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Summary Residues from crops left on the soil surface have an impact on the microclimate, primarily temperature, within the soil and the atmosphere; but, the impact on the biological system is largely unknown. Residue is assumed to have a positive impact on the biological system in the soil and a negative impact on crop growth. This report investigates the effect of standing residue on the microclimate surrounding a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop in a semi-arid environment and the effect of flat residue on the seasonal soil temperature and soil water regimes in a humid climate with a corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production system. A study was conducted during 1987 and 1988 in a semi-arid climate at Lubbock, Texas using standing wheat stubble to shelter cotton from wind. In this study soil water, microclimatic variables, and plant growth were measured within standing stubble and bare soil during the early vegetative growth period. Air temperatures were warmer at night within the standing residue and the air more humid throughout the day. This led to a reduction in the soil water evaporation rate and an increase in the water use efficiency of the cotton plant within the stubble. Studies on corn residue with continuous corn and corn-soybean rotations with no-till, chiselplow, and moldboard plow tillage practices in central Iowa showed that the average soil temperatures in the upper soil profile were not affected by the presence of flat residue after tillage. Diurnal temperature ranges were most affected by the residue throughout the year. The largest effect of the residue on soil temperature was in the fall after harvest when no-till fields cooled more slowly than tilled fields. In the spring, surface residue decreased the soil water evaporation rate and increased the soil water storage within the soil profile covered with residue. In years with below normal rainfall, the additional stored soil water due to the surface residue was used by the plant to maintain transpiration rates at optimal levels during the early vegetative growth period. The biological implications of crop residue on the soil surface can be more positive than negative and increasing our understanding of the physical environment and biological system interactions will lead to improved resource management.Contribution from the United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service.With 6 Figures 相似文献
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Energy balance comparison of sorghum and sunflower 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
F. Rachidi M. B. Kirkham E. T. Kanemasu L. R. Stone 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1993,48(1):29-39
Summary An understanding of the energy exchange processes at the surface of the earth is necessary for studies of global climate change. If the climate becomes drier, as is predicted for northern mid-latitudes, it is important to know how major agricultural crops will play a role in the budget of heat and moisture. Thus, the energy balance components of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), two drought-resistant crops grown in the areas where summertime drying is forecasted, were compared. Soil water content and evapotranspiration (ET) rates also were determined. Net radiation was measured with net radiometers. Soil heat flux was analyzed with heat flux plates and thermocouples. The Bowen ratio method was used to determine sensible and latent heat fluxes. Sunflower had a higher evapotranspiration rate and depleted more water from the soil than sorghum. Soil heat flux into the soil during the daytime was greater for sorghum than sunflower, which was probably the result of the more erect leaves of sorghum. Nocturnal net radiation loss from the sorghum crop was greater than that from the sunflower crop, perhaps because more heat was stored in the soil under the sorghum crop. But daytime net radiation values were similar for the two crops. The data indicated that models of climate change must differentiate nighttime net radiation of agricultural crops. Sensible heat flux was not always less (or greater) for sorghum compared to sunflower. Sunflower had greater daytime values for latent heat flux, reflecting its greater depletion of water from the soil. Evapotranspiration rates determined by the energy balance method agreed relatively well with those found by the water balance method. For example, on 8 July (43 