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1.
介绍了中国气象局广州热带海洋气象研究所建立的南海海洋气象数值预报系统(Grapes-MAMS)框架、系统中各模式特点以及针对模式所做的改进工作;并基于广东省沿海浮标资料,分析和研究了该系统中各个专业模式预报性能。得到如下结论:(1)从给出的统计检验和技巧评分来看,区域海浪模式逐年改进,具有一定预报能力;区域海浪模式和欧洲中期天气预报中心全球海浪模式相比,前者预报技巧TS评分大于后者;(2)实测海表温度的同化明显改进了区域海洋环流模式对海表温度的预报,检验结果显示海表温度预报与浮标观测海表温度相关系数在0.7左右,通过了α=0.01显著性检验;(3)将基于广东茂名科学试验基地得到的拖曳系数计算方案引入风暴潮模式,可以有效地改进风暴潮模式对强台风"威马逊"风暴增水预报,2013—2015年6个风暴潮模式预报检验显示,模式可以提前20 h以上给出最大风暴增水预报,而且最大风暴增水预报与实际相差不大。 相似文献
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重大活动关键时段的定点预报一直是天气预报服务的难点,因此对2015年北京田径世锦赛开幕式天气的预报思路和方法进行分析总结,结果表明开幕式天气采取了时间、空间逐步递进的精细化预报思路,每个阶段的预报重点、使用的预报方法和信息资料是不同的。短期预报以天气诊断和数值预报方法为主,应用多尺度数值模式和集合预报产品,预报出开幕式当天在东北冷涡背景下北京东部的强对流天气和鸟巢出现弱降水的可能性;短时临近预报依据高时空分辨率的探测资料、快速更新的同化产品和中尺度模式,采用多资料融合技术,对稳定度、水汽和阵风锋等多要素综合分析,预判雷暴的生消变化,跟进预报了开幕式鸟巢地区无降水,保障活动顺利举行。 相似文献
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AREM及其对2003年汛期降水的模拟 总被引：35，自引：7，他引：35
文中回顾了一个能考虑陡峭复杂地形的有限区域 η坐标数值预报模式 (RegionalEta coordinateModel,简称REM )十几年来的发展和应用过程 ,列举了该模式系统在气象、水文、环境和军事保障等科研和业务单位的主要应用。同时介绍了在此基础上发展升级的暴雨数值预报模式 (AdvancedREM ,简称AREM )。由于 (A)REM抓住了中国区域的地形和天气特点 ,已成为模拟和预报中国天气和环境灾害的重要工具 ,在环境治理、抗洪抢险、防灾减灾以及军事气象保障中发挥了重要作用。通过分析新版本AREM对 2 0 0 3年夏季中国东部区域降水过程的模拟和预报结果 ,反映了AREM对中国东部区域降水的模拟和预报能力 ,再现了 2 0 0 3年夏季中国东部主要降水过程的雨量分布和演变特征。ARM对主要降水区域平均降水量的逐日预报与观测基本一致。它不仅对发生在淮河流域的较大范围的降水预报如此 ,而且对有些受地形强迫影响的局部强降水中心 ,预报结果也与观测基本一致。 相似文献
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一、问题的提出国家气象局数值预报模式(B模式)产品之一500百帕高度48小时预报,对于行星尺度和天气尺度的天气系统确有一定的预报能力,对日常天气预报有一定的参考意义。特别是地处高原东部和低纬地区的广西来说,B模式预报效果我以为比欧洲中期数值预报中心(ECMWF)模式略好。我们的预报员习惯参考模式系统位置及强度的预报,因此有必要研究一下B模式对影响广西夏季暴雨低槽的预报误差如何,便于我们参考B模式时做到心中有数。 相似文献
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统计降尺度法在数值预报产品释用中的应用 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
目前数值模式输出的空间分辨率较低,缺少区域信息,很难对区域气候做精确的预测.降尺度方法通过把大尺度、低分辨率的数值模式输出信息转化为区域尺度的地面气候变化信息(如气温、降水),从而达到弥补数值模式预测区域未来气候变化不足的目的.这种做法的基础在于区域气候变化是以大尺度(如大陆尺度甚至行星尺度)气候为条件的.统计降尺度法以大尺度数值预报产品为预报因子,利用历史资料建立区域预报量与大尺度预报因子之间的统计模型,实现对数值预报产品的释用.在系统论述统计降尺度法的基本原理、一般步骤的基础上,初步探讨统计降尺度法在中期天气预报方面的应用. 相似文献
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加拿大气象中心(CMC)主要从事中短期数值天气预报业务和有关研究.下面我们分别进行叙述.第一部分中短期数值天气预报业务制作中短期数值天气预报业务的模式有两个,即有限区域半隐式半拉格朗日有限元模式和半球谱模式.前者主要作48小时以内的天气和形势预报;后者主要作3到5天的天气和形势预报. 相似文献
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利用武汉中心气象台研发的“武汉区域气象中心天气轨道业务产品检验与评估平台”,对武汉区域气象中心在业务中使用的T213、AREM、日本数值预报模式和德国数值预报模式在2007年主汛期的降水预报进行了分级降水检验以及时空分布演变综合评估。结果表明,日本数值预报模式的综合预报性能最好,AREM次好,各模式均存在对强降水预报漏报率偏大的问题;AREM模式对降水带分布和中心强度的预报与实况最接近,表现出对降水带分布较强的预报能力,其它模式对强降水中心位置及强度的预报均有一定偏差;四种数值模式对区域强降水过程的发展趋势具有较强的预报能力,但降水量预报与实况有一定的差距。 相似文献
9.
