中新疆及西北地区气温空间分布与我国中原地区的联系更为紧密。CMIP6模式能较好地模拟出与低温空间分布有直接联系的对流层中层的槽的位置，当CMIP6模式和观测中的冬季气温都表现为同一个空间模态时，该模态所对应的对流层中层的主要环流系统在观测和CMIP6模式中也是一致的。 相似文献
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Transport safety is a major goal in the European Union. Low visibility conditions, especially due to fog, increase the risk of major accidents (chain collision). Innovative products have been developed by the automotive industry, including equipment manufacturers, to increase the level of safety of car passengers and drivers. Testing of these products requires the simulation or artificial reproduction of low visibility (fog) conditions with good stability and reproducibility characteristics. We report on the results of the European Union funded “FOG” project to improve road transport safety through fog production in an experimental test chamber located at the Clermont-Ferrand laboratory for research on road safety and visibility. The project developed a prototype of a small-scale climatic chamber, an improved fog production spraying device, a laser-based visibility measurement device, a reduced scale transmissometer, and a combined indoor climate-fog production simulation software. The ability of the fog chamber to test for driver reaction was also investigated. Recent developments include a device able to produce stable visibility levels and homogeneous fog, representative of various types of natural water droplet distribution. The fog characteristics were determined and compared to natural fog. Results are presented for a selection of conditions including stabilized visibility levels for dense fog and two kinds of droplet distributions. 相似文献
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An evaluation of air quality modeling over the Pearl River Delta during November 2006 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Qizhong Wu Zifa Wang Huansheng Chen Wen Zhou Mark Wenig 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2012,116(3-4):113-132
In this paper, we evaluate the performance of several air quality models using the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, including the Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System (NAQPMS), the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, and the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions (CAMx). All three model runs are based on the same meteorological fields generated by the Fifth-Generation Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the same emission inventories. The emission data are processed by the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) model, with the inventories generated from the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific/Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Phase B (TRACE-P/INTEX-B) and local emission inventory data. The results show that: (1) the meteorological simulation of the MM5 model is reasonable compared with the observations at the regional background and urban stations. (2) The models have different advantages at different stations. The CAMx model has the best performance for SO2 simulation, with the lowest mean normalized bias (MNB) and mean normalized error (MNE) at most of the Guangzhou stations, while the CMAQ model has the lowest normalized mean square error (NMSE) value for SO2 simulation at most of the other PRD urban stations. The NAQPMS model has the best performance in the NO2 simulation at most of the Guangzhou stations. (3) The model performance at the Guangzhou stations is better than that at the other stations, and the emissions may be underestimated in the other PRD cities. (4) The PM10 simulation has the best model measures of FAC2 (fraction of predictions within a factor of two of the observations) (average 53–56%) and NMSE (0.904–1.015), while the SO2 simulation has the best concentration distribution compared with the observations, according to the quantile–quantile (Q–Q) plots. 相似文献
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利用BP神经网络提高奥运会空气质量实时预报系统预报效果 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
将BP(Back Propagation)神经网络方法引入到奥运空气质量预报工作中,利用MATLAB神经网络工具箱搭建运行平台,将高时效性的观测结果与多模式集成实时预报系统的模式输出结果相结合,做出BP神经网络拟合预报结果。在对北京大学医学部站点2008年7月7日到8月26日模式模拟结果、观测结果以及BP神经网络拟合结果的对比研究中发现:BP神经网络能大大提高模式预报效果,平均误差率减少34.7%,相关系数提高39%,特别是在模式模拟效果较差的情况下,对提高预报效果更明显。对BP神经网络样本问题进行敏感性实验结果表明,样本数目多少并不是决定拟合效果的决定性因素,应选取具有稳定映射关系的样本,才是提高拟合预报效果的关键。 相似文献