共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
1.
利用NOAA卫星HIRS探测器监测东亚地区辐射收支的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地球－大气系统的辐射收支是描述地球和宇宙空间能量交换的重要参量，也只有从卫星平台才能直接观测大气顶的地球－大气系统的辐射收支。目前，长期的地－气系统射出长波辐射序列资料是从美国ＮＯＡＡ极轨业务气象卫星的甚高分辨率扫描辐射计测量中计算的，精度不能满足气候监测的要求。本文根据美国ＮＯＡＡ卫星高分辨率红外大气探测器（ＨｉｇｈＲｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎＩｎｆｒａｒｅｄＳｏｕｎｄｅｒ，缩写为ＨＩＲＳ）测量资料，研究了从中推算地球大气系统辐射收支的方法，并对计算出的１９９１年１月份东亚地区的地－气系统的辐射收支各参量、白天和夜间射出长波辐射差别分别进行了对比分析。结果表明，此方法计算的辐射收支分量，能揭示云和地球－大气系统的辐射分布特征及其分布细节，是进行区域气候研究的有效资料。 相似文献
2.
东亚地区的大气辐射能的收支(一)——地球和大气的太阳辐射能收支 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文是讨论东亚地区大气辐射能收支研究工作的第一部分,讨论了以下三个问题: (1)本文利用文献[1]的水汽各吸收带的吸收光谱实验资料,求得了一个适合于手算的水汽对太阳辐射的总吸收能量公式(公式(6))。并把式(6)与Mugge—Moller公式进行了比较。 (2)利用公式(6),计算了东亚地区39个测站1,7月自地面到100毫巴各气层对太阳辐射的吸收能量,及其对大气的加温率。本文还进一步考虑了云的订正、大气对地面反射辐射的吸收,而求得了东亚地区对流层大气吸收能量的分布。 (3)利用1958—1960年中国地区的一些地面总辐射和反射率观测资料,以及本文计算的大气中各种吸牧能量,讨论了中国地区行星反射率的分布和地球大气系统中各种太阳辐射能的收支。 相似文献
3.
中国东部地区夏季对流层大气辐射加热的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用TOVS资料及MORTRAN3模式，研究中国东部夏季对流层的太阳短波辐射和红外辐射对大气的加热状况。考虑不同纬度，不同大气状况下12个站点43个样本的太阳加热率和红外冷却率情况，分析发现：在夏季的对流层，太阳加热率随着距地面的高度增加而减小，它的大小及变化率与纬度、天顶角及当时大气的状况有关，同时，太阳加热率也存在日变化。红外冷却率在对流层中、高层有极小值，它的大小及变化率与当时的大气状况及纬度有关。将本文的结果与前人的结论及实况相比较，发现本文较为真实地反映了中国东部地区夏季对流层的辐射加热情况，利用卫星资料计算的结果基本可信， 相似文献
4.
本文应用Hense等的垂直不均匀大气的二流近似辐射模式,讨论了晴天条件下水汽、气溶胶和地表反射率与海拔高度等因子对地气系统的太阳辐射能量收支与加热率的影响。文中还利用高原地区高空温、压、湿的气候资料,计算了高原实际大气的太阳辐射收支和加热率,并与中纬度模式大气的计算结果进行了比较。本文模式计算得到的一些结果在利用卫星观测确定高原地区地气系统的辐射平衡的研究中将得到应用。 相似文献
5.
6.
我国西北大气沙尘气溶胶的辐射效应 总被引：21，自引：3，他引：18
利用HEIFE地面辐射平衡观测资料和同期NOAA-11/AVHRR卫星遥感资料定量估算春季我国西北大气沙尘的辐射效应。大气沙尘减小地面净辐射冷却地面,对地-气系统和大气的辐射效应均与地表反照率有关,严重浑浊的沙尘大气在沙漠为短波加热和长波冷却,在绿洲则相反,但净效应都是加热。文中给出了4月大气浑浊度系数约由0.1增大到0.6,在沙漠和绿洲上空沙尘层（850～600 hPa）内大气的附加短波、长波和净加热/冷却率。 相似文献
7.