海洋边界层高度是表征海洋上空大气的水汽、热量、物质等垂直分布的重要特征量，同时在气候、污染、模式预报上有关键作用。然而，利用海洋边界层高度观测对数值天气预报模式进行诊断的研究很少。因此，本文利用2019—2020年GPS掩星资料计算出的海洋边界层高度的分布特征，对CMA GFS全球模式的预报性能进行分析，同时借助ERA5再分析资料对CMA GFS模式的偏差进行讨论。主要结论如下：①CMA GFS全球模式在西太平洋、南太平洋、南大西洋绝大部分海域预报的边界层高度比较合理;②模式在热带辐合带海域和南太平洋辐合带存在高估预报，初步分析与模式对热带深对流的抬升凝结高度的预报偏高有关。③模式和ERA5在南半球层积云所在区域均存在边界层高度预报偏低，初步分析可能是模式对南半球层积云顶辐射冷却驱动的湍流扩散偏小造成。④模式在有云的大气下主要呈现为预报偏高，中心值在200 m左右，而在晴空区域模式预报较为合理，偏差值范围较小，ERA5也存在类似的特点。 相似文献
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通过横流太平洋往返两个航次随船调查，研究了采用气象导航对减少燃油消耗和保证船舶安全、班期等，不但有定的经济效益，而且是一种非常有效的航运管理方法。 相似文献
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H. Jean Thiébaux 《大气与海洋》2013,51(4):261-285
Abstract Analysis error patterns have been established for the Pacific Weather Centre Experiment Area, and comparisons made between errors computed for meteorological observing arrays, including Ocean Weather Ship (OWS) P, and errors computed for several alternative arrays which excluded OWS P. These assessments of the impact of replacing the ocean weather ship with alternative observing equipment indicate that, above the 1000‐mb pressure surface, there will be a significant loss of accuracy in the forecast‐minus‐observation analyses regardless of proposed additional report systems. Near the surface, forecast error variances are estimated to decrease slightly with an increase of reports from buoys and ships of opportunity within the region. The dependence of the assessments on the data selection procedure and on correlation representations for the region suggest that some loss may be compensated by more efficient use of available data. Refinements in the objective analysis scheme are seen to be especially important to analysis accuracy in regions lacking radiosonde coverage. 相似文献
13.
The structure of the upper ocean and surface atmospheric conditions are described during a ship cruise across the central Indian Ocean from December 1995 to January 1996. In situ data on currents, temperature, salinity and surface heat fluxes are described and compared with expected climatological values. Thermocline uplift in the 6-7°S latitude band is linked to the cyclonic shear of near-surface currents. A comparison of quiescent and windy periods demonstrates that evaporative fluxes become amplified near cyclonic vortices fed by southerly meridional winds. The ocean density structure is influenced by salinity gradients, driven by the precipitation-evaporation balance. Near the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ), freshwater fluxes create a stable surface layer and helps to maintain the eastward equatorial counter-current. An analysis of the atmospheric boundary layer from NCEP re-analysis data seeks to place the in situ results into the context of weather conditions at the time of the cruise. Further studies of this kind will improve our understanding of relationships between the Indian Ocean monsoon and surrounding climates. 相似文献
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Summary Whilst the tropics comprise only 50% of the Earth's surface, 75% of the annual, global rainfall occurs there. Hence, the tropics are the latent heat engine for the general circulation of the atmosphere. In this environment, all manner of convective weather systems exist: intense and destructive tropical storms (TS), organized mesoscale convective systems (MCCs and CCCs here) and much weaker, short-lived convection (DSL). The relative importance of these differing convective weather systems to the hydrologic cycle of the Atlantic Ocean basin is considered here. An automated, satellite-based climatology and classification of these four different classes of convective weather systems is used to define system characteristics and contribution to basin-wide rainfall over an 18 month time period.It is found that short-lived thunderstorms (DSL class) are the largest contributors to the basin-wide rainfall, however their contribution represents only about half of the total diagnosed rainfall. Organized mesoscale systems contribute the balance. Hence, mesoscale organized weather systems seem to play an important rôle in the Atlantic Ocean hydrologic cycle.Due to the potentially large error bounds on the satellite rainfall climatologies used here, the results of this study are contransted with the recent climatology of Cotton et al. (1995), which incorporates some estimates of rainfall characteristics for mesoscale systems based on numerical model simulations. Comparison of these two climatologies showed good agreement in the relative magnitudes of rainfall determined for each class of convection.With 11 Figures 相似文献
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Sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) exerts great influence on the generation of global weather and climate. Much progress has been made with respect to SSTA in the Pacific Ocean region in contrast to the Indian Ocean. The IAP9L model, which is developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science, is used to simulate the influence of the Indian Ocean SSTA on the general circulation and weather/climate anomalies in the monsoon region of Asia. It is found that the warm (cool) SSTA in the equatorial low latitudes of the Indian Ocean triggers winter (summer) teleconnection patterns in middle and higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere that are similar to PNA or EAP. They play a very important role in the anomaly of circulation or weather and climate in the middle and lower latitudes of the Asian summer monsoon region. With the warm (cool) SSTA forcing in the Indian Ocean, the Asian summer monsoon sets up at a late (early) date and withdraws at a early (late) date, lasting for a short (long) duration at a weak (strong) intensity. The Indian Ocean SSTA is shown to be an indicator for precipitation variation in China. 相似文献
16.