days after planting), the ET rates found by the energy-balance and water-balance methods were 4.6 vs. 5.5 mm/day for sunflower, respectively; for sorghum, these values were 4.0 vs. 3.5 mm/day, respectively. If the climate does become drier, the lower soil water use and lower latent heat flux of sorghum compared to sunflower suggest that sorghum will be better adapted to the climate change.Contribution from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. F. Rachidi is now with the Département d'Écologie Végétale et Pastoralisme, École Nationale d'Agriculture, Meknès, Morocco, and E. T. Kanemasu is now with the Department of Agronomy, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, U.S.A.With 5 Figures 相似文献
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用统计方法和水量平衡法推导出江淮地区潜水蒸发经验计算模型。利用农田水分平衡原理分别在江淮地区建立了引入潜水蒸发量和没有引入潜水蒸发量的冬小麦和大豆土壤水分动态预报模型,并对这两种模型在地下水浅埋条件下的预报准确度进行比较。1980年的比较结果是:当预报时效为10天时,两种作物7个时段的土壤水分平均绝对误差前者为8.2 mm,后者为20.1 mm,平均相对误差分别为2.8%和6.8%。引入潜水蒸发量后,冬小麦和大豆土壤水分动态预报模型的预报准确度明显提高。 相似文献
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作物系数曲线是估算作物生长季耗水量变化的重要参数。基于2013年4—9月内蒙古巴彦淖尔市临河区田间水分试验和1994—2013年气象站观测资料,利用水量平衡法反求春玉米作物系数,分析生长季内的变化规律, 建立动态模拟方程,并与联合国粮农组织 (FAO) 分段直线法结果进行比较, 提出胁迫条件下作物系数的叶面积修正方法。结果表明:玉米作物系数随发育进程可用三项式曲线描述,变化趋势与产量水平无关, 但随产量增高而变幅增大;以出苗后相对积温为时间变量建立模拟方程效果较好,决定系数 (R2) 均在0.92以上;模拟计算出各站点最大 (1.30~1.48) 和平均 (0.831~0.919) 作物系数,与FAO分段直线法计算的典型值和区间值基本一致,生长中期平均相对误差为3.4%~7.2%;提出利用相对叶面积指数修正作物系数的计算方法;通过2014年实例检验,土壤水分模拟值与实测值的平均相对误差为6.3%,相对误差小于15%的占95.8%。 相似文献
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作物不同生长时段对水分胁迫敏感性分析 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
本文根据我省1982－1995年的土壤水分实测资料、主要农作物的产量资料及作物生长物候资料,计算得到我省主要旱作物各生长时段作物对水分胁迫的产量响应敏感系数,反映出作物在不同生长期对水分胁迫的敏感程度,结果表明：不同生长时段作物对水分胁迫的敏感度不同,作物干旱程序不能仅凭降水距平确定,需考虑作物对水分胁迫敏感性来修正干旱指标,才能有效对作物干旱实施监测,从而为人工增雨作业时间安排提供更为科学的依据。 相似文献
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During this century global warming will lead to changes in global weather and climate, affecting many aspects of our environment. Agriculture is the sector of the United States economy most likely to be directly impacted by climatic changes. We have examined potential changes in dryland agriculture (Part 3) and in water resources necessary for crop production (Part 4) in response to a set of climate change scenarios. In this paper we assess to what extent, under these same scenarios, water supplies will be sufficient to meet the irrigation requirement of major grain crops in the US. In addition, we assess the overall impacts of changes in water supply on national grain production. We apply the 12 climate change scenarios described in Part 1 to the water resources and crop growth simulation models described in Part 2 for the conterminous United States. Drawing on data from Parts 3 and 4 we calculate what the aggregate national production would be in those regions in which grain crops are currently produced by applying irrigation where needed and water supplies allow. The total amount of irrigation water applied to crops declines under all climate change scenarios employed in this study. Under certain of the scenarios and in particular regions, precipitation decreases so much that water supplies are too limited; in other regions precipitation becomes so plentiful that little value is derived from irrigation. Nationwide grain crop production is greater when irrigation is applied as needed. Under irrigation, less corn and soybeans are produced under most of the climate change scenarios than is produced under baseline climate conditions. Winter wheat production under irrigation responds significantly to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations [CO2] and appears likely to increase under climate change. 相似文献
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Russian agriculture sensitivity to changes in climate, soil and atmosphere chemistry were analyzed. Calculated data are presented on crop productivity of grain crops and grasses (C3) under arid and humid scenarios of climate taking account of one-, two-, three and four-factor natural environment impacts. All four factors under studies (climatic parameters, CO2 and tropospheric ozone concentrations, soil degradation extent) greatly impact agriculture productivity. The effect of interaction between all considered factors on agroecosystem productivity is studied. It is established that a simple additive scheme for explaining the complex effect of some factors can be much violated. In this case, not only variations in the mean crop yield levels but also variations in the degree of crop stability have been assessed in some regions, that may be more important for determining the social-economic consequences. It turned out that the recurrence of critically very low yields in steppe regions may increase two fold as a result of global warming. 相似文献