冬季青藏高原地面辐射平衡 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
本文根据实测资料建立了冬季青藏高原上地面辐射平衡与日照百分率、地面反射率之间的经验公式,并用此公式试验了纬度、时间、地面反射率和日照百分率对地面辐射平衡的影响。试验结果表明:冬季高原地面辐射能收支的盈亏状况是由地理纬度和地面反射率决定的。天空遮蔽状况(本文用日照百分率表示)仅影响其盈亏值的大小。亦即地面辐射平衡的地理分布形式由地理纬度和地面反射率所决定,但正、负中心的数值还受天空遮蔽状况的影响。冬季青藏高原地面辐射平衡场是一个由地理因子(地理纬度和自然地理带)作用下形成的基本场叠加上一个地面积雪区形成的扰动场。长江和黄河源区的巴颜喀拉山和藏北草原是冬季高原地面加热场最可能出现异常的关键区。 相似文献
8.
本文利用5层P－σ坐标系原始方程模式，选取1999年9月20日T106客观分析资料为初始场，模拟了高原加热后，大气环流在冬夏季节转换时，槽脊系统等演变的一些基本特征。在对流层上层，高原热源加强使得中高纬欧亚大陆地区的脊加强、槽减弱，而亚洲东岩至太平洋地区则情况相反；在对流层低层，高原加热更有利于高原及低纬地区气旋的发生发展。这些及高原热源加强后温度和降水场等的变化，都与客观分析结果有相似之处。 相似文献
9.
藏北高原地面加热场的变化及其对气候的影响 总被引：16，自引：9，他引：16
利用 1994— 1996年在藏北高原五道梁所观测得到的地面能量收支资料 ,结合同期的大气环流进行了分析研究。结果表明 :高原北部地面加热场强度的变化与高原西部相似 ,而与高原主体东半部的变化相反 ;冬季前期 11月的地面积雪过程对决定整个冬季地面加热场的性质具有重要的意义 ;高原冬季地面热状况的异常 ,引起夏季加热场的异常 ,这可能是造成大气环流异常的原因之一 ,从而影响我国的气候环境 ,因此对高原地面加热场的监测可以为短期气候预测提供依据。 相似文献
10.
黑河地区大气沙尘对地面辐射能收支的影响 总被引：29，自引：16，他引：13
利用１９９１年２月下旬至５月中旬ＨＥＩＦＥ张掖绿洲和沙漠站大气浑浊度观测和地面辐射平衡各个分量观测资料,分析和估算了大气沙尘对地面辐射能收支的影响,晴天大气透过率和达地面的短波辐射与大气浑浊度系数有产好的负相关,大气军浊系数增大时透过率和地面总辐射减少,大气浑浊度系数增大０．１,地面总辐射减少１．３％～１．９％,４月大气浑浊度由０．１增大到０．６,正午时刻地面总辐射减少６７．６～８５．８Ｗ／ｍ＾２ 相似文献
11.
ABSTRACT Rainfall responses to doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration were investigated through the analysis of two pairs of two-dimensional cloud-resolving model sensitivity experiments. One pair of experiments simulated pre-summer heavy rainfall over southern China around the summer solstice, whereas the other pair of experiments simulated tropical rainfall around the winter solstice. The analysis of the time and model domain mean heat budget revealed that the enhanced local atmospheric warming was associated with doubled carbon dioxide through the weakened infrared radiative cooling during the summer solstice. The weakened mean pre-summer rainfall corresponded to the weakened mean infrared radiative cooling. Doubled carbon dioxide increased the mean tropical atmospheric warming via the enhanced mean latent heat in correspondence with the strengthened mean infrared radiative cooling during the winter solstice. The enhanced mean tropical rainfall was associated with the increased mean latent heat. 相似文献
12.
