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1.
国家气候观象台建设观测环境问题 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
城市化对全国气象台站观测环境造成了严重影响.针对国家气候观象台建设中观测环境的评估和新选址问题进行了讨论.国家气候观象台的环境选择必须较好地反映本地较大范围的气象要素特点.避免局部地形、障碍物或者人为因素的影响.观测环境下垫面与区域地表一致有利于真实反映区域的实际情况,但在部分陆面特征中,农业生产也会对部分气象要素的观测造成影响,这些在具体观测项目中要作具体考虑.对于受城市化影响的气象台站,在新建国家气候观象台的同时保留原观测站是比较好的选择. 相似文献
2.
IAP短期气候距平预测系统的定量评估及订正技术的改进研究 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7
采用一套多指标的评估方法, 对中国科学院大气物理所研制的短期气候距平数值预测系统（ＩＡＰＰＳＳＣＡ） 方案１ 的预测性能进行了定量的、系统的评估。评估表明： ＩＡＰＰＳＳＣＡ 对中国汛期大尺度的、重大的降水异常预报较好; 在不同区域,ＩＡＰＰＳＳＣＡ 的预测能力不同, 对中国东南区域显示出较高的预报准确度和可信度; 与单个预报相比, 集合预测水平稳定, 能提高总体预测水平。另外, 还对订正技术进行了改进研究, 距平百分率订正较距平订正效果为佳。 相似文献
3.
降水作为全球水循环的重要组成,与人们的生产生活密切相关.有效的降水预测对于防灾减灾,以及经济的可持续发展至关重要.然而,由于影响降水过程的复杂性,当前降水预测还存在诸多挑战.针对我国东部夏季降水,我们提出年际增量结合经验正交分解的新统计预测方法.首先计算降水年际增量的主模态,然后针对主模态时间序列构建预测模型,用预测的... 相似文献
4.
利用2019年1月1日00时～12月31日23时(世界时)四川156个国家站和1768个区域站的观测数据,评估全国智能网格实况分析产品(CLDAS)和ECMWF再分析数据(ERA5-Land)的10m风产品。采用双线性插值方法,将两种分析产品插值到气象站点,与观测值对比,通过平均误差,平均绝对误差,均方根误差和相关系数等指标对以上两种产品进行评估比较。结果表明:两种分析产品对于四川省国家站和高原地区区域站风速都以低估为主,但盆地区域站高估。风速在高原地区所有评估指标都比盆地内差,高原地区需谨慎使用格点风产品。CLDAS对于国家站的各项评估指标都优于ERA5-Land。两种产品与区域站的平均误差,平均绝对误差,均方根误差结果整体相近,但CLDAS对非独立区域站的误差相对更小。ERA5-Land相关性较差,与四川地区实际观测的地面风速变化趋势相反, 不适用于四川。 相似文献
5.
针对美国国家环境预测中心（NCEP）及国家大气研究中心（NCAR）的40年（1958－1997）全球再分析资料，利用数据库开发软件Visual FoxPro结合气象图形显示和分析系统软件GrADS建立了一个图形显示处理系统，能够方便地绘制资料集中提供的各种气象要素在不同区域、不同时间和不同投影下的图形，还可导出所需要的数据供进一步研究。 相似文献
6.
基于历史观测资料,系统地研究了广东省热带气旋（tropical cyclone,TC）风雨及其带来的直接经济损失的空间分布特征。结果表明,粤西沿海地区受TC大风影响最为频繁,但TC经济灾损率和受灾频次在粤西和粤东较重。根据广东省TC风雨和直接经济损失的空间分布特征,将广东分为粤西、粤东、珠三角和粤北4个区域,进而利用演化建模方法建立了广东省各区域TC经济灾损率评估模型。该评估模型模拟的TC经济灾损率与实际值的相关系数达0.66以上,基于该模型对独立样本的预测检验结果与实际值的相关系数达到0.61以上（显著性水平a=0.05）。这表明,基于演化建模方法建立的广东省各区域评估模型在广东省TC灾害评估中有着潜在的应用价值。 相似文献
7.
区域自动站网已成为基本气象站网的重要补充,为地方政府部门防灾减灾提供有力保障。对绍兴地区区域站的资料可靠性进行评估分析,将区域站分为：好、一般、差3个达标率类别。通过评估,将一部分天气预报需要、仪器性能优良、探测环境良好、观测要素多、保障条件较好的区域站,纳入国家站网管理,实现区域站分类管理。提高观测数据的利用价值,充分发挥区域站网的作用,对全市区域站根据其代表性和稳定性进行分级并优化。 相似文献
8.
