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1.
基于大气系统的非线性和复杂性,加上初值和模式等本身无法避免的一些不确定性,天气预报从单一值的确定论向多值的概率论转变不但符合气象科学的实际也是更好地服务社会之必需。但是这种转变的理性思考对很多用户、甚至气象工作者自己都不是很清楚。为了帮助人们理解和加速这一转变,本文就这种转变所面临的一些普遍困惑谈一些想法。作为促成这一转变的中心技术集合预报——有关的问题已经在本文的姐妹篇中作了讨论。在本文中将主要讨论另外几个问题,即如何衡量一个概率预报的好坏?如何应用概率信息来作决策?以及为什么概率预报比单一值决定论预报更有经济价值?为了易懂,本文用浅显的说理结合举例的方式进行阐述,以便读者特别是广大预报员和用户能在实际中运用。 相似文献
2.
水文集合预报是近几年正在形成和发展的水文预报分支,其发展大致可分为两个阶段:第1阶段是1970年至20世纪末进行的长期径流预报,第2阶段从21世纪开始,主要学习气象数值预报中集合预报的概念在短期水文集合预报中的应用。目前,除了单一预报中心的集合预报系统在水文集合预报中应用外,多个预报中心的集合预报大集合也逐渐被应用于流域水文预报,甚至一些小流域的洪水预报。如利用TIGGE(THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble)集合预报驱动形成的大气-水文-水力的串联系统进行早期的洪水预警研究,将全球集合预报作为洪水模型输入的有限区域模式的初始条件和侧边界条件的研究。这些均表明,基于水文集合预报的洪水预报增加了预报附加值,并能够延长预警提前时间。以欧洲中期天气预报中心的欧洲洪水预警系统(EFAS)和美国NOAA的先进水文预报系统(AHPS)为代表,实现了集合预报在洪水中的实时业务预报,但仍存在数据处理和计算量大,以及如何基于集合水文预报做决策等问题。对于水文集合预报的前处理和后处理的各种技术已处于探索和验证阶段,如何更好地理解基于概率预报的洪水预警决策仍存在许多困难和挑战。 相似文献
3.
综合论述了近年来已在国际上引起高度重视的新一代动力随机预报方法 ——— 集合预报。 随着计算机技术的迅猛发展和由于大气初值和数值模式中物理过程存在着不确定性的事实, 这一方法无疑代表了数值天气预报未来演变发展的方向。 未来的天气预报产品预计将从“决定论”的预报转变为“随机论”的预报来正确地表达气象科学中这一所谓“可预报性问题”, 以便更好地为用户服务。 文中扼要地叙述了集合预报的概念、基本问题及其最新的研究动态和发展, 包括(1)如何建立和评估一个集合预报系统;(2)如何正确地表征大气初值和模式物理过程的不确定性与随机性;(3)如何从集合预报中提炼有用的预报信息和合理地解释、检验集合预报的产品, 特别是概率预报。 除了直接在天气预报上的应用, 还提到集合预报在气象观测和资料同化方面应用的动态, 以引起有关研究人员的注意。 相似文献
4.
气象水文耦合的洪水预报研究进展 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：4
从洪水预报中定量降水预报应用进展、面向洪水预报的流域水文模型研究进展、气象水文耦合预报不确定性研究进展三个方面系统介绍气象水文耦合的洪水预报研究进展。研究指出,融合预报员预报的格点化定量降水预报技术是提高面向洪水预报的流域降水预报精度的重要方法,中尺度集合预报技术是提升流域局地性强降水预报能力的主要途径;概念性与物理性相结合的分布式水文模型是面向洪水预报的流域水文模型发展方向;水文集合预报是考虑气象水文单向耦合预报不确定性有效解决技术,贝叶斯系列模型可为分析气象水文预报不确定性提供重要的借鉴意义。 相似文献
5.