青海省春季沙尘暴特征及其异常气候背景分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
主要分析了青海春季沙尘暴空间、时间演变特征及异常大气环流、海温对沙尘暴天气的影响。结果表明,青海沙尘暴高发区位于柴达木盆地、青海湖西北部、海南南部3地;20世纪60年代至本世纪初青海沙尘暴天气总体上是减少的。过程次数20世纪60年代青海北部较多、南部较少,70年代北部开始减少、南部回增,80年代开始整体减少,进入90年代后呈波动式减少趋势,且在80年代初大部分地区发生了一次由高向低的显著波动;青海沙尘暴天气与前期12～2月、同期3～5月500hPa高度场相关密切,尤其是同期3～5月,当乌拉尔山高压脊加强(减弱),蒙古低槽加深(减弱),冷空气活动频繁(减少),青海春季沙尘暴天气偏多(少),这种沙尘暴的时间变化趋势和异常天气形势与我国北方一致。青海春季沙尘暴与前期印度洋海温关系密切,当前期3～5月、6～8月印度洋中北部海温持续偏高(低),青海春季沙尘暴偏少(多)。 相似文献
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青藏高原东部牧区秋季雪灾天气的形成及预报 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
对青藏高原东部牧区 (196 7─ 1996年 )秋季发生的成灾性降雪天气过程 ,进行了较为详细的分析。探讨了欧亚区域大型天气系统活动对成灾性降雪天气形势的形成所起的作用 ,指出北冰洋低压槽和西太副高分别是秋季降雪天气形成的主导因素和稳定因素。归纳出三种成灾性降雪天气形成的概念模型。指出高原偏西南风低空急流是高原秋季降雪过程的主要天气系统 ,讨论了急流轴附近的非地转风发展对降雪和最低气温所产生的作用。最后提出了雪灾预报思路 相似文献
18.
A. M. S. Delitala S. Gallino L. Villa K. Lagouvardos A. Drago 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,102(1-2):125-137
The selection of ship routes based on modern weather forecasting is a mean of computing optimum shipping routes thereby increasing safety and comfort at sea, cutting down on transit time, and reducing fuel consumption. Further empirical research in the effectiveness of modern weather routing applications is required especially in applications concerning shorter routes in enclosed seas of limited geographical extent such as the Mediterranean Sea. The present study used two climatological simulations to test this state-of-the-art approach to ship routing. Simulations represented two theoretical routes: (1) a route between Italy and Greece and (2) a route between Cyprus and Italy. Both routes were analyzed across varying simulated climatic conditions and the results were compared with those of control routes. Furthermore, results were analyzed in terms of passenger and crew comfort, bunker consumption by ships, and time of crossing. The first simulation showed that weather routing would improve ship performance on 37% of days while the second simulation revealed that weather routing would support ship captains virtually all the time. 相似文献
19.
Summary The adjoint technique has been widely used over the last two decades in applications involving the dynamics of the Atmosphere
and Ocean. This present study applies this technique in the assimilation of oceanic parameters such as temperature and net-surface
heat flux, in a variable resolution Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM). The National Center for Environmental Prediction
(NCEP) 1999 July–August global data (sea-surface temperature and derived surface heat flux) and vertical temperature profiles
collected from ORV Sagar Kanya and INS Sagardhwani during the Bay of Bengal Monsoon Experiment (BOBMEX 1999) are used for
assimilation over the Bay of Bengal. The net-surface heat flux and temperature obtained after assimilation show good agreement
with their respective seasonal patterns over the whole Indian Ocean, though there are some differences in the numerical values
of heat fluxes. The vertical profiles of temperature after assimilation over the Bay of Bengal show strong resemblance with
the corresponding ship observations, emphasizing the importance of the adjoint technique in ocean data assimilation. 相似文献
20.
中国是沙尘天气频发、观测记录历史悠久的国家,有关沙尘天气术语经过不断的演变,日趋完善、规范。根据2003年修订出版的《地面气象观测规范》、2006年发布的"沙尘暴天气监测规范"(GB/T20479—2006)、"沙尘暴天气等级"(GB/T20480—2006)等国家标准,发现在行业规范和国家标准中,有关沙尘天气术语定义存在互为掣肘的现象,对此展开分析和讨论,并对相关术语提出了一致的定义,为推动国家标准的应用和今后的修订提供参考。 相似文献