亚——非季风区非绝热加热与夏季环流关系的诊断研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
基于热力适应理论,本文利用 ＮＣＥＰ／ ＮＣＡＲ再分析资料对撒哈拉沙漠、青藏高原和孟加拉湾地区的非绝热加热与夏季环流进行了诊断研究。在非洲撒哈拉沙漠地区,以感热输送为主的加热仅局限于近地面层,边界层以上的大气则以辐射冷却占优势。因而除了边界层内存在着浅薄的正涡度和微弱的上升运动以外,整个对流层几乎都维持负涡度并盛行下沉运动。对于青藏高原地区,强大的表面感热通量引起的垂直扩散是近地面大气加热的主要分量,与大尺度上升运动相关的凝结潜热对低层大气的加热也有一定的贡献。长波辐射造成的对流层中、上层大气的冷却则主要由深对流潜热释放来补偿。夏季高原地区总非绝热加热是正值,且最大加热率出现在边界层内。低空大气辐合产生正涡度,而中、高层大气辐散伴有较强的负涡度。因而高原盛行上升运动,最大上升运动位于近地面层。夏季孟加拉湾地区的深对流凝结潜热释放远大于长波辐的冷却作用,因而整个对流层几乎都保持较强的非绝热加热。４００ｈＰａ层附近的最大加热率引起３００－４００ｈＰａ最强的上升运动。对流层上层是负涡度区,而中、低层为正涡度区。结果还表明,垂直和水平辐散环流与大气的热源和热汇区密切相联：在高层,辐散气流从热源区流向热汇区;在低层则相 相似文献
13.
Summary Past investigations of the summertime heat budget over the Tibetan Plateau have not included detailed estimates of radiative cooling (Q
R
) nor have they carefully considered the effects of cloudiness on this term. The various attempts to eyaluate different combinations of heat and moisture budget torms and to understand the sources of energy to the summer armospheric heat source over the plateau are not in agreement, partly because of remaining discrepancies in the radiative and turbulent flux components, and partly because until recently, the conventional data sets needed for independently estimating the total heating and moistening terms have been incomplete. The uncertainties in the radiative term have also led to difficulties in assessing the uncertainties in the other budget terms, since no study to date has assembled a complete enough data set to allow a unified calculation of all budget quantities or to obtain budget closure. Recently published results of Yanai and his colleagues involving apparent heat source calculations for the plateau region based on a much improved FGGE data set, have motivated the examination of whether more detailed radiative calculations can help resolve past discrepancies in the budget terms on a monthly time scale. This study uses a continuous time series of 22-km resolution INSAT geosynchronous satellite measurements and ECMWF profile analyses in conjunction with medium spectral resolution radiative transfer models to estimate the slicrtwave and longwave components of the radiative cooling term and the role of cloudiness on these components for the 1988 summer period. The calculations reveal both meridional and zonal structure in radiative divergence across the plateau associated with the substantial gradients of cloudiness and aridity that dominate the summertime plateau climatology. The calculations also indicate that the magnitudes of both cloud-induced shortwave heating and longwave cooling over the plateau are much greater than over low-elevation regions. Moreover, since cloud-induced longwave cooling exceeds cloud-induced shortwave heating, the bulk effect of clouds is to radiatively cool the plateau atmosphere. The high resolution calculations are reduced to monthly averaged budget quantities for analyzing whether existing discrepancies in the plateau heat budget can be resolved. Although there is no means to rigorously verify the accuracies and representativeness of the individual budget terms, the new radiative estimates combined with the most reliable current estimates of total heating and turbulent fluxes, produce near closure (within 4%) of the plateau heat budget for the June to August period.With 10 Figures 相似文献
14.
本文采用欧洲中心７层网格点逐月平均全球资料和同期美国ＫＷＢＣ的太平洋海温资料分析了１９８２年１月～１９８３年１２月ＥｌＮｉｎｏ期间和１９８８年１月￣１９８９年１２月ＬａＮｉｎａ期间大气加热场的特征。结果表明，海表温度异常时，海面向上输送的感热、潜热通量变化并不大，有时甚至出现和海温距平变化相反的趋势，而另一方面，各辐射量和凝结加热量变化却很重要。进一步本文又分别以多年平均的１２月、ＥｌＮｉｎｏ及ＬａＮｉｎａ强盛时的１９８２年１２月和１９８８年１２月的实测海温和实测大气资料为初值作了数值模拟，模拟的大气状况与真实大气状况一致。根据资料分析和数值模拟的结果，本文认为作大尺度中长期天气预报及研究海气相互作用时应充分考虑辐射收支和凝结加热量的变化。 相似文献
15.
WANG Runyuan ZHANG Qiang ZHAO Hong WANG Heling WANG Chunling 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2012,26(2):250-259
The heat storage terms over an ideal(non-vegetated) horizontal desert surface may be very important and easily neglected in surface energy balance studies.In this paper,based on a field experiment over the Gobi Desert in the middle part of the Hexi Corridor in Northwest China(39 05 N,100 16 E;1457-m elevation),we studied the energy budget closure and evaluated the contribution of the heat storage terms to the closure of the surface energy balance.There were imbalances of 8% and 15% in summer and winter,respectively,if the heat storage terms were not taken into account.For both seasons,a nearly perfect result of the surface energy closure(99%) was obtained by inclusion of the estimates of heat storage terms.The soil heat storage term improved the surface energy imbalance by about 6% in summer and 13% in winter,and the air enthalpy storage term improved it by about 0.6% in summer and 1% in winter,while the contribution of the atmospheric moisture changes could be ignored. 相似文献
16.
Utilizing data from NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis, the summertime atmospheric diabatic heating due to different physical processes
is investigated over the Sahara desert, the Tibetan Plateau, and the Bay of Bengal. Atmospheric circulation systems in summer
over these three areas are also studied. Thermal adaptation theory is employed to explain the relationship between the circulation
and the atmospheric diabatic heating.
Over the Sahara desert, heating resulting from the surface sensible heat flux dominates the near-surface layer, while radiative
cooling is dominant upward from the boundary layer. There is positive vorticity in the shallow boundary layer and negative
vorticity in the middle and upper troposphere. Downward motion prevails over the Sahara desert, except in the shallow near—surface
layer where weak ascent exists in summer. Over the Tibetan Plateau, strong vertical diffusion resulting from intense surface
sensible heat flux to the overlying atmosphere contributes most to the boundary layer heating, condensation associated with
large—scale ascent is another contributor to the lower layer heating. Latent heat release accompanying deep convection is
critical in offsetting longwave radiative cooling in the middle and upper troposphere. The overall diabatic heating is positive
in the whole troposphere in summer, with the most intense heating located in the boundary layer. Convergence and positive
vorticity occur in the shallow near—surface layer and divergence and negative vorticity exist deeply in the middle and upper
troposphere. Accordingly, upward motion prevails over the Plateau in summer, with the most intense rising occurring near the
ground surface. Over the Bay of Bengal, summertime latent heat release associated with deep convection exceeds longwave radiative
cooling, resulting in intense heating in almost the whole troposphere. The strongest heating over the Bay of Bengal is located
around 400 hPa, resulting in the most intense rising occurring between 300 hPa and 400 hPa, and producing positive vorticity
in the lower troposphere and negative vorticity in the upper troposphere. It is also shown that the divergent circulation
is from a heat source region to a sink region in the upper troposphere and vice versa in lower layers.
This work was jointly supported by “ National Key Program for Developing Basic Sciences” G1998040904 by NSFC projects 49805003,
49635170, 49823002, and 49825504. 相似文献
17.