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根据现代农业气象业务需求,提出了可视化、实时性、远程控制的自动农业气象观测系统技术思路、设计原则,并设计了系统的硬件和软件架构及自动化观测的实现方法。该系统具有作物生长、农田气象要素观测及环境监控功能,可实现作物发育期、株高、盖度等的自动观测,还可实现农田主要农业气象灾害实时监测。该文利用三维空间模拟技术初步确定了CCD (charge-coupled device) 传感器的技术指标;提出利用图像判别技术,结合作物生长特征及农业气象指标,实现作物发育期自动判别;利用摄影测量学技术,采用动态跟踪法实现作物株高自动化观测;提出了作物盖度的计算方法和通过研究作物盖度与密度、叶面积指数的关系,解决作物种植密度和叶面积指数自动观测的技术思路。该系统模仿人工观测原理,将图像处理和摄影测量学等技术引入农业气象自动观测中,基本上可以满足农业气象观测的主要任务的实时性、可视化和自动化需求。 相似文献
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Agrometeorological study of crop drought vulnerability and avoidance in northeast of Iran 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Drought is one of the crucial environmental factors affecting crop production. Synchronizing crop phenology with expected or predicted seasonal soil moisture supply is an effective approach to avoid drought impact. To assess the potential for drought avoidance, this study investigated the long-term climate data of four locations (Bojnourd, Mashhad, Sabzevar, and Torbat Heydarieh) in Khorasan province, in the northeast of Iran, with respect to the four dominant crops (common bean, lentil, peanut, and potato). Weekly water deficit defined as the difference between weekly precipitation and weekly potential evapotranspiration was calculated. Whenever the weekly water deficit was larger than the critical water demand of a crop, the probability for drought was determined. Results showed that Sabzevar has the highest average maximum temperature (24.6 °C), minimum temperature (11.7 °C), weekly evapotranspiration (32.1 mm), and weekly water deficit (28.3 mm) and has the lowest average weekly precipitation (3.8 mm). However, the lowest mean maximum temperature (19.7 °C), minimum temperature (6.9 °C), weekly evapotranspiration (22.5 mm), and weekly water deficit (17.5 mm) occur in Bojnourd. This location shows the shortest period of water deficit during the growing season for all crops except potato, which also experienced drought at the end of the growing season. Sabzevar and Torbat Heydarieh experienced the highest probability of occurrence and longest duration of drought during the growing season for all crops. The result of this study will be helpful for farmers in order to reduce drought impact and enable them to match crop phenology with periods during the growing season when water supply is more abundant. 相似文献
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Future climate changes, as well as differences in climates from one location to another, may involve changes in climatic variability as well as changes in means. In this study, a synthetic weather generator is used to systematically change the within-year variability of temperature and precipitation (and therefore also the interannual variability), without altering long-term mean values. For precipitation, both the magnitude and the qualitative nature of the variability are manipulated. The synthetic daily weather series serve as input to four crop simulation models. Crop growth is simulated for two locations and three soil types. Results indicate that average predicted yield decreases with increasing temperature variability where growing-season temperatures are below the optimum specified in the crop model for photosynethsis or biomass accumulation. However, increasing within-year variability of temperature has little impact on year-to-year variability of yield. The influence of changed precipitation variability on yield was mediated by the nature of the soil. The response on a droughtier soil was greatest when precipitation amounts were altered while keeping occurrence patterns unchanged. When increasing variability of precipitation was achieved through fewer but larger rain events, average yield on a soil with a large plant-available water capacity was more affected. This second difference is attributed to the manner in which plant water uptake is simulated. Failure to account for within-season changes in temperature and precipitation variability may cause serious errors in predicting crop-yield responses to future climate change when air temperatures deviate from crop optima and when soil water is likely to be depleted at depth. 相似文献
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我国春玉米水分供需状况分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