廊坊市雷电灾害易损性分析、评估及易损度区划 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用1968～2007年河北省廊坊市9个地面气象观测站的雷暴资料及1998～2007年廊坊市雷电灾情统计数据,结合其区域经济状况和人口密度,确定用雷暴日数（M）、雷电灾害频度（R）、经济（GDP）易损模数（E）、经济损失模数（E’）、生命易损模数（L）、生命损伤模数（L’）作为廊坊市雷电灾害易损性评估指标。计算出廊坊市各县（市、区）6个雷电灾害易损性评估指标后分等级进行综合评估与分析,得出各县市区的易损度,并按5级分区法对廊坊市雷电灾害易损度进行区划。结果表明：廊坊市开发区为极高易损区,全市无低易损区和极低易损区。 相似文献
9.
预报检验重点关注预报与观测间的综合统计特征用以探讨模式预报性能,而统计显著性检验方法是衡量评估结论的重要指标,是判断预报效果改进与否的有效手段.当前诸多重要检验指标如降水技巧评分等由于不满足正态分布特征均难以采用简单的计算方式获得置信区间以衡量检验指标的误差特征,因此难以正确判断通过统计检验所获得的评估差异是真实反映模式预报效果差异或是由检验样本的不确定性所造成.蒙特卡罗方法可通过样本重构获取正态分布的统计样本从而有效地解决这一问题.采用2015年8月的T639模式及GRAPES全球预报模式24 h降水预报产品,使用中国区域2400站日降水资料作为实况,重点研究蒙特卡罗方法在统计显著性检验中的应用特征,分析不同蒙特卡罗重构次数对检验结果的收敛性.结果表明10 000次蒙特卡罗重构后统计指标可满足正态分布,而通过显著性检验分析后可明显区分预报系统间降水评分差异的统计特征. 相似文献
10.
美国国家海洋大气局（NOAA）负责了解和预测地球环境的变化以及保护和管理海岸带和海洋资源,用以满足国家经济、社会和环境的需要。该机构创建于1970年,它所支持的教育项目所涵盖的主题范围与该机构科学的工作任务密切相关,其主要包括海洋、大气、 相似文献
11.
This paper analyzes the development of environmental concern by using the three waves of the environmental modules of the International Social Survey Programme. First, we discuss the measurement of environmental concern and construct a ranking of countries according to the new 2010 results. Second, we analyze the determinants of environmental concern by employing multilevel models that take individual as well as context effects into account. Third, we explore the longitudinal aspect of the data at the macro level in order to uncover the causal relation between countries’ wealth and environmental concern. The results show that environmental concern is closely correlated with the wealth of the nations. However, environmental concern decreased in almost all nations slightly during the last two decades. The decline was lower in countries with improving economic conditions suggesting that economic growth helps to maintain higher levels of environmental concern. 相似文献
12.
Social, economic, and environmental systems can be vulnerable to disruptions in water supplies that are likely to accompany future climate changes. Coupled with the challenges of tightening environmental regulations, population growth, economic development and fiscal constraints water supply systems are being pushed beyond the limits of their design and capacity for maintenance. In this paper we briefly review key economic concepts, various economic measures and metrics, and methods to estimate the economic effects on water resources from water supply changes that could accompany climate change. We survey some of the recent empirical literature that focuses on estimates developed for U.S. watersheds at both national and regional scales. Reported estimates of potential damage and loss associated with climate and water supply changes that we observe are significant, though often the metrics vary and make valid and consistent direct cross-comparisons difficult. Whether in terms of changes in GDP or in terms of estimated changes in economic welfare based on associated changes in economic costs and benefits, both national and regional estimates suggest that governments and organizations incorporate prudent steps to assess vulnerabilities to plausible future water supply and demand scenarios and develop responsive adaptation strategies. 相似文献
13.
Linkages between hydroclimate variability and economic development are often theorized to be present only in developing economies. Using spatially small-scaled data from multiple decades for European regions, we examine the relationship between precipitation anomalies and economic performance in highly developed economic systems. We conduct a disaggregated empirical analysis to mitigate the bias potentially arising from spatial aggregation because precipitation realizations tend to vary drastically within larger sized economic units. We modify original precipitation indices to capture the dynamic expectation formation of economic agents about climate conditions to measure deviations from these anticipated environmental states. Using panel model regressions in a quasi-experimental research design, we analyse whether deviations from average growth rates of aggregated economic output are potentially non-linearly related to the magnitude of precipitation deviations from the anticipated climate norm within regions, after accounting for any shocks common to all regions. We find that precipitation deviations that exceed critical thresholds (intermediate anomalies) for both unusually dry and unusually wet years reduce regional growth rates. The adverse impacts are more pronounced for overly dry periods. Importantly, the relationship between economic growth and precipitation anomalies is not generalizable across all regions. Natural geographical circumstances such as prevailing climatic conditions (“first-nature” geographies) and human-made socio-economic factors such as sector structure and income level (“second-nature” geographies) moderate the anomaly response. The empirical findings substantiate the necessity to incorporate precipitation variability into the assessment of economic costs of climate change; not only in developing countries or agricultural societies but also in highly developed economic systems. Moreover, the empirical results have important implications for policy makers as uneven effect sizes at the subnational level suggest that policy measures should be targeted in space and coordinated between national and regional levels of government. 相似文献
14.
《Climate Policy》2002,2(2-3):129-144
Climate change does not yet feature prominently within the environmental or economic policy agendas of developing countries. Yet evidence shows that some of the most adverse effects of climate change will be in developing countries, where populations are most vulnerable and least likely to easily adapt to climate change, and that climate change will affect the potential for development in these countries. Some synergies already exist between climate change policies and the sustainable development agenda in developing countries, such as energy efficiency, renewable energy, transport and sustainable land-use policies. Despite limited attention from policy-makers to date, climate change policies could have significant ancillary benefits for the local environment. The reverse is also true as local and national policies to address congestion, air quality, access to energy services and energy diversity may also limit GHG emissions. Nevertheless there could be significant trade-offs associated with deeper levels of mitigation in some countries, for example where developing countries are dependent on indigenous coal and may be required to switch to cleaner yet more expensive fuels to limit emissions. The distributional impacts of such policies are an important determinant of their feasibility and need to be considered up-front. It follows that future agreements on mitigation and adaptation under the convention will need to recognise the diverse situations of developing countries with respect to their level of economic development, their vulnerability to climate change and their ability to adapt or mitigate. Recognition of how climate change is likely to influence other development priorities may be a first step toward building cost-effective strategies and integrated, institutional capacity in developing countries to respond to climate change. Opportunities may also exist in developing countries to use regional economic organisations to assist in the design of integrated responses and to exploit synergies between climate change and other policies such as those designed to combat desertification and preserve biodiversity. 相似文献
15.
The present investigation aims at identifying the needs of the Argentinean agro-business sector for climate research and information. Our approach is focused on any type of climate information from past observations to seasonal prediction and climate change projections. We tried, in particular, to evaluate the possible existence of specific research themes that would be of major interest for these agriculture end-users. We interviewed representatives of seventeen companies from three major agrobusiness sectors: (1) regional/national entities such as agricultural associations, cooperatives and commercial trade boards; (2) insurance companies in the Argentinean agro-insurance market; and (3) large national and international companies representing cereal producers, agro-chemistry and agro-seeds. While all the interviewees recognized the strong influence of climate on their activities, they all pointed out that, at the time of making decision, they considered the political and economic risks rather than the climate one. In many aspects, climate is often considered as a fatality against which it is difficult to be protected. An interesting result is the confidence of the private sectors in the climate information provided by public sources (INTA, SMN, Universities) although they contract private consultants for frequent reports and tendencies. Finally, we explain how such sectors could make a better use of climate information (seasonal prediction, climate change scenarios) that could be integrated in their business projections. In particular, the development of new financial contracts (climate derivatives) open in countries with a relatively poor insurance history new ways to protect the different agricultural sectors, from the producer to large companies. 相似文献
16.
《Climate Policy》2013,13(2-3):129-144
Abstract Climate change does not yet feature prominently within the environmental or economic policy agendas of developing countries. Yet evidence shows that some of the most adverse effects of climate change will be in developing countries, where populations are most vulnerable and least likely to easily adapt to climate change, and that climate change will affect the potential for development in these countries. Some synergies already exist between climate change policies and the sustainable development agenda in developing countries, such as energy efficiency, renewable energy, transport and sustainable land-use policies. Despite limited attention from policy-makers to date, climate change policies could have significant ancillary benefits for the local environment. The reverse is also true as local and national policies to address congestion, air quality, access to energy services and energy diversity may also limit GHG emissions. Nevertheless there could be significant trade-offs associated with deeper levels of mitigation in some countries, for example where developing countries are dependent on indigenous coal and may be required to switch to cleaner yet more expensive fuels to limit emissions. The distributional impacts of such policies are an important determinant of their feasibility and need to be considered up-front. It follows that future agreements on mitigation and adaptation under the convention will need to recognise the diverse situations of developing countries with respect to their level of economic development, their vulnerability to climate change and their ability to adapt or mitigate. Recognition of how climate change is likely to influence other development priorities may be a first step toward building cost-effective strategies and integrated, institutional capacity in developing countries to respond to climate change. Opportunities may also exist in developing countries to use regional economic organisations to assist in the design of integrated responses and to exploit synergies between climate change and other policies such as those designed to combat desertification and preserve biodiversity. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 相似文献
17.
Eric Kemp-Benedict 《Global Environmental Change》2012,22(4):877-883
This paper offers a new approach to generating long-term global scenarios of economic growth at national level. The paper presents a simple model grounded in the economic theory of conditional convergence. The free parameters in the model, which characterize different scenarios, reflect rates of institutional and structural convergence between countries. The model can be used either for generating new global economic scenarios, or for downscaling existing regional economic scenarios. 相似文献
18.
Martin Bruckner Stefan Giljum Christian Lutz Kirsten Svenja Wiebe 《Global Environmental Change》2012,22(3):568-576
Production and consumption activities in industrialized countries are increasingly dependent on material and energy resources from other world regions and imply significant economic and environmental consequences in other regions around the world. The substitution of domestic material extraction and processing through imports is also shifting environmental burden abroad and thus extends the responsibility for environmental impacts as well as social consequences from the national to the global level. Based on the results of the Global Resource Accounting Model, this paper presents the first trade balances and consumption indicators for embodied materials in a time series from 1995 to 2005. The model includes 53 countries and two world regions. It is based on the 2009 edition of the input–output tables and bilateral trade data published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and is extended by physical data on global material extraction. The results quantify the global shift of embodied material resources from developing and emerging countries to the industrialized world. In addition to the level of industrialization and wealth, population density is identified as an important factor for the formation of physical trade patterns. Exports of embodied materials of less densely populated countries tend to surpass their imports, and vice versa. We also provide a quantitative comparison between conventionally applied indicators on material consumption based on direct material flows and indicators including embodied material flows. We show that the difference between those two indicators can be as much as 200%, calling for an adjustment of conventional national material flow indicators. Multi-regional input–output models prove to be a useful methodological approach to derive globally consistent and comprehensive data on material embodiments of trade and consumption. 相似文献
19.
Erin Bohensky James R.A. ButlerRobert Costanza Iris BohnetAurélie Delisle Katharina FabriciusMargaret Gooch Ida KubiszewskiGeorge Lukacs Petina PertEric Wolanski 《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(3):876-893
The extent to which nations and regions can actively shape the future or must passively respond to global forces is a topic of relevance to current discourses on climate change. In Australia, climate change has been identified as the greatest threat to the ecological resilience of the Great Barrier Reef, but is exacerbated by regional and local pressures. We undertook a scenario analysis to explore how two key uncertainties may influence these threats and their impact on the Great Barrier Reef and adjacent catchments in 2100: whether (1) global development and (2) Australian development is defined and pursued primarily in terms of economic growth or broader concepts of human well-being and environmental sustainability, and in turn, how climate change is managed and mitigated. We compared the implications of four scenarios for marine and terrestrial ecosystem services and human well-being. The results suggest that while regional actions can partially offset global inaction on climate change until about mid-century, there are probable threshold levels for marine ecosystems, beyond which the Great Barrier Reef will become a fundamentally different system by 2100 if climate change is not curtailed. Management that can respond to pressures at both global and regional scales will be needed to maintain the full range of ecosystem services. Modest improvements in human well-being appear possible even while ecosystem services decline, but only where regional management is strong. The future of the region depends largely on whether national and regional decision-makers choose to be active future ‘makers’ or passive future ‘takers’ in responding to global drivers of change. We conclude by discussing potential avenues for using these scenarios further with the Great Barrier Reef region's stakeholders. 相似文献
20.
Many scholars and activists are now advocating a program of economic degrowth for developed countries in order to mitigate demands on the global environment. An increasingly prominent idea is that developed countries could achieve slower or zero economic growth in a socially sustainable way by reducing working hours. Research suggests that reduced working hours could contribute to sustainability by decreasing the scale of economic output and the environmental intensity of consumption patterns. Here, we investigate the effect of working hours on three environmental indicators: ecological footprint, carbon footprint, and carbon dioxide emissions. Using data for 1970–2007, our panel analysis of 29 high-income OECD countries indicates that working hours are significantly associated with greater environmental pressures and thus may be an attractive target for policies promoting environmental sustainability. 相似文献