利用欧洲中期天气预报中心 (ECMWF)、美国大气环境预报中心 (NCEP) 集合预报系统 (EPS) 降水量预报资料,CMORPH (NOAA Climate Prediction Center Morphing Method) 卫星与全国3万个自动气象站降水量融合资料,基于技巧评分、ROC (relative operating characteristic) 分析等方法,对比两个集合预报系统对秦岭及周边地区的降水预报性能。结果表明:两个系统均能较好表现降水量的空间形态,对于不同量级降水,ECMWF集合预报系统0~240 h控制及扰动预报优于NCEP集合预报系统,但NCEP集合预报系统264~360 h预报时效整体表现更好; ECMWF集合预报系统0~120 h大雨集合平均优于NCEP集合预报系统,两个系统集合平均的预报技巧整体低于其控制及扰动成员预报,这种现象ECMWF集合预报系统表现更为显著; ECMWF集合预报系统降水预报概率优于NCEP集合预报系统。ROC分析显示,随着预报概率的增大,ECMWF集合预报系统在命中率略微下降的情况下,显著减小了空报率,NCEP集合预报系统则表现出高空报、高命中率。 相似文献
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基于蒙特卡罗集合预报方法建立了一个北京地面臭氧的集合预报系统,该系统对包括排放源、气象场在内的154个模式输入和参数进行了扰动,共包含了50个集合成员。利用该集合预报系统模拟了北京奥运会期间一次臭氧过程(2008年8月11日～8月13日),分析了集合预报系统在概率预报,最优集合子集预报以及表征预报可靠性方面的特点。结果表明:与原确定性预报相比,集合预报能为用户提供更加丰富的预报信息,通过概率预报可以提供不同事件发生的概率,对臭氧事件的预报准确率更高。采用最优集合子集预报方式时的臭氧预报均方根误差比原确定性预报低了10%以上。 相似文献
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尽管确定性预报不是集合预报系统(EPS)的主要目的和应用方向,但其每一个成员的预报表现决定了集合预报系统的预报性能,集合平均也是实际预报业务的一个重要参考指标。为此,利用2013~2015年5~10月的欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)集合预报系统的降水预报资料,CMORPH(NOAA Climate Prediction Center Morphing Method)卫星与全国3×10~4余个自动气象观测站的逐小时降水量融合资料,研究ECMWF集合预报系统对秦岭周边地区逐日降水的控制预报、成员预报、集合平均的预报能力,并探索提高降水集合平均预报性能的有效方法。主要结论如下:(1)无论是集合平均还是控制预报,整体上都较好的刻画了秦岭周边地区降水的空间形态,比较而言,控制预报能够更好的表现了降水的方差变化。(2)泰勒分析表明,集合平均的降水方差随预报时效增加单调减小,控制预报的方差变化随预报时效的增长振荡较小,其相关系数略优于集合平均。(3)技巧评分表明,集合平均使小雨(降水发生频次)的预报偏差显著增加,增大了空报率;使大雨以上的降水预报偏差减小,增大了漏报率,从而使得大多数情况下,集合平均TS(Threat Score)、ETS(Equitable Threat Score)评分低于控制及扰动成员预报。分析认为这主要是由于降水这一要素的偏态分布特性引起的。(4)集合平均的显著贡献在于能够较好的指示可能发生降水的空间位置。通过阈值限定,调整预报偏差,减少(增大)其对小雨(暴雨)的预报频率,能够使集合平均的TS、ETS评分大幅度提升,预报技巧显著优于成员预报和控制预报。目前,预报偏差Bias订正方法已成功应用于陕西省精细化格点预报系统中。 相似文献
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为用户提供概率天气预报信息是公共气象服务的发展趋势,概率天气预报技术的不断改进实现了概率天气预报信息的不断优化。在众多概率天气预报技术方法中,贝叶斯预报处理器是一种新近出现的、基于贝叶斯统计理论的概率预报技术;贝叶斯预报处理器可以根据一个确定性预报系统的预报值与观测值之间代表着这个系统预报性能的统计关系,借助于贝叶斯统计理论,把一个确定性预报转化为一个概率预报,从而实现对预报不确定性的定量化。由于亚高斯似然模型可以适用于多种单调似然比随机依赖结构,故采用该似然模型的亚高斯贝叶斯预报处理器,它在气象、水文等领域具有较强的适用性。在简要介绍了连续型二维随机变量情形下的贝叶斯定理及正态-线性贝叶斯预报处理器之后,详细论述了采用单一预报因子的连续型预报量亚高斯贝叶斯预报处理器,并以长沙站和武汉站2008年1月每日00时(世界时)地面气温(T2m)的中国国家气象中心、欧洲中期天气预报中心、美国国家环境预测中心集合预报中的控制预报资料(预报时效选为96h)作为确定性预报样本,对亚高斯贝叶斯预报处理器进行了初步试验。结果表明,亚高斯贝叶斯预报处理器可以将T2m各集合预报中的控制预报转化为能定量地表达各控制预报不确定性的T2... 相似文献
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集合预报在渤海极大风预报中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2015年2月至2018年2月地面气象常规观测中逐小时极大风及欧洲中期天气预报中心集合预报中6 h极大风预报数据,选取渤海海域代表站点,对集合预报极大风产品进行预报误差特征分析。分析表明:集合预报极大风产品的离散度明显偏小于均方根误差,各个预报成员的预报结果集中与否并不能反映出预报可信度。受模式预报能力所限,无法简单通过集合预报选取出最为可信的预报结果。集合平均、第75%分位值、最大值在极大风预报中各有优劣,因此基于以上三个统计量及不同量级风速发生的频率建立了渤海极大风预报客观订正方法,试验对比分析表明,该订正方法可以使极大风预报准确率有效的提高,为大风天气过程预报提供重要参考。 相似文献
10.
由于大气初值与数值模式中物理过程存在不确定性等客观事实,集合预报无疑代表着数值天气预报未来前进与发展的方向,它标志着天气预报的预报范式转变,即用户不仅可以得到未来大气状态的单一现实,还可得到未来大气可能出现的一系列场景。文中扼要地梳理了欧洲全球业务集合预报与有限区域模式高分辨业务集合预报的研究动态与技术发展、基本问题及其未来最新发展方向,包括:1)欧洲中期天气预报中心的业务集合预报系统发展沿革及概况;2)欧洲国家主要业务高分辨率集合预报系统概况;3)当前业务集合预报存在的问题、挑战及未来前进的方向。文中除了关注欧洲中期天气预报中心的集合预报应用,还梳理了目前欧洲高分辨业务集合预报取得的成就,以引起有关研究人员的注意。总之,借鉴欧洲业务集合预报的发展思路,不仅有助于集合预报理论创新,还对发展集合预报业务有重要指导意义。 相似文献
11.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
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Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
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Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2012,(3):273
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences 相似文献
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《大气科学进展》2014,(6)
正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献