论述了作物需水量的概念及其计算方法，利用最新的气候和作物资料，计算了我国春玉米的作物需水量，分析其时空分布特征，并利用水发订正系来评价春玉米需水量的满足程度。计算分析结果表明，气候条件对我国在玉米生产是有利的，但在播种期、出苗期及拔节期（4－6月份），存在明显的水亏缺现象，这一时期应采取相应的栽培技术及节水灌溉、人工增雨等措施来缓解旱情。 相似文献
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A model for predicting actual evapotranspiration under soil water stress in a Mediterranean region 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. Rana N. Katerji M. Mastrorilli M. El Moujabber 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1997,56(1-2):45-55
Summary In this paper a model for estimating actual evapotranspiration is developed and tested for field crops (grain sorghum and sunflower) maintained under water stress conditions. The model is based on the Penman-Monteith formulation of ET in which canopy resistance (r
c) is modeled with respect to the crop water status and local climatological conditions. The model was previously tested on reference grass; in this last case no reference was made to soil water conditions andr
c was modeled only as a function of climatological parameters. Herer
c is expressed as a function of available energy, vapour pressure deficit, aerodynamic resistance and crop water status by means of predawn leaf water potential. Results, obtained with various crop water stress intensities, show that, on a daily scale, calculated ET is 98% and 95% of the measured ET for sorghum and sunflower respectively. The correlation between daily calculated and measured ET is very high (r
2 = 0.95 for sorghum andr
2 = 0.98 for sunflower). On an hourly scale, the model works very well when the crops were not stressed and during the senescence stage. In case of weak and strong stress the model has to be used with some precautions.With 9 Figures 相似文献
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以小麦、玉米、棉花、花生等主要农作物为研究对象,选取河南省12个气象站点1971—2010年的气象资料,采用联合国粮农组织（FAO）推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算参考作物生育期内需水量,分析其生育期需水量变化规律.结果表明：河南省多个地区需水量的年内分布,都在6月达到全年的最高值,在11或12月降至全年的最低值;需水量最大的是棉花,其次是小麦、花生和玉米;近40年,棉花、小麦、花生和玉米的需水量都表现为减少趋势.通过分析各气象因子与需水量的相关性发现：平均风速与作物需水量显著正相关,由于平均风速大幅下降,从而在很大程度上抵消了因其他气象因子变化引起的需水量增加趋势,造成主要作物生育期需水量的减少. 相似文献
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Impacts of Present and Future Climate Variability on Agriculture and Forestry in the Temperate Regions: Europe 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Agriculture and forestry will be particularly sensitive to changes in mean climate and climate variability in the northern
and southern regions of Europe. Agriculture may be positively affected by climate change in the northern areas through the
introduction of new crop species and varieties, higher crop production and expansion of suitable areas for crop cultivation.
The disadvantages may be determined by an increase in need for plant protection, risk of nutrient leaching and accelerated
breakdown of soil organic matter. In the southern areas the benefits of the projected climate change will be limited, while
the disadvantages will be predominant. The increased water use efficiency caused by increasing CO2 will compensate for some of the negative effects of increasing water limitation and extreme weather events, but lower harvestable
yields, higher yield variability and reduction in suitable areas of traditional crops are expected for these areas. Forestry
in the Mediterranean region may be mainly affected by increases in drought and forest fires. In northern Europe, the increased
precipitation is expected to be large enough to compensate for the increased evapotranspiration. On the other hand, however,
increased precipitation, cloudiness and rain days and the reduced duration of snow cover and soil frost may negatively affect
forest work and timber logging determining lower profitability of forest production and a decrease in recreational possibilities.
Adaptation management strategies should be introduced, as effective tools, to reduce the negative impacts of climate change
on agricultural and forestry sectors. 相似文献
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该文介绍相对湿润度指数在逐日滚动的农业干旱监测业务中应用的处理方法。文中采用联合国粮农组织推荐的方法进行潜在蒸散的计算和作物系数订正,提出了作物根区可吸收土壤总有效含水量的概念,并替代作物根区土壤总有效含水量进行水分胁迫条件下的作物系数订正,观察济南站2008年1—5月冬小麦实际蒸散量的计算结果,发现在蒸发强烈的春季,水分胁迫效果明显;提出了复合相对湿润度指数、区域综合相对湿润度指数等概念,对相对湿润度指数进行应用上的演化,解决了干旱演变过程中存在的前期土壤水分盈亏的累积影响问题,实现了县域内农业干旱状况的综合评定,并突破单种作物生长季的局限,实现了农业干旱的周年监测。通过对山东省114个测墒站2008年2月28日—12月8日人工测墒与区域综合相对湿润度指数的干旱等级对比,3048组有效数据中,2012组数据吻合,总吻合率为66%,其中,黄河、东平湖、微山湖灌溉区及鲁西北大部吻合率在50%以下;中东部地区多在70%以上;从全年情况来看,春季吻合率较低,夏季吻合率较高。 相似文献