Changes in storm tracks and energy transports in a warmer climate simulated by the GFDL CM2.1 model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yutian Wu Mingfang Ting Richard Seager Huei-Ping Huang Mark A. Cane 《Climate Dynamics》2011,37(1-2):53-72
Storm tracks play a major role in regulating the precipitation and hydrological cycle in midlatitudes. The changes in the location and amplitude of the storm tracks in response to global warming will have significant impacts on the poleward transport of heat, momentum and moisture and on the hydrological cycle. Recent studies have indicated a poleward shift of the storm tracks and the midlatitude precipitation zone in the warming world that will lead to subtropical drying and higher latitude moistening. This study agrees with this key feature for not only the annual mean but also different seasons and for the zonal mean as well as horizontal structures based on the analysis of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) CM2.1 model simulations. Further analyses show that the meridional sensible and latent heat fluxes associated with the storm tracks shift poleward and intensify in both boreal summer and winter in the late twenty-first century (years 2081?C2100) relative to the latter half of the twentieth century (years 1961?C2000). The maximum dry Eady growth rate is examined to determine the effect of global warming on the time mean state and associated available potential energy for transient growth. The trend in maximum Eady growth rate is generally consistent with the poleward shift and intensification of the storm tracks in the middle latitudes of both hemispheres in both seasons. However, in the lower troposphere in northern winter, increased meridional eddy transfer within the storm tracks is more associated with increased eddy velocity, stronger correlation between eddy velocity and eddy moist static energy, and longer eddy length scale. The changing characteristics of baroclinic instability are, therefore, needed to explain the storm track response as climate warms. Diagnosis of the latitude-by-latitude energy budget for the current and future climate demonstrates how the coupling between radiative and surface heat fluxes and eddy heat and moisture transport influences the midlatitude storm track response to global warming. Through radiative forcing by increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and water vapor, more energy is gained within the tropics and subtropics, while in the middle and high latitudes energy is reduced through increased outgoing terrestrial radiation in the Northern Hemisphere and increased ocean heat uptake in the Southern Hemisphere. This enhanced energy imbalance in the future climate requires larger atmospheric energy transports in the midlatitudes which are partially accomplished by intensified storm tracks. Finally a sequence of cause and effect for the storm track response in the warming world is proposed that combines energy budget constraints with baroclinic instability theory. 相似文献
18.
为了揭示我国北方地区对流层中下层臭氧(O3) 的形成机理以及周边地区的污染输送对我国北方地区对流层中下层O3收支的影响, 在与外场观测数据比较分析的基础上, 利用全球化学输送模式(MOZART-2) 采用收支分析方法定量分析了影响我国北方地区对流层中下层O3的各个物理化学过程。结果表明:我国北方地区对流层下层O3最重要的来源是光化学生成作用, 约占总来源的58.3%(41.5 Tg), 光化学生成反应中HO2对于O3生成的贡献最大; 最大的汇是干沉降过程, 约占总汇的43.2%(26.2Tg); 水平净输送作用对我国北方地区对流层中下层O3收支的影响非常大, 在我国北方地区对流层下层, 41.6%左右的O3来自水平净输送, 随高度增加, 水平输送影响增大, 我国北方地区对流层中层大约81.5%的O3来自水平净输送。 相似文献
19.
利用海气耦合和大气气候模式研究东亚冬季风异常对夏季环流的影响, 结果表明, 东亚冬季风异常对于后期环流及海洋状态异常都起了很大的作用.一般情况下, 强的冬季风与后期弱的东亚夏季风和较强的南海季风相对应.与强(弱)冬季风异常相关的风应力的改变可以使热带太平洋海温从冬季至夏季呈现La Nina (El Nio)型异常分布.试验得到的由冬季风异常所产生的海洋及夏季环流的变化与实况是相当接近的.在异常的冬季风偏北风分量强迫下, 西太平洋上形成的偏差气旋环流在夏季已不存在, 这时东亚夏季风反而增强.而冬季赤道西风分量所产生的影响, 则在西太平洋上形成显著的偏差气旋环流, 使东亚副热带夏季风减弱, 南海夏季风加强.对于东亚大气环流而言, 与强弱冬季风对应的热带海洋海温异常强迫下, 不仅是冬季, 后期春季和夏季环流的特征都能得到很好的模拟.但是从分区看, 西太平洋暖池区的海温异常比东太平洋更为重要.单纯的热带中东太平洋的海温异常对东亚大气环流的影响主要表现在冬季, 对后期的影响并不十分清楚.整个热带海洋的异常型分布(不论是El Nio还是La Nia)型, 对冬夏季风的影响是重要的, 而单纯的某个地区的海温异常都比它的整体影响要小.从试验结果看, 海温在大尺度冬夏季环流的隔季相关中起了十分重要的作用. 